皮肤镜在脱发疾病中的应用

皮肤镜是一种无创性的诊断工具,便于携带和使用,能观察到微细的、肉眼不可见的形态学结构。它在脱发疾病诊断、鉴别诊断及疗效判断中意义重大,应用于斑秃与其他非瘢痕性脱发的鉴别诊断、瘢痕性和非瘢痕性脱发的鉴别、急性弥漫性脱发如弥漫性斑秃和急性休止期脱发的鉴别诊断、原发性瘢痕性脱发中病种确定等。常见脱发疾病的皮肤镜征象与组织病理改变有一定的关联,了解其内在联系,能够在一定程度上减少组织病理活检的概率。该文对常见脱发疾病的皮肤镜征象、皮肤镜在毛发疾病的诊断、鉴别诊断及疗效评判等方面作一综述。     

Pilomatricoma can differentiate not only towards hair matrix and hair cortex, but also follicular infundibulum, outer root sheath and hair bulge

Abstract:  Pilomatricoma is believed to differentiate towards the hair matrix and hair cortex. To elucidate the origin of differentiation in pilomatricoma, we studied the expression of epithelial keratin (K) and filaggrin (filament aggregating protein) in pilomatricoma. An immunohistochemical study has been made of 53 cases of pilomatricoma using 10 monospecific anti-keratin antibodies and anti-filaggrin antibody. Basophilic cells, transitional cells and shadow cells did not react with epithelial keratins and filaggrin antibodies as well as hair matrix and hair cortex. Instead, infundibular-type epithelium was positive for K1, K10 and filaggrin. Epithelium showing trichilemmal keratinization was positive for K14 and K16. The hair bulge-like structure was positive for K19. The differentiation of pilomatricoma is diversified, and is heterogeneous in epithelial keratin and filaggrin expression. Our results for keratin and filaggrin expression suggested that pilomatricoma can differentiate not only towards hair matrix and hair cortex, but also follicular infundibulum, outer root sheath and hair bulge.     

Hair transplanting: an important but often forgotten treatment for female pattern hair loss

The techniques used in the early days of hair transplanting were not suitable for the treatment of a majority of women with pattern hair loss. For at least the last 10 years, changes in those techniques have resulted in a reversal of that situation. Today, many women with female pattern hair loss are suitable candidates for transplanting, however, this is not widely appreciated. This article provides potential explanations for this and demonstrates examples of the current methods. Hair transplanting should be considered as a potential treatment option for most women with pattern hair loss.     

常见脱发疾病皮肤镜征象与病理的联系

在毛发领域,皮肤镜主要用于观察毛干和毛囊单位形态、皮肤表面结构的颜色、血管形态和病原体等.常见的脱发疾病有其特殊的皮肤镜征象,可用于诊断、鉴别诊断及疾病活动程度和治疗结果的评判,例如瘢痕性和非瘢痕性脱发的鉴别诊断、急性弥漫性脱发的病因判断等.     

Female-pattern hair loss: therapeutic update

Female androgenetic alopecia or female-pattern hair loss (FPHL) is highly prevalent and has a great impact on the quality of life. The treatment is a routine challenge in dermatological practice, as many therapeutic options have a limited level of evidence and often do not meet patients expectations. Lack of knowledge of the pathogenesis of the hair miniaturization process and the factors that regulate follicular morphogenesis restricts the prospect of innovative therapies. There is also a lack of randomized, controlled studies with longitudinal follow-up, using objective outcomes and exploring the performance of the available treatments and their combinations. Topical minoxidil, which has been used to treat female pattern hair loss since the 1990s, is the only medication that has a high level of evidence and remains the first choice. However, about 40% of patients do not show improvement with this treatment. In this article, the authors critically discuss the main clinical and surgical therapeutic alternatives for FPHL, as well as present camouflage methods that can be used in more extensive or unresponsive cases.     

Cholesterol homeostasis: Links to hair follicle biology and hair disorders

Lipids and lipid metabolism are critical factors in hair follicle (HF) biology, and cholesterol has long been suspected of influencing hair growth. Altered cholesterol homeostasis is involved in the pathogenesis of primary cicatricial alopecia, mutations in a cholesterol transporter are associated with congenital hypertrichosis, and dyslipidaemia has been linked to androgenic alopecia. The underlying molecular mechanisms by which cholesterol influences pathways involved in proliferation and differentiation within HF cell populations remain largely unknown. As such, expanding our knowledge of the role for cholesterol in regulating these processes is likely to provide new leads in the development of treatments for disorders of hair growth and cycling. This review describes the current state of knowledge with respect to cholesterol homeostasis in the HF along with known and putative links to hair pathologies.     

Assessment of hair loss: clinical relevance of hair growth evaluation methods

This review on hair growth measurement methods focuses on human scalp hair in the context of clinically relevant assessment of hair loss. This phenomenon is the end result of a complex combination of events closely associated with hair cycling followed by defective hair replacement. The methodological spectrum ranges from the most to the least invasive approach. All of the measurement methods referred to are critically reviewed, with their stronger and weaker aspects, in view of their potential application in the skin and hair clinic. The existence of recently developed highly resolutive noninvasive analytical methods capable of exploring almost every aspect of the dynamics of this growth and loss phenomenon allowed calibration of more global scoring method. From this review, the author concludes that a combination of a highly resolutive analytical approach with a global calibrated method seems advisable in the context of the monitoring of hair growth changes for better or worse, i.e. scalp hair growth or hair loss in the hair clinic.     

Hair density, hair diameter and the prevalence of female pattern hair loss

BACKGROUND: Female pattern hair loss is common but estimates of its prevalence have varied widely. The relationships between the clinical diagnosis of female pattern hair loss and objective measurements of hair density and hair diameter have not previously been evaluated. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of female pattern hair loss and to relate the clinical findings to hair density and hair diameter. METHODS: We examined 377 women, aged 18--99 years, who presented to a general dermatology clinic with complaints unrelated to hair growth (the unselected sample). A second group of 47 women referred with typical female pattern hair loss was included in analyses of the relationships between hair density, hair diameter and the clinical diagnosis. Hair density was measured using a photographic method. In each subject the major and minor axis diameters were measured in a random sample of 50 hairs. RESULTS: Six per cent of women aged under 50 years were diagnosed as having female pattern hair loss, increasing to 38% in subjects aged 70 years and over. The mean +/- SEM hair density was 293 +/- 61.3 hairs cm(-2) at age 35 years, falling to 211 +/- 55.1 hairs cm(-2) at age 70 years. Hair density showed a normal distribution in the unselected sample. Most women classified as having female pattern hair loss had hair densities within the lower half of the normal distribution. The perception of hair loss was determined mainly by low hair density (ANOVA P < 0.001), but there was overlap in hair density between women classified as having Ludwig I hair loss and the no hair loss group, which was partly accounted for by differences in mean hair diameter (ANOVA P < 0.001). Low hair density was associated with fewer hairs of all diameters. CONCLUSIONS: Hair density in women is distributed as a normal variable, indicating that it is determined as a multifactorial trait. Women with female pattern hair loss have a hair density which falls below the mean but lies within the spectrum of the normal distribution, although other factors, including hair diameter, may affect the subjective impression of hair loss. The hair diameter data suggest that low hair density is not due to progressive diminution in hair follicle size and that follicular miniaturization may occur within the space of a single hair cycle.     

Diagnostic techniques for hair disorders. Part II: Microscopic examination of hair bulbs, tips, and casts

For the patient who presents with a hair disorder, a host of diagnostic techniques are available in addition to history, physical examination, and laboratory assessment. Microscopic hair bulb, tip, and cast examination is presented as a technique for establishing a definitive diagnosis.