北京市郊区维持性血液透析患者生活质量调查

目的了解北京市郊区维持性血液透析(MHD)患者的生活质量。方法采用肾脏病生活质量简表(KDQOL-SF)对62例北京市郊区MHD患者进行问卷调查。结果①北京市郊区MHD患者生活质量得分中最低的是躯体职能、最高的是透析鼓励；②SF-36部分各纬度分值显著低于一般人群；③与解放军总医院MHD患者比较在社会支持、透析鼓励、患者满意度、全面健康评价领域得分高于解放军总医院患者(P＜0．05)：而在社会功能、总体健康、躯体功能、躯体职能、情感职能、疼痛、精力状况、情感状况、症状与不适、肾病影响、性功能、睡眠、工作状况13个领域得分郊区患者显著低于解放军总医院患者(P＜0．05)；④男性在认知功能领域得分高于女性,具有统计学意义；⑤相关性分析显示年龄对生活质量分值有较大影响,未发现血红蛋白与生活质量分值有显著相关；⑥ANOVA分析显示不同医疗费来源的患者生活质量有所不同。医保或公费医疗组好于农村合作医疗和自费组。结论北京郊区MHD患者生活质量整体水平较低,因此应把向患者提供有效的干预措施以改善患者的生活质量作为医疗和护理的重要目标。     

维持性血液透析患者生活质量的现状及其影响因素

目的了解维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis disease,MHD)患者生活质量的现状及其影响因素。方法采用便利抽样法选取2011年10月至2012年1月在上海市3所三级甲等综合性医院行维持性血液透析的患者112例,采用肾脏疾病生活质量简表(kidney disease quality of life short form,version 1.3,KDQOL-SF1.3)对MHD患者进行调查。结果 MHD患者生活质量的各维度评分普遍不高,其中情感所致的角色受限[(48.51±40.74)分]、一般健康看法[(33.30±17.25)分]、肾脏病给生活带来的负担[(31.64±25.85)分]、工作状况[(30.36±29.53)分]、体力所致的角色受限[(22.99±33.24)分]等5个维度得分较低;不同性别、年龄、文化程度、付费类别、家庭收入、透析时间MHD患者的生活质量得分差异均有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01)。结论 MHD患者生活质量较差,护理人员应结合患者的具体情况实施有效的护理干预,以提高MHD患者的生活质量。     

护理干预对维持性血液透析患者生活质量的影响

目的:探讨护理干预对维持性血液透析(HD)患者生活质量的影响.方法:对60例维持性HD患者采用KDQOL-SFTM量表评定患者的生活质量后,对其进行健康教育、饮食管理、心理指导、促进家庭及社会支持等干预措施,比较干预前后患者生活质量的差别.结果:护理干预后患者生活质量有所提高,与干预前比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:终末期肾病(ESRD)患者护理干预后生活质量有所提高,说明护理干预对于改善HD患者的生活质量具有重要意义.     

血液透析患者生活质量的横断面调查

目的了解血液透析患者的生活质量水平。方法采用WHO生活质量BREF量表（WHO quality of life questionnaire BREF,WHO QOL BREF）对48例维持性血液透析患者进行横断面评估,对各领域分值与营养状况、年龄和文化程度进行相关分析。结果患者的各领域分值无性别差异,与营养状况、年龄和文化程度无明显相关;患者在接受医疗、护理、生活指导和精神支持等各方面顺应性良好。结论提供有效的干预措施以改善患者健康相关的生活质量,是医疗、护理的目标,是疗效评价的重要参数。     

依从性对维持性血液透析患者生命质量影响的研究

目的 探讨影响维持性血液透析（MHD）患者依从性的主要因素及依从性对MHD患者生命质量的影响.方法 根据依从性的判定标准将60例MHD患者分为依从组和非依从组,采用肾脏疾病生活质量简表（KDQOL-SFTM）1.3版对两组患者进行调查.结果 影响MHD患者依从性的主要因素为文化程度、婚姻状况、医疗付费方式、透析前进行规律性肾科门诊治疗（P＜0.05）,而在年龄、性别、血液透析龄上无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.依从组KTDA、SF-36、KDQOL-SF的分值分别为（64.79±11.98）、（55.77±21.04）、（59.61±14.95）;非依从组KTDA、SF-36、KDQOL-SF的分值分别为（59.98±16.46）、（42.79±17.83）、（52.60±13.74）.依从组患者的生命质量与非依从组患者的生命质量相比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.结论 目前MHD患者的不依从性问题广泛存在.护理工作者要对此问题引起足够的重视,做好MHD患者的心理护理,尽可能的调动所有的支持系统,使患者心理保持最佳状态,提高MHD患者的依从性,提高其生命质量.     

护理干预对维持性血液透析发生睡眠障碍患者的研究

目的探讨护理干预对维持性血液透析发生睡眠障碍患者的睡眠质量和生活质量的影响。方法选择本院接受血液透析且有失眠状况的ESRD患者80例,随机分为对照组与观察组各40例。对照组施行常规护理,观察组在常规护理的基础上施行多方位的护理干预措施,评价护理结果。结果陌生环境(77.50%)、医药费负担(87.50%)、贫血(82.50%)是严重影响患者睡眠质量的因素;2组患者在干预前的生存质量分值均低于一般人群且2组差异不显著(P0.05);2组患者在干预后生存质量的评分高于干预前(P0.05),观察组患者干预后的生存质量评分高于对照组患者(P0.05)。结论多方位的护理干预措施可以引导患者养成正确的生活习惯,增强患者的遵医依从性,提高患者睡眠质量,在一定程度上提升透析患者的生活质量。     

肺癌化疗患者生活质量的影响因素调查

目的探讨人口学因素、疾病因素(病理分型、疾病分期)对肺癌患者在化疗期间生活质量的影响。方法采用问卷调查法对100例肺癌患者进行调查,分析人口学因素与疾病因素对肺癌患者生活质量的影响。结果年龄、性别和疾病分期对化疗中和化疗后肺癌患者的生活质量总分和生理指标有显著影响(P<0.01或P<0.05);文化程度对化疗后肺癌患者的社会指标有显著影响(P<0.05);年龄、性别对化疗前、化疗中、化疗后肺癌患者的其他指标有显著影响(P均<0.01)。结论人口学因素和疾病因素可影响肺癌患者的生活质量,临床护理工作中需加以重视。     

维持性血液透析患者生活质量及影响因素研究

目的调查维持性血液透析患者生活质量及其影响因素。方法采用一般资料调查表、健康状况调查量表及一般自我效能感量表对121例维持性血液透析患者进行问卷调查。结果维持性血液透析患者生活质量总分为(54.42±13.74)分,生活质量各维度得分明显低于常模(P0.01);维持性血液透析患者的生活质量与自我效能、年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况等因素有关。结论医护人员应有针对性地实施健康教育和心理干预,以提高血液透析患者的一般自我效能感,对改善维持性血液透析患者的生活质量有正向促进作用。     

左旋肉碱对血液透析患者生活质量影响的调查与分析

目的为了提高血液透析患者的生活质量。方法对23例使用左旋肉碱3个月以上维持性血液透析患者,应用SF-36量表进行生活质量评估,并进行使用前后自我对照。结果使用左旋肉碱3个月以上的患者血尿素氮、肌酐使用前后无统计学差异(P<0.05),血清白蛋白和血红蛋白使用前后比较有统计学差异(P<0.01)。透析低血压的发生次数使用前与使用后比较有统计学差异(P<0.01)。躯体功能、躯体职能、情感职能、精力状况、情感状况、社会功能、疼痛、总的健康状况使用前后进行比较均有统计学差异(P<0.01)。结论使用左旋肉碱3个月以后血透患者生活质量明显高于使用前,从而使他们的生理、心理、社会的功能得以提高,提高了透析的舒适度,促进了和谐的护患关系和患者的满意度。     

北京市远郊区县慢性心力衰竭患者生活质量及相关因素调查分析

目的 调查分析北京市远郊区县慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者生活质量现状及其影响因素.方法 描述性研究设计,方便取样,采用自设问卷、自我管理问卷、家庭功能问卷、明尼苏这心力衰竭生活质量量表(LiHFe)调查100例CHF患者的基本资料、CHF相关知识和态度、自我管理、家庭功能及生活质量状况.结果 患者LiHFe得分为52.42±22.66,LiHFe总分与年龄、病程、对心衰诱因知识的掌握呈低度正相关(P<0.01),与文化程度呈低度负相关(P<0.01),与心功能分级、对疾病的态度、对心衰症状知识的掌握、能否及时就诊呈中度正相关(P<0.01),与射血分数(EF)值、自我管理总分呈中度负相关(P<0.01),与家庭功能类型、家人的帮助及理解呈低度负相关(P<0.05).结论 影响CHF患者生活质量有关的因素较多.心功能愈差、EF值愈低、病程越长,生活质量越差,患者对疾病知识了解、家人的支持、有效的自我管理等均可显著提高CHF患者的生活质量,老年及文化程度低的患者是不良生活质量的高危人群.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.