不同支架材料与间充质干细胞构建组织工程韧带在前交叉韧带损伤中的应用

背景：前交叉韧带是连接于股骨和胫骨之间的致密结缔组织,是能维持膝关节前向稳定性的重要结构,前交叉韧带损伤会导致膝关节前向不稳,若不及时治疗,将继发软骨、半月板等结构损伤。 目的：综述间充质干细胞与不同支架材料构建组织工程韧带在前交叉韧带损伤中的应用。 方法：应用计算机检索1950-01/2010-11 PubMed数据库相关文章,检索词“ACL,stem cells,MSC,tendon,ligament”。共检索到文献103篇,最终纳入符合标准的文献35篇。 结果与结论：应用间充质干细胞和支架构成的组织工程韧带目前已成功在动物实验中应用,间充质干细胞能明显加快韧带损伤修复,加强组织愈合的生物力学性能,但是再生组织的生物力学性能仍未达到正常肌腱水平。同时,间充质干细胞能促进移植物与骨的愈合,防止前交叉韧带重建后腱骨不愈合导致的失败。选择合适的间充质干细胞,支架,适当的机械刺激和必要的细胞因子是构建良好组织工程韧带的关键。随着组织工程科学及支架材料工程学的发展,应用间充质干细胞构建组织工程韧带不久将从实验室走向临床应用。     

The natural history of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using patellar tendon autograft

The purpose of this study was to review the results of ACL reconstruction using a patellar tendon graft placed ‘over the top’ plus a Macintosh lateral tenodesis, examining changes in knee laxity and functional status with increasing time. There were 74 patients operated on over an 11 year period, and divided into four groups for analysis according to postoperative time. There was a significant and progressive increase in side-to-side laxity difference with time, although functional status did not change significantly, indicating a lack of correlation between objective clinical tests and subjective findings. The highest Lysholm, Tegner and IKDC scores were at 4–5 years after operation, when 60% of patients were at their pre-injury level of sports activity. However, there was always a very significant difference between actual and desired Tegner activity levels for the group as a whole. While there was a significant correlation between degenerative changes and the time between injury and reconstruction, there was no correlation with postoperative time: this provides evidence that ACL reconstruction can protect the knee from later degeneration.     

Comparison of anterior cruciate ligament volume after anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Backgroud

To determine whether anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (DB-ACLR) can restore the native ACL volume, and whether the volume change after reconstruction affects clinical outcomes and re-rupture rates following the contemporary techniques.

High variability in anterior cruciate ligament femoral footprint: Implications for anatomical anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

BackgroundThe study aimed to (1) investigate the variability of the femoral ACL center in ACL-ruptured patients, (2) identify whether the currently available over-the-top femoral ACL guides could allow for anatomical reconstruction of the native ACL footprint.Material and methodsMagnetic resonance images of 95 knees with an ACL rupture were used to create three-dimensional models of the femur. The femoral ACL footprint area was outlined on each model, and the location of the femoral ACL center was reported using an anatomical coordinate system. The distance of the femoral ACL center from the over-the-top position was measured.ResultsThe femoral ACL center demonstrated a high intersubject variability ranging from 1.8 mm (9%) to 12.3 mm (60%) posterior and from 7.7 mm (37%) distal to 4.8 mm (23%) proximal using the posterior condyle circle reference. The average distance of the femoral ACL center from the over-the-top position was 1.9 ± 1.5 mm posterior and 13.8 ± 2.7 mm distal, respectively. The contemporary over-the-top femoral ACL aimers could restore the femoral ACL center in only 6.5% of the patients.ConclusionsThe femoral ACL center demonstrated a high variation on its location, which resulted in a high intersubject variability from the over-the-top position. The contemporary over-the-top femoral tunnel guides do not provide sufficient offset to allow for an anatomical ACL reconstruction. Anteromedial-portal specific femoral ACL guides with a femoral offset ranging from 10 to 18 mm in the proximal/distal direction are required to restore the native ACL footprint.     

The use of standard operating procedures in day case anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

The current rate of day-case anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) in the UK remains low. Although specialised care pathways with standard operating procedures (SOPs) have been effective in reducing length of stay following some surgical procedures, this has not been previously reported for ACLR. We evaluate the effectiveness of SOPs for establishing day-case ACLR in a specialist unit. Fifty patients undergoing ACLR between May and September 2010 were studied prospectively ("study group"). SOPs were designed for pre-operative assessment, anaesthesia, surgical procedure, mobilisation and discharge. We evaluated length of stay, readmission rates, patient satisfaction and compliance to SOPs. A retrospective analysis of 50 patients who underwent ACLR prior to implementation of the day-case pathway was performed ("standard practice group"). Eighty percent of patients in the study group were discharged on the day of surgery (mean length of stay=5.3h) compared to 16% in the standard practice group (mean length of stay=21.6h). This difference was statistically significant (p<0.05, Mann-Whitney U test). All patients were satisfied with the day case pathway. Ninety-two percent of the study group were discharged on the day of surgery when all SOPs were followed and 46% where they were not. High rates of day-case ACLR with excellent patient satisfaction can be achieved with the use of a specialised patient pathway with SOPs.     

Radiodense ligament markers for radiographic evaluation of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

IntroductionEarly clinical and radiographic diagnosis of failed or loosened anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions can be challenging. The aim of the present study is to retrospectively evaluate the use of radiologically visible markers in the ACL graft, serving as a potential diagnostic tool in ACL graft rupture and insufficiency.MethodsTwenty patients were included in the study. ACL reconstruction was performed with use of a hamstring autograft in hybrid fixation technique. The graft was marked with two radiodense suture knots, one at the tibial and femoral tunnel openings. Radiographs were performed postoperatively, after 6 weeks and 12 months. Four distances between markers and landmarks were measured in anteroposterior and three in lateral radiographic views and the positional change between the timepoints of measurement was calculated.ResultsMeasurements of the marker distances on radiographs showed an excellent interobserver reliability (κ = 0.97).In two measured distal anteroposterior distances statistically significant changes could be detected between 6 weeks and 12 months postoperatively in one patient with MRI-documented ACL rerupture and in five patients with ACL elongation defined as anteroposterior-translation with side-to-side difference of ≥ 3 mm measured with a Rolimeter device. On lateral radiographs, marker distances were highly variable and did not correlate with clinical ACL elongation.ConclusionThe application of radiodense ACL graft markers is a straight-forward, non-expensive and potentially useful diagnostic tool to identify the position of the transplant and for diagnosis of graft elongation or failure. However, the method is sensitive to the radiological projection, which should be further studied and optimized.     

LARS人工韧带保残重建治疗前交叉韧带损伤的临床研究

目的观察人工韧带加强系统(LARS)人工韧带保残重建治疗前交叉韧带损伤的早期临床效果。方法回顾性分析北部战区总医院2016年5月至2018年4月收治的66例行人工韧带重建术的前交叉韧带损伤军人的临床资料,按照手术方法的不同分为保残组36例(保留残端重建)和非保残组30例(术中完全清理残端)。分析2组患者术前及术后膝关节功能及本体感觉恢复情况。结果2组患者术后膝关节功能及本体感觉恢复情况均较术前明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后3、6个月,保残组患者Lysholm评分、IKDC评分、Lachman试验结果和本体感觉测定结果均明显优于非保残组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论应用LARS人工韧带保残重建治疗前交叉韧带损伤的早期临床效果良好。     

Knee stiffness following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: The incidence and associated factors of knee stiffness following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

We reviewed 100 patients retrospectively following primary ACL reconstruction with quadruple hamstring autografts to evaluate the incidence and factors associated with postoperative stiffness. Stiffness was defined as any loss of motion using the contra-lateral leg as a control. The median delay between injury and operation was 15 months.The incidence of stiffness was 12% at 6 months post-reconstruction. Both incomplete attendance at physiotherapy (p < 0.005) and previous knee surgery (p < 0.005) were the strongest predictors of the stiffness. Anterior knee pain was also associated with the stiffness (p < 0.029). Factors that failed to show a significant association with the stiffness included associated MCL sprain at injury (p = 0.32), post-injury stiffness (p = 1.00) and concomitant menisectomy at reconstruction (p = 0.54). Timing of surgery also did not appear to influence the onset of stiffness (median delays: 29 months for stiff patients; 14 months for non-stiff patients). The rate of stiffness fell to 5% at 12 months postreconstruction, without operative intervention.     

Instrumentation to avoid impingement lesions in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

During anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction most experienced knee surgeons site the tibial tunnel by reference to tibial landmarks alone, without any reference to the apex and roof of the intercondylar notch. Clearly in most instances, a satisfactory siting of this tunnel will be produced which will avoid implant impingement. However, even in the hands of the experienced knee surgeon using a subjective method of positioning, the tibial tunnel may be placed too anteriorly, resulting in impingement of the graft. This article describes a new jig which addresses the problem of anterior tibial tunnel placement with its attendant problems of impingement by objectively siting the tibial tunnel in a position that is related to the femoral side of the knee joint.     

Pre-tibial reaction to biointerference screw in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

BackgroundWe aim to report a series of cases that presented as pre-tibial swelling and pain following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using bioabsorbable fixation devices.MethodsAll ACL reconstructions done between 2007 and 2010 were reviewed retrospectively to identify complications related to bioabsorbable fixation devices. We performed 273 ACL reconstructions over a period of three years from 2007 to 2010 using a bioabsorbable screw for tibial fixation of the quadrupled hamstring autograft.ResultsFourteen patients (5%) at mean age of 30 (range 16–47) years, presented to us at a mean post-operative period of 26 months (range 12–39) with pre-tibial pain and swelling over the tibial screw site. All of them had normal inflammatory markers. All of these patients underwent surgical debridement, which revealed remnants of screw and reactive material. There was no evidence of infection in the intra-operative specimen cultures. Histopathology revealed a reactive appearance and surrounding myxoid changes. Removal of screw debris and curettage of the tunnel resulted in complete recovery of all patients at a mean follow up of 12 (range 8–16) months.ConclusionsPre-tibial cyst along with other adverse biological response should be considered as a possible complication in ACL reconstruction. We report an incidence of 5% of pre-tibial reaction in patients undergoing ACL reconstruction with bio-absorbable interference screw fixation for the proximal tibia.     

Quantifying graft impingement in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

BackgroundAnterior cruciate ligament reconstructions (ACLR) fail at a rate of 10–15%, with graft impingement often a cause. In this study we investigate the prevalence and causes of impingement seen during ACLR surgery.MethodsWe reviewed consecutive primary ACLR from 2012-2018. Graft impingement was estimated intraoperatively by placing the arthroscope through the tibial tunnel and passively extending the knee, observing how much was obscured by the lateral femoral condyle from an anterior and lateral direction. Preoperative MRI scans were used to measure the intercondylar notch; Notch Width Index (NWI) and Notch Depth Index (NDI). Positioning of the tunnels was determined on postoperative radiographs.ResultsThere were 283 ACLRs performed with 33 failures diagnosed on MRI (11.7%). 257 patients had complete imaging and follow up (91%). The mean age was 28 (±9) years and mean follow-up 5.3 (±1.8) years. The mean NWI was 0.26(±0.03), and NDI was 0.49(±0.06). The tibial tunnel aperture was located 42(±6) % of the way from anterior-posterior and 39(±6) % from medial-lateral. Impingement requiring a notchplasty was observed in 80% of cases, with lateral impingement more prominent.ConclusionsThe amount of impingement did not correlate with tunnel position, which was located within the recommended area. There was a weak negative correlation between NWI and lateral impingement (r_s = −0.16, p = 0.01), and NDI and anterior impingement (r_s = −0.12, p = 0.04), therefore a smaller notch is associated with greater impingement. Despite optimal tunnel positioning, impingement still occurs in a significant number of cases therefore notchplasty should always be considered to keep revision rates low.     

前交叉韧带移植物选择及重建中的相关问题

背景：前交叉韧带移植物的选择受到多种因素的影响和制约,目前仍然存在争议。 目的：综述近期前交叉韧带重建移植物的选择及相关进展。 方法：由第一作者检索1995/2009 PubMed数据与维普数据库有关前交叉韧带重建中单、双束重建的比较,移植物选择,前交叉韧带损伤与骨关节炎相关性及前交叉韧带重建与本体感觉功能恢复相关性的文献。 结果与结论：在前交叉韧带重建中,单束与双束重建在临床疗效上目前并无显著差别;在移植物的选择上,目前仍然存在争议,骨-髌腱-骨以及四股腘绳肌自体移植物仍为前交叉韧带重建中的首选,带骨或不带骨的股四头肌肌腱、各种异体移植物和人工肌腱也逐渐被广泛使用于临床。从目前的各种报道分析,发生早期骨关节炎的危险因素中最重要的是半月板损伤,而非前交叉韧带损伤;对于施行前交叉韧带重建的患者,在治疗过程中应同时重视本体感觉功能的恢复。     

关节镜下自体骨-髌腱-骨重建前交叉韧带132例临床分析

目的探讨关节镜下采用自体骨-中1／3髌腱-骨（B-PT-B）复合体移植重建前交叉韧带（ACL）的手术方法、疗效及影响因素。方法在膝关节镜监视下采用挤压螺钉固定自体B-PT-B重建ACL132例，同时处理合并伤。术后给予严格的有计划的康复训练，定期检查关节功能，进行Lysholm评分。结果术后随访1—7年，平均2年7个月。132例中优85例，良33例，可14例；良、可患者皆为早期病例，优良率89．4％。全组均未发生髌骨骨折、髌腱断裂等并发损伤，患者均在短期内恢复日常生活和正常运动功能。结论关节镜下自体B—T—B重建ACL疗效确切、操作简便，手术技术改进与熟练可进一步有效地控制并发症增加疗效。     

Investigation of a hybrid method of soft tissue graft fixation for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

To increase knee stability following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, development of increasingly stronger and stiffer fixation is required. This study assessed the initial pullout force, stiffness of fixation, and failure modes for a novel hybrid fixation method combining periosteal and direct fixation using porcine femoral bone. A soft tissue graft was secured by combining both an interference screw and an EndoButton (Smith and Nephew Endoscopy, Andover, MA). The results were compared with the traditional direct fixation method using a titanium interference screw. Twenty porcine hindlimbs were divided into two groups. Specimens were loaded in line with the bone tunnel on a materials testing machine. Maximum pullout force of the hybrid fixation (588+/-37 N) was significantly greater than with an interference screw alone (516+/-37 N). The stiffness of the hybrid fixation (52.1+/-12.8 N/mm) was similar to that of screw fixation (56.5+/-10.2 N/mm). Graft pullout was predominant for screw fixation, whereas a combination of graft pullout and graft failure was seen for hybrid fixation. These results indicate that initial pullout force of soft tissue grafts can be increased by using the suggested novel hybrid fixation method.     

前交叉韧带侧向刚度在线测量系统研制及其对前交叉韧带重建效果的影响

前交叉韧带重建张力的设置主要依靠外科医生的经验。为提高膝关节恢复治疗中前交叉韧带重建后张力的有效性和适应性,本文建立具有松弛特性的侧向力学测量模型,设计前交叉韧带在线刚度测量系统,提出"术前检测,术中参考"的新方法。本文选取20个绵羊膝关节进行膝关节稳定性测试,分两组进行前外侧入路单束前交叉韧带重建对比实验,第一组手术医生常规流程进行术中检测;第二组使用前交叉韧带在线刚度测量系统在术中进行检测;之后对上述两组进行术后稳定性实验。研究结果表明,该测量系统测量的张力精度为(-2.3±0.04)%,位移误差为(1.5±1.8)%,术后对两组进行前向稳定性、内旋稳定性和外旋稳定性测试,结果均优于术前(P <0.05),但使用该系统的一组更接近术前膝关节测量指标,且与经验丰富的医生对比差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05)。最终,期待本文建立的该系统可以帮助临床医生判断手术过程中的前交叉韧带重建张力,有效提升手术效果。     

前交叉韧带重建移植材料的研究与进展

背景：膝关节前交叉韧带重建效果受多种因素影响,包括移植物的选择。 目的：对用于前交叉韧带重建的移植材料的种类、材料性质、相关实验、临床应用等方面的研究进行回顾分析。 方法：由第一作者检索1985/2009 PubMed数据及万方数据库有关前交叉韧带重建的移植材料如自体韧带、同种异体韧带、人工韧带、组织工程韧带、异种韧带等方面的文献。 结果与结论：目前国内外修复前交叉韧带损伤可供选择的移植物有自体组织替代物、同种异体韧带、人工韧带、生物组织工程韧带等。此外还有一些其他生物材料如异种韧带等,目前还处于实验探索及研究阶段。人工合成材料与组织工程韧带近几年研究较多,但其制作工艺复杂,价格昂贵,很难满足临床移植的需要。随着越来越多去抗原处理技术的出现,有效去除异种韧带的免疫原性,提高其组织相容性已不是没有可能,在此基础上异种韧带来源广泛,获取方便、价格低廉、适用性广等优势得以凸显。     

Asymmetries in explosive strength following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

BackgroundDespite its apparent functional importance, there is a general lack of data regarding the time-related changes in explosive strength and the corresponding side-to-side asymmetries in individuals recovering from an ACL reconstruction (ACLR). The present study was designed to assess changes in the maximum and explosive strength of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles in athletes recovering from an ACLR.MethodsTwenty male athletes with an ACL injury completed a standard isometric testing protocol pre-ACLR, four and six months post-ACLR. In addition to the maximum strength (F_max), the explosive strength of quadriceps and hamstrings was assessed through four variables derived from the slope of the force–time curves over various time intervals (RFD_max, RFD₅₀, RFD₁₅₀ and RFD₂₅₀). Side-to-side asymmetries were calculated relative to post-ACLR measures of the uninvolved leg (“standard” asymmetries), and relative to pre-ACLR value of the uninvolved leg (“real” asymmetries).ResultsPre-ACLR asymmetries in quadriceps RFD (average 26%) were already larger than in F_max (14%) (p < 0.05). Six months post-ACLR real asymmetries in RFD variables (33–39%) were larger than the corresponding standard asymmetries (26–28%; p < 0.01). Average asymmetries in hamstrings' RFD and F_max were 10%, 25% and 15% for pre-ACLR and two post-ACLR sessions, respectively (all p > 0.05).ConclusionsIn addition to the maximum strength, the indices of explosive strength should also be included in monitoring recovery of muscle function following an ACLR. Furthermore, pre-injury/reconstruction values should be used for the post-ACLR side-to-side comparisons, providing a more valid criterion regarding the muscle recovery and readiness for a return to sports.     

LARS韧带在前交叉韧带重建中的临床应用与关注热点

文题释义： LARS韧带：于1985 年由法国Dr.Laboureau 应用聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯材料模仿人体韧带的解剖结构和生物力学原理设计而成。近年来因其出色的生物相容性和力学特性,被较多的应用于膝关节前交叉韧带损伤后的重建。 前交叉韧带重建：前交叉韧带是维持膝关节稳定的重要结构,整个韧带的纤维束从股骨向胫骨近似扇形散开,内部纤维束以特定的排列方式从前向后分布。目前大多数学者主张将前交叉韧带分为2束,根据其在胫骨附着的相对位置分为前内侧束及后外侧束。由于膝关节前交叉韧带自身的解剖学特性,其完全断裂后无法自行修复,若不及时进行手术治疗往往造成半月板及关节软骨的损伤,因此如果诊断明确,应及早行前交叉韧带重建,用新的移植物替代损伤的前交叉韧带。 背景：虽然目前重建前交叉韧带的移植物选择包括自体移植物、同种异体移植物和人工合成移植物3种主要类型,但移植物的选择仍是当今的热门研究以及争议点的所在。 目的：综述LARS韧带在关节镜下前交叉韧带重建中的早期、中期以及长期临床疗效的国内外研究现状。 方法：应用计算机检索CNKI数据库、PubMed数据库的2019年4月前发表的相关文献,检索词为“LARS韧带,前交叉韧带,人工韧带,前交叉韧带重建,LARS ligament,anterior cruciate ligament,artificial ligament,anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction”。通过阅读文章标题和摘要进行初步筛选,排除与文章主题不相关的文献,根据纳入和排除标准最终纳入46篇文献进行综述。 结果与结论：①LARS韧带拥有出色的生物相容性和力学特性,它的独特结构使成纤维细胞包裹、穿透似生长,且韧带周围没有炎性反应,巨噬细胞少,由于长入的组织增加了韧带的黏弹性且减少了纤维间的摩擦,可有效防止碎屑引起的生物反应;LARS人工韧带弹性模量好,抗扭转、抗疲劳性强;②LARS韧带重建前交叉韧带具有快速康复、低失败率和低并发症等优点,表明LARS韧带适用于前交叉韧带重建。 ORCID: 0000-0001-7923-9839(陈伟) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程