下肢痉挛偏瘫患者的步行效率

目的:探索下肢痉挛偏瘫患者步行效率,明确是否存在理想运动频率下能量应用效率最高的运动状态.方法:南京医科大学第一附属医院康复病区2005/2006住院的脑损伤后偏瘫男性患者10例,其中脑损伤4例、脑卒中后6例,均有典型偏瘫下肢伸肌痉挛模式,均具备步行200 m的能力.患者平均年龄(43.6±13.7)岁,平均身高(1.69±0.04)m,平均体质量(70.5±9.5)kg.采用三维步态分析系统进行步态分析获得所需要的时间-空间参数步态参数,分别测定自由行走时、80%自然正常步频以及120%自然正常步频下的步行效率和步态指标,然后采用K4b2便携式气体分析系统来测定氧价以评定受试者步行效率.结果:作为肌肉痉挛模型的偏瘫患者自然步频、慢速与快速步频分别为(66.9±15.7),(71.9±12.8)和(106.1±19.0)步/mim步速分别为(33.7±9.5),(25.4±4.9)和(37.5±10.9)m/min,慢速与快速步频组分别与自然步频组的两两比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);3组耗氧量分别为(9.3±1.1),(9.2±1.1)和(9.7±1.0)mL/(min·kg);氧价分别为(0.283±0.087),(0.350±0.081)和(0.301±0.082)mL/(min·kg).快慢步频组与自然步频组的耗氧量与氧价两两比较均未出现显著增加(P0.05).结论:早中期偏瘫患者自然步态下耗氧量与氧价与慢速、快速步频的比较未出现显著性改变,提示仅仅短期的康复训练步行效率不能达到最理想的生物谐振状态.     

健康青年人步行效率分析——肌肉谐振规律的前驱研究

目的探索正常人体步行谐振的内在规律,寻求理想步态频率下能量应用效率最高的运动状态。 方法选择正常青少年男性在校中学生10名,身体健康,无任何步行障碍以及各个系统疾病,年龄（16.2±2.0）岁,身高（1.7±0.1）m,体重（56.1±7.0）kg。采用三维步态分析系统获取步态参数,采用遥测气体分析系统测定氧价,作为能量效率的指标。评测状态为自然步行、80%自然步频（慢速）以及120%自然步频（快速）。 结果正常男性青少年中学生自然、慢速、快速行走状态下的步频分别为（101.3±8.5）、（80.4±8.5）、（121.1±10.0）步/min,两两比较,差异均有统计学意义;步速分别为（74.9±9.4）、（57.4±7.8）和（86.8±9.3）m/min,慢速与快速步速分别与自然步速两两比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.001）;耗氧量分别为（12.7±4.1）、（17.5±3.8）和（18.1±3.5）ml?min-1?kg-1,慢速与快速步频分别同自然步频比较,耗氧量均出现增加趋势（P<0.01）;氧价分别为（0.140±0.011）、（0.193±0.049）和（0.192±0.035）ml?m-1?kg-1,慢速与快速步频氧价分别同自然步频氧价比较,均显著升高（P<0.05）。 结论自然步频的能量效率最高,步频加速或者减慢均使效率降低,提示可能存在肌肉固有谐振规律的作用,值得进一步深入研究。     

认知任务干扰脑卒中步态的前驱研究

目的:通过步态分析手段,探讨认知任务对脑卒中患者步态的影响,比较不同认知任务对步态影响的区别。方法:15例脑卒中患者参与本项研究。要求所有患者分别进行两种步行:自然状态下直线步行20m;步行的同时分别执行定向、记忆、计算和言语任务。采用Gaitwatch步态分析系统收集5次步行时的步态参数,包括步频、步幅、步速、双支撑相百分比和健侧摆动相百分比。结果:5组步频无显著性差异(F=1.972,P=0.169),5组步幅(F=13.142,P0.01)、步速(F=11.445,P=0.001)、双支撑相百分比(F=13.142,P0.01)和健侧摆动相百分比(F=11.000,P0.01)有显著性差异。与自然步行相比,4种认知任务时的步幅均显著降低,双支撑相百分比显著提高,定向任务和计算任务时的步速和健侧摆动相百分比显著降低。与计算任务相比,定向任务时的步幅、步速提高,双支撑相百分比降低;记忆任务时步幅、步速和健侧摆动相百分比提高,双支撑相百分比降低;言语任务时步幅和步速提高。结论:认知任务会降低脑卒中患者的步幅、步速和健侧摆动相百分比,延长双支撑相百分比,不同类型认知任务对步态的干扰不同。     

慢性非特异性腰痛患者的三维步态功能分析

目的 分析慢性非特异性腰痛(chronic non-specific low back pain,CNLBP)患者的三维步态功能特征。方法 2020年3月至2022年1月，在广州市番禺区中心医院实习生中选取CNLBP患者20例，作为腰痛组，健康者20例，作为健康组。选择Gait Watch三维步态分析仪进行测试，并记录测试中的步态相关参数，如：步行周期、步频、步长、跨步长、步速、步长差、单支撑相百分比及髋膝关节屈伸活动范围等。结果 (1)健康组和腰痛组的步行周期分别为(1.0±0.1)s和(1.1±0.1)s，步频分别为(120.0±8.6)步/s和(114.3±8.5)步/s，跨步长分别为(128.7±12.4)cm和(120.5±12.7)cm，步速分别为(128.6±14.8)cm/s和(115.1±17.2)cm/s。相比健康组，腰痛组的步行周期时间延长，步频降低，跨步长缩短，步速减慢，二者间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(2)健康组和腰痛组患侧肢体的步长分别为(63.2±8.9)cm和(55.8±8.4)cm，单支撑相百分比分别为(58.9±1.0)%和(58.2±...     

踝足矫形器对脑卒中偏瘫患者步行时足底压力及步行能力的影响

目的:探讨踝足矫形器(AFO)对脑卒中偏瘫患者步行时单支撑期足底压力峰值及步行功能的影响。方法:选取脑卒中偏瘫患者38例作为研究对象,分别在其裸足与穿戴踝足矫形器时,采用步态与平衡功能评测系统进行步态测试,观察并计算步速、双下肢摆动相时间、单支撑期双下肢足底压力峰值,以及偏瘫步态不对称指数等参数,分析单支撑期足底压力峰值与步速及偏瘫步态不对称指数的相关性。结果:穿戴AFO前后比较,患者步行速度分别为(0.47±0.05)m/s及(0.63±0.04)m/s,偏瘫步态不对称指数为(0.19±0.07)及(0.15±0.02),偏瘫侧单支撑期足底压力峰值为(1.03±0.04)及(1.07±0.02),差异均有显著性意义(P0.05)。即穿戴AFO后,患者步行速度提高,偏瘫步态不对称指数减少,偏瘫侧单支撑期足底压力峰值较前增大。穿戴AFO后,偏瘫侧单支撑期足底压力峰值与步速呈正相关(r=0.417,P0.01),与偏瘫步态不对称指数呈负相关(r=-0.748,P0.01)。结论:脑卒中偏瘫患者佩戴AFO步行时,足底压力相关参数发生改变,偏瘫侧单支撑期足底压力峰值增大,且其与步速和偏瘫步态不对称性间存在相关性。     

脑卒中患者步行时躯体运动的三维运动学研究

目的:通过对脑卒中患者躯体运动的三维运动学分析,比较分析偏瘫步态躯体运动变化与其步行能力(步速)之间的关系,探讨影响偏瘫患者步行能力恢复的量化指标。方法:选择首次脑卒中后可以独立步行10m以上的偏瘫患者39例,采用远红外线三维步态分析系统进行步态检测与分析,对偏瘫步态躯体的运动学参数与其步行能力(步速)进行相关分析。结果:脑卒中患者的步行能力与骨盆旋转运动之间的相关有显著性意义(r=-0.396.P<0.05);其步行能力与躯体侧方运动呈负相关,而与其躯体垂直运动呈正相关(r=-0.755,P<0.01;r=0.534,P<0.01),步行能力与Barthel指数正相关(r=0.475,P<0.01)。结论:脑卒中患者躯体和骨盆运动障碍是影响步态恢复的重要因素,提示躯体的协调性训练和骨盆的控制性训练对改善脑卒中偏瘫患者步行能力具有积极的作用。     

胸段完全性脊髓损伤患者的三维步态分析

目的通过对胸段完全性脊髓损伤(TCSCI)患者配戴交互式步行矫形器(RGO)的三维步态分析,比较分析脊髓损伤(SCI)平面与步行能力之间的关系,探讨重建SCI患者步行能力的量化指标。方法选择在本中心住院且配戴RGO进行步行训练3个月以上的TCSCI患者10例,采用Vicon三维步态分析系统进行步态检测与分析。应用Spearman秩和相关系数对TCSCI患者的不同SCI平面与其步态的运动学和时空参数等的相关性进行统计学检验。结果步频和跨步长分别为(37.4±2.15) 步/min和(91.6±9.09) cm;髋关节摆动角度及髋关节伸展和屈曲时相的角速度分别为(42.57 °±5.43 °)、(20.88 °±2.18 °)/s和(124.75 °±9.31 °)/s。步速(r=0.80,P<0.01)、跨步长(r=0.78,P<0.01)、助行架的压力峰值(r=0.82,P<0.01)、髋关节摆动角度(r=0.77,P<0.01)、助行架的压力均值(r=-0.67,P<0.05)和髋关节伸展的角速度(r=0.75,P<0.05)与SCI平面之间均有显著的相关性。结论TCSCI患者双上肢过度负载和髋关节摆动幅度受限是其步行能力受限的主要原因;降低过度负载的康复训练方法有助于改善重建的步行功能。     

偏瘫患者行走能量消耗与速度的相关性

目的:观察偏瘫患者行走的能量消耗及其与速度的关系。方法:于1999-08/12选择北京医院康复科收治脑卒中偏瘫患者10例为观察对象,男8例,女2例;年龄53～70岁,平均58.4岁;病程1.5～54.0个月,平均13.8个月;均能独立行走,无呼吸系统疾病。患者自己选择自然行走速度,室内行走200m,如感觉疲劳、肌紧张等继续行走感到不适可终止行走。设备采用便携式呼吸气体分析仪,测试仪由检查者携带同行,测试时间:行走前站立2min、行走全过程、行走停止后5min测定氧代谢当量(MET)、行走氧值[每公斤体质量单位距离的耗氧量,mL/(kg·m)]=行走期间平均能量消耗值×3.5×行走时间/行走距离、速度(m/min)。结果:纳入患者10例,均进入结果分析。①行走速度4.2～53.4m/min,平均(23.5±15.2)m/min。②站立时能量消耗平均为(1.69±0.25)MET,行走时平均为(2.85±0.50)MET,行走后休息迅速降低到行走前水平,自然速度行走与自然站立能量消耗相差(1.15±0.44)MET,行走速度与行走能量消耗值有相关性(r=0.645,P<0.05)。③行走氧值0.23～1.85mL/(kg·m),平均(0.65±0.49)mL/(kg·m),行走过程中耗氧量曲线平稳,行走速度与行走氧值有相关性(r=-0.768,P<0.01)。结论:偏瘫患者舒适行走速度明显低于正常人群,站立和行走的耗氧量均增高,行走氧值明显增高。行走速度与能量消耗呈正相关,与耗氧量呈负相关。     

双重任务下步行功能训练在老年痴呆合并认知功能障碍患者中的应用

目的探究双重任务下步行功能训练在老年痴呆合并认知功能障碍患者中的应用效果。方法选取2018年1月至2019年6月某院收治的老年痴呆合并认知功能障碍患者98例作为研究对象,随机数字表分为两组,各49例,对照组行常规步行训练,观察组行双重任务下步行功能训练。观察两组训练前后智力状况(MMSE)评分、步态参数(步频、步速)变化、家属功能训练满意度。结果训练1个月、3个月后观察组MMSE评分高于对照组(P0.01);训练1个月、3个月后观察组步频、步速高于对照组(P0.001);观察组家属功能训练总满意度95.92%高于对照组的77.55%(P0.05)。结论双重任务下步行功能训练能提高老年痴呆合并认知功能障碍患者智力水平,改善步态,利于提升家属对功能训练满意度。     

减重步行训练对帕金森病患者步态的影响

目的:探讨减重步行训练对帕金森病(PD)患者步态的影响。方法:PD患者50例随机分为对照组和训练组,各25例。对照组采用常规药物治疗,训练组在常规药物治疗基础上,加用减重步行训练。于治疗前及治疗4周后,监测2组步行参数(步频、步长、步速),采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)评估患者运动功能受损程度,采用Berg平衡量表(BBS)评价患者平衡功能,6min步行测试(6minwT)评价患者的步行运动功能。结果:训练组治疗后步长大于对照组(P<0.05),步频小于对照组(P<0.05)。训练组UPDRS II、UPDRS III、6minwT及BBS治疗后的评分与本组治疗前及对照组治疗后的评分相比,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:减重步行训练可改善PD患者的步态运动功能。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.