夹闭术与血管内治疗破裂性宽颈动脉瘤并发症、复发率及Rankin评分的比较

目的比较夹闭术与血管内治疗破裂性宽颈动脉瘤并发症、复发率及Rankin评分,探讨两种治疗方法的疗效。方法将2006年5月～2011年5月经脑血管造影和3D血管成像分析确诊为破裂性宽颈动脉瘤的84例患者按照随机数字表法随机分为两组,每组42例,分别采用动脉瘤夹闭术和血管内治疗。对两组患者进行随访,比较两组患者复发率、并发症发生率,术后1、6个月行改良Rankin评分。结果夹闭术组8例术中动脉瘤破裂,12例术后出现不同程度的脑缺血症状和神经系统并发症,1例术后复发;血管内治疗组1例术后动脉瘤破裂,4例术后出现不同程度的脑缺血症状和神经系统并发症,6例术后复发;血管内治疗组较夹闭术组并发症少,但术后复发率高。夹闭术组和血管内治疗组改良Rankin评分术后1个月分别为(3.0±0.6)、(2.6±0.3)分(P﹥0.05),术后6个月分别为(2.2±0.4)、(1.0±0.1)(P﹤0.05)。结论血管内治疗和夹闭术治疗破裂性宽颈动脉瘤各有优势,但血管内治疗患者术后生存质量相对较高。     

Hunt—Hess高分级颅内动脉瘤破裂后的急诊手术治疗

目的总结在CT血管造影（CTA）指导下急诊手术治疗Hunt—Hess高分级颅内动脉瘤破裂的经验。方法回顾性分析34例Hunt-Hess高分级的颅内动脉瘤破裂患者的临床资料。患者入院时均行CT和CTA检查。采用显微外科技术临时阻断载瘤动脉,夹闭动脉瘤颈,清除颅内血肿,并去骨瓣减压。结果按格拉斯哥预后量表评分,出院时恢复良好17例,轻残10例,重残3例,死亡4例。结论在紧急情况下CTA可作为诊断颅内动脉瘤的首要影像学方法。对于Hunt—Hess高分级颅内动脉瘤破裂的患者应该积极手术治疗,努力挽救患者生命。     

术中微血管多普勒监测在急性期动脉瘤夹闭术中的应用

目的 探讨术中微血管多普勒监测在急性期动脉瘤夹闭术中对脑血管血流动力学评定的应用价值和可靠性,以及其结果对手术过程的影响.方法 对62例破裂动脉瘤患者在行急性期动脉瘤夹闭术中应用微血管多普勒监测,分别于夹闭前、后测量瘤体、载瘤动脉及邻近血管的血液流速及波谱改变,其结果与目测动脉瘤夹的位置和术后复查DSA或三维CT血管成像进行对照分析.结果 术中微血管多普勒监测证实视觉无法发现的因动脉瘤夹引起的邻近血管狭窄12例;证实动脉瘤体夹闭不全4例;据其结果调整动脉瘤夹位置16例,38例与术后复查DSA或三维CT血管成像结果相符合.结论 在急性期动脉瘤夹闭术中应用微血管多普勒监测是一种安全、快速、可靠、高效的技术.     

Transcatheter embolization of splenic artery aneurysm; a case report

A 76-year old woman with splenic artery aneurysm was treated by nonsurgical treatment. Surgical treatment has been recommended for the treatment of visceral aneurysms because these aneurysms may rupture and lead to fatal hemorrhage. This report describes the successful interventional coil and Gelfoam occlusion of splenic aneurysm.     

颅内动脉瘤在电解可脱式弹簧圈栓塞术中破裂危险因素分析及处理体会

目的 探讨颅内动脉瘤在电解可脱式弹簧圈(GDC)栓塞术中发生破裂的危险因素及处理方法.方法 2000年8月至2010年6月,以GDC栓塞术治疗420例动脉瘤性蛛网膜下隙出血(SAH)患者,对其临床资料进行回顾性总结,统计分析颅内动脉瘤在GDC栓塞术中发生破裂的危险因素.结果 共16例术中发生动脉瘤破裂,发生率为3.8%(16/420),术后13例致密填塞,3例部分填塞.单因素分析显示:SAH发作次数≥2次、瘤体≤4 mm、有假性动脉瘤、Hunt-Hess分级为Ⅳ～Ⅴ级、有高血压病史以及瘤颈窄是引起颅内动脉瘤GDC栓塞术中发生破裂的危险因素.多因素 Logistic回归分析显示:SAH发作次数≥2次(P=0.0424,OR=6.798)以及有假性动脉瘤(P=0.0069,OR=4.423)是引起颅内动脉瘤GDC栓塞术中发生破裂的独立危险因素.结论 颅内动脉瘤在GDC栓塞术中发生破裂主要与SAH多次发作以及存在假性动脉瘤有关,临床上对存在危险因素者应警惕发生术中破裂,一旦发生应积极给予合理的治疗,大多数患者能获得良好预后.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the risk factors and treatment experience of cerebral aneurysms rupture in the course of Gugliemi detachable coil (GDC) embolization. Methods From August 2000 to June 2010,420 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) received GDC embolization and their clinical data were retrospectively reviewed to analyse the risk factors of cerebral aneurysms rupture in the course of treatment. Results Sixteen patients had intraoperative aneurysm rupture, the incidence rate was 3.8%(16/420),including 13 cases density filling,3 cases partial filling postoperative.Univariate analysis showed:SAH episodes ≥2 times,tumor size ≤4 mm,the presence of pseudoaneurysm,Hunt-Hess grade Ⅳ - Ⅴ as well as history of hypertension were the risk factors of cerebral aneurysms rupture in the course of GDC embolization. Logistic regression analysis showed:SAH episodes ≥2 times (P = 0.0424,OR =6.798)and the presence of pseudoaneurysm (P = 0.0069, OR = 4.423) were the independent risk factors of cerebral aneurysms rupture. Conclusions Rupture of intracranial aneurysm in the course of GDC embolization is mainly related to the multiple SAH and the presence of pseudoaneurysm. It should be alert to the risk factors and take active treatment as soon as the occurrence of rupture in clinic work, for this, most patients can get a good prognosis.     

TNF-α-mediated inflammation in cerebral aneurysms: A potential link to growth and rupture

Intracranial aneurysm (IA) rupture is one of the leading causes of stroke in the United States and remains a major health concern today. Most aneurysms are asymptomatic with a minor percentage of rupture annually. Regardless, IA rupture has a devastatingly high mortality rate and does not have specific drugs that stabilize or prevent aneurysm rupture, though other preventive therapeutic options such as clipping and coiling of incidental aneurysms are available to clinicians. The lack of specific drugs to limit aneurysm growth and rupture is, in part, attributed to the limited knowledge on the biology of IA growth and rupture. Though inflammatory macrophages and lymphocytes infiltrate the aneurysm wall, a link between their presence and aneurysm growth with subsequent rupture is not completely understood. Given our published results that demonstrate that the pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), is highly expressed in human ruptured aneurysms, we hypothesize that pro-inflammatory cell types are the prime source of TNF-α that initiate damage to endothelium, smooth muscle cells (SMC) and internal elastic lamina (IEL). To gain insights into TNF-α expression in the aneurysm wall, we have examined the potential regulators of TNF-α and report that higher TNF-α expression correlates with increased expression of intracellular calcium release channels that regulate intracellular calcium (Ca²⁺)_i and Toll like receptors (TLR) that mediate innate immunity. Moreover, the reduction of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) expression provides insights on why higher matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity is noted in ruptured IA. Because TNF-α is known to amplify several signaling pathways leading to inflammation, apoptosis and tissue degradation, we will review the potential role of TNF-α in IA formation, growth and rupture. Neutralizing TNF-α action in the aneurysm wall may have a beneficial effect in preventing aneurysm growth by reducing inflammation and arterial remodeling.     

Intracranial aneurysms. A review

Intracranial aneurysms are common, and their rupture carries a grave prognosis. There is no effective way of preventing the development of intracranial aneurysms, but noninvasive means of detection are becoming increasingly practical and, at present, should be used routinely--at least in populations at high risk. SAH is frequently preceded by warning signs that, when recognized by the primary care or the emergency room physician, can lead to prompt and safe surgical intervention. About half the patients who suffer a major rupture either die or remain in poor condition as a result of the hemorrhage. In the rest, surgical intervention has become safer and very effective in preventing subsequent hemorrhage, which occurs in about 50% of patients if the aneurysm is left untreated. Since early surgery should be at least considered in the majority of these patients and since the early treatment of a patient after SAH is so specialized, it appears prudent to manage patients with SAH in units where the necessary neurological and neurosurgical specialized intensive care is available.     

Rupture of hepatic artery aneurysm associated with ischemic hepatitis

Hepatic artery aneurysms are scarcely reported, mainly because of non-specific symptoms. More often, they are incidental findings during imaging studies to investigate other acute or chronic abdominal conditions. These aneurysms are usually detected in the sixth decade of life, predominantly among males. We report the case of a 69 year-old female with an unsuspected huge hepatic artery aneurysm associated with ischemic hepatitis. Suspicion of aneurysm arose during imaging studies to clarify the origin of jaundice and abdominal pain. After establishment of the diagnosis, but before open surgery, there was a spontaneous rupture of the aneurysm, which caused hemoperitoneum and death. The necropsy study confirmed ischemic hepatitis. Hepatic artery aneurysms are second among the visceral aneurysms, and may cause abdominal pain, jaundice, and hemorrhagic events. One should suspect abdominal aneurysms in elderly patients with unclear abdominal pain, and this hypothesis should be ruled out by imaging studies.     

Subtemporal approach to basilar tip aneurysm with division of posterior communicating artery: Technical note

The subtemporal approach with division of the posterior communicating artery (PcomA) is described for treating aneurysms of the basilar tip. When the ipsilateral posterior cerebral artery (PCA) interferes with visibility and manipulation around the aneurysm neck and the artery is tethered by the PcomA and not mobilized, the PcomA can be divided near the junction with the PCA. The procedure permits PCA mobilization and exposes the neck of the aneurysm. We applied this procedure to a patient with a ruptured aneurysm of the basilar tip. The postoperative course was uneventful except for transient left oculomotor nerve palsy. Postoperative cerebral angiography and magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the respective disappearance of the aneurysm and no new ischemic lesions. The subtemporal approach allows safer and easier division of the PcomA near the junction to the PCA compared with the pterional approach, and the present procedure is more suitable for the subtemporal approach.     

Timing of surgery for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Despite the many studies about timing for surgery in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), the optimum time is still unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the results of early and late surgery for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. In this cross-sectional study we evaluated the results of 70 consecutive surgery for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in in Firuzgar hospital from 2005 to 2008. Surgery was performed in 50 cases (71.4%) in early period after SAH (first 4 days) and in 20 cases (28.6%) in at least 7 days after SAH. Statitical analysis was done by SPSS software, using Chi-square and t-test. Mean age of patients was 48.54±13.4 years. 41.4% of patients were male and 58.6% were female. Most (77.2%) of patients had clinical grade I or II. 92.9% of aneurysms were single. Hypertension was the most common associated disease (34.3%). The most common site of aneurysms was anterior communicating artery (41.4%), followed by middle cerebral artery (35.7%). The outcome of surgery was favorable in 70% and unfavorable in 30%. Mortality rate was 24.3%. Outcome was favorable in 66% of early surgeries and 80% of late surgeries. There was no statistically significant difference between early and late surgery in terms of complications and outcome. Mean hospital stay of patients in the early surgery group was significantly lower than late group (16.46±9.36 vs. 22.5±7.97 days; P=0.01). The results of early and late surgery for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is similar and decision making for timing of surgery should be based on each patient individual clinical conditions, age, size and site of aneurysm.     

Timing of surgery for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Despite the many studies about timing for surgery in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), the optimum time is still unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the results of early and late surgery for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. In this cross-sectional study we evaluated the results of 70 consecutive surgery for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in in Firuzgar hospital from 2005 to 2008. Surgery was performed in 50 cases (71.4%) in early period after SAH (first 4 days) and in 20 cases (28.6%) in at least 7 days after SAH. Statitical analysis was done by SPSS software, using Chi-square and t-test. Mean age of patients was 48.54 ± 13.4 years. 41.4% of patients were male and 58.6% were female. Most (77.2%) of patients had clinical grade I or II. 92.9% of aneurysms were single. Hypertension was the most common associated disease (34.3%). The most common site of aneurysms was anterior communicating artery (41.4%), followed by middle cerebral artery (35.7%). The outcome of surgery was favorable in 70% and unfavorable in 30%. Mortality rate was 24.3%. Outcome was favorable in 66% of early surgeries and 80% of late surgeries. There was no statistically significant difference between early and late surgery in terms of complications and outcome. Mean hospital stay of patients in the early surgery group was significantly lower than late group (16.46 ± 9.36 vs. 22.5 ± 7.97 days; P=0.01). The results of early and late surgery for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is similar and decision making for timing of surgery should be based on each patient individual clinical conditions, age, size and site of aneurysm.     

64层螺旋CT血管成像在脑动脉瘤术前评价中的临床应用

目的：探讨64层螺旋CT血管成像在脑动脉瘤术前评价中的临床应用价值。方法：对52例患者行64层螺旋CT血管成像检查。运用容积再现、最大密度投影及多平面重组评价动脉瘤的大小、形态和位置。结果：52例患者共发现动脉瘤59个,其中6例患者为多发;后交通动脉瘤31个,前交通动脉瘤16个,基底动脉瘤9个,前动脉动脉瘤3个。59个动脉瘤呈囊状41个,梭形5个,不规则形13个。动脉瘤平均直径为7.2 mm,瘤体大小平均为6.5 mm,瘤颈平均宽度为4.1 mm。29例患者伴有蛛网膜下腔出血。结论：64层螺旋CT血管成像能能准确提供关于脑动脉瘤的信息,指导外科手术夹闭及栓塞治疗,降低治疗风险,提高治疗成功率。     

颈内动脉床突上段动脉瘤的手术及疗效分析

目的 对颈内动脉床突上段动脉瘤的临床手术病例进行分析,总结该部位动脉瘤显微神经外科手术的经验和教训,以进一步改善疗效.方法 回顾性分析2004年5月至2009年3月手术治疗24例颈内动脉床突上段动脉瘤患者的临床资料,其中大型、巨大型动脉瘤18例,中型、小型动脉瘤6例.手术方式包括动脉瘤直接夹闭术、动脉瘤部分切除塑形术、动脉瘤孤立术或切除塑形+颅内外动脉搭桥术等.结果 术后无神经功能障碍8例.不同程度肌力下降10例,5例出院时恢复到4级,伴发失语3例,视力严重下降5例,眼球活动障碍4例.深昏迷(死亡)2例.二次手术3例.总手术优良率66.7%(16/24),病死率8.3%(2/24).结论 颈内动脉床突上段动脉瘤手术难度较大,眼动脉段动脉瘤不易显露动脉瘤颈,而某些大型、巨大型动脉瘤手术更加困难,需要临时阻断载瘤动脉,切除部分动脉瘤才能夹闭.手术仍以夹闭术疗效为好.对于伴有瘤内血栓的病例,应先行颅内外动脉搭桥术,但可能由此带来一些严重并发症.     

Right subclavian artery aneurysm: report of a case

A subclavian artery aneurysm is relatively rare in comparison with other peripheral aneurysms. Surgical repair should be considered regardless of size and location, because thromboembolism or rupture can occur when a small aneurysm is untreated. We describe the management and surgical treatment in a patient with a right subclavian artery aneurysm. Surgical repair included the ligation of the right vertebral artery and reconstruction of the subclavian artery through an upper partial median sternotomy with right supraclavicular extension. Successful repair of the aneurysm was accomplished and the patient's postoperative course was uneventful with no medication.     

False iliac artery aneurysm following renal transplantation

We report a very rare case of a false iliac artery aneurysm following renal transplantation. The patient was a 51-year-old women who presented with a painful 10 x 10 cm pulsating mass in her left iliac fossa. The patient had received a second cadaveric renal transplantation 5 years previously. The graft never functioned and transplant nephrectomy was performed 2 weeks later. A CT-scanning showed a 10 x 10 cm large aneurysm arising from the left external iliac artery. At operation a large false aneurysm was identified arising from the original transplant anastomotic site. Due to the extent of the aneurysms, a Gortex graft was inserted between the external iliac artery and the common femoral artery. The patient made an uneventful post-operative recovery.     

Improved risk counselling possible for patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms

The 'International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms' (ISUIA) investigators have recently published the results of a large prospective, observational study on risks of rupture and risks of treatment in patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms. In patients with aneurysms smaller than 7 mm no rupture of the carotid, middle cerebral and anterior communicating arteries occurred during follow up (mean 4.1 years) if there was no history of subarachnoid haemorrhage from a separate aneurysm. Risks were higher in aneurysms of the posterior circulation (2.5% in 5 years), and in patients with a previous episode of subarachnoid haemorrhage from another aneurysm (1.5 to 3.4% in 5 years for aneurysms < 7 mm). Size was the most important risk factor for rupture, and aneurysms of the posterior circulation > 25 mm had a 50% cumulative risk of rupture over 5 years. The absence of rupture in some subgroups, such as small aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery, is probably explained by the small numbers in these subgroups. Similarly, the lack of identification of risk factors other than size is probably explained by insufficient power of the study. The overall risk (defined as death or dependence) of surgical treatment was 13%, with patient age and size and site of the aneurysm as the most important risk factors. Endovascular treatment carried a 7 to 10% risk in most subgroups; only patients with aneurysms > 25 mm had increased risks. Age was not a risk factor for endovascular treatment. By making use of these results, patients can now be given sound advice regarding the benefits of preventive treatment in each individual case.     

Gastrointestinal bleeding caused by rupture of an aneurysm of the hepatic artery

Gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to a rupture of an aneurysm of the hepatic artery is rare. We report a case of an 81-year-old man, who was admitted with hematemesis and melena. Gastroduodenoscopy revealed an abundant bleeding from the posterior wall of the duodenal bulb. CT-scan shoved an aneurysm arising from the hepatic artery. Ultrasound, computed tomography and angiography are the methods of choice for gastrointestinal bleeding diagnosis if endoscopy is inconclusive.     

Treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhages in an isolated mountainous area

From January 1997 to December 2001, patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) among 14,008 residents in an isolated mountainous area; Oguni and Minamioguni towns in Kumamoto Prefecture, were evaluated. The subjects were patients being treated at Oguni Municipal Hospital. Over a period of 5 years, 19 patients were found to be suffering from SAH in this area, 3 of whom were visitors (residing outside this area). The annual incidence rate of SAH in this area was calculated as 22.9 per 100,000. The sex ratio (men:women) was 4:12. The average age was 67.9 years; 65.0 years for men and 68.8 years for women. Eleven patients were older than 65, and constituted 68.8% of the subjects. The risk factors of SAH were recognized, and both hypertension and smoking constituted 31.6%. Alcohol was 21.1% and hyperlipemia was 15.8%. In 13 clipping operated cases excluding 1 test craniotomy, Hunt & Kosnik's Grades at admission were G.I: 2, G.II: 5, G.III: 3, G.IV: 2 and G.V: 1, and Fisher's Groups were G.I: 0, G.II: 8, G.III: 3 and G.IV: 2. The sites of 16 operated aneurysms were internal carotid-posterior communicating artery (IC-PC): 2, anterior communicating artery (A Co.A): 4, middle cerebral artery (MCA): 10 and vertebral artery-basilan artery (VA-BA): 0. The aneurysmal size were < 5 mm: 5, 6-10 mm: 9 and 11 mm < :2 (average 7.6 mm, 2-15 mm). The results were evaluated at discharge, excluding 1 SAH of unknown etiology. 9 were good, 2 were dependent and 7 including 5 non-operative cases had died. We were satisfied with these results, because we were treating older patients. Although we attempted the clipping operation using only a three dimensional computed tomographic angiograply (3D-CTA; X-Vision GX (TOSHIBA) & X-Tension), we had no problem, except for 1 test craniotomy. 3D-CTA was useful during the clipping operation in the small hospital, especially, in regard to cost.     

Intracranial aneurysms and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

Three women aged 55, 47 and 40 years with polycystic kidney disease had several relatives with cystic kidneys, some of whom had died or been crippled after (presumably) a subarachnoid haemorrhage. Two of these patients had a haemorrhage from an aneurysm of a cerebral artery; after clipping of the vessel they recovered without sequelae. The third patient had magnetic resonance (MR) angiography performed, which revealed no aneurysm. The prevalence of intracranial, saccular aneurysms in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is about 10%. ADPKD patients with questions about the risk of a subarachnoid haemorrhage should be informed about the need of blood pressure control and the possibility of screening by MR angiography. Diagnosed aneurysms can be treated neurosurgically or endovascularly. Since aneurysms develop in the course of life, screening as a rule is only necessary from the age of 20 years, and its repetition every 5 years should be considered.     

Combined coronary artery bypass surgery and abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

The proper management of patients with asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms and significant coexistent coronary artery disease is still debatable. The most common approach has been to perform the coronary artery bypass surgery some weeks before the abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in the hope of reducing the cardiac morbidity and mortality. We report our initial experience of three consecutive elective cases where the coronary artery bypass surgery and the abdominal aortic aneurysm repair were performed at one operation by the same operating surgeon.