Outcomes of trans-tibial posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a fovea landmark technique in relation to tunnel position and serial tunnel configuration

PurposeTo evaluate (1) the outcome of PCL reconstruction with tibial suspensory fixation using a fovea landmark technique based on the tunnel position and serial change of the tunnel configuration after trans-tibial PCL reconstruction, and (2) whether suspensory fixation has any harmful effect on the outcome.MethodsA total of 48 knees that underwent PCL reconstruction were included. The tunnel position was analyzed using CT. To analyze the tunnel configuration, the tunnel diameter, area, and volume were measured. To evaluate the outcome, pre- and postoperative International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) and Lysholm scores were analyzed. To evaluate stability, a side-to-side difference was evaluated using Telos stress radiographs.ResultsThe greatest configurational change occurred at the mid-portion of tibial tunnel. There was a correlation between stability and tibial tunnel mid-portion configurational change (p < 0.01). Important correlations were found between the tunnel position and serial tunnel configuration between high femoral tunnel and widest site of femoral tunnel and tibia aperture (p < 0.01 and 0.04, respectively). The diameter of widest site of tibia tunnel increased when the tibia tunnel center moved toward the posterior margin of the tibia (p = 0.02) and the percentage of femoral tunnel volume enlargement increased when the tibia tunnel center moved toward the medial edge of the PCL fovea (p = 0.02).ConclusionsA high femoral tunnel, medial tibial tunnel, and posterior tibial tunnel were related to the serial configurational change. A suspensory tibial fixation produced significant configurational change around the mid-portion of the tibial tunnel, and it induced a negative effect on stability.Level of Evidence: Level IV.     

Biomechanical testing of hybrid hamstring graft tibial fixation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Hamstring tendon using quadrupled semitendinosus and gracilis autografts is a well-established technique for ACL reconstruction. However, several methods have been used for tibial fixation of the tendon graft. The purpose of this study was to compare the biomechanical characteristics of quadrupled hamstring graft tibial fixation using three different fixation methods. Nine matched pairs (18 specimens) of cadaver tibias were divided into three groups of six specimens. The first group was fixed with only a tapered 30-mm bioabsorbable screw (BIS), the second group was fixed first with a BIS and then the remaining tendon portion was additionally fixed with a titanium cortical screw and spike washer, and the third group was fixed with only a cortical screw and spike washer. A custom-made probe hook was mounted on a load cell (Interface, MFG, Scottsdale, AZ) to measure the ACL tension before and after the final tibial fixation. Group 2 displayed greater mean maximum load at failure than both groups 1 and 3 (p < 0.05). The stiffness of the graft nearly doubled in group 2 compared to groups 1 and 3 (p < 0.05). All specimens failed by slippage and pullout. Biomechanical testing with cadavers showed that a BIS and additional cortical screw and spike washer fixation to the distal hamstring tendon resulted in higher load at failure and stiffness compared to either BIS or cortical screw and spike washer fixation alone.     

Extensor reconstruction of the knee using the fibular transposition technique after proximal tibial resection

Background

Reconstruction of the extensor mechanism after resection of the proximal tibia is challenging, and several surgical procedures are available. The purpose of this study was to determine the outcome of the fibular transposition technique for reconstruction of the extensor mechanism of the knee after proximal tibial resection.

膝关节后外侧角重建术中股骨隧道定位对移植物等距性的影响

目的探讨膝关节后外侧角重建术中,股骨隧道定位的变化对移植物等距性的影响。方法选用9具新鲜冷冻尸体膝关节标本,分别在外侧副韧带和腘肌腱股骨侧附着部上选取中、近、远、前、后各5个测试点。模拟膝关节后外侧角的重建步骤,将外侧副韧带、腘肌腱和腘腓韧带胫腓侧的附着部中心与相应股骨侧的5个测试点用铜丝连接,测量膝关节在0°～90°屈曲过程中铜丝长度的变化。结果外侧副韧带股骨侧附着部的远点和前点与其腓骨附着部中心之间变化平均值的最大值均不超过3 mm,且两点无统计学差异(P>0.05);腘肌腱股骨侧附着部的前点与PFL腓骨附着部中心之间变化平均值的最大值不差过3 mm;腘肌腱股骨侧5个测试点与胫骨侧腘肌肌腱移行处点之间变化平均值的最大值均超过3 mm。结论在腓骨侧骨隧道选择附着部中心的情况下,重建外侧副韧带和腘腓韧带时,股骨侧骨隧道宜定位外侧副韧带和腘肌腱附着部前缘(即前点)。     

A new technique for measuring the rotational axis pathway of a moving knee

The current lack of objective tests to measure the instability of a moving knee means that the effectiveness of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction cannot be accurately determined. This article describes a new technique for measuring the rotational axis pathway of a moving knee. It shows how this can be used to detect ACL deficiency and discusses how such measurements may be used to quantify dynamic instability. The article reports the results of a pilot study on 14 patients with unilateral symptomatic ACL deficiency. Subjects had their rotational axis pathways measured in both normal and unstable knees. On comparison, the unstable knee showed a consistent difference relative to the normal knee in all cases.     

单侧椎弓根固定椎体间融合加后外侧融合治疗复发性腰椎间盘突出短期疗效观察

目的：探讨单侧经椎弓根螺钉固定椎体间融合和后外侧融合治疗复发性腰椎间盘突出的有效性。方法：将26例复发性腰椎间盘突出患者随机均分为单侧固定组及双侧固定组;在椎体间融合和后外侧融合的基础上,单侧组仅行手术节段单侧椎弓根固定、双侧组行手术节段双侧固定。对比分析两组患者的手术时间、出血量、住院时间、医疗费用,以及术前和术后1个月视觉模拟（VAS）评分及Os-westry Disability Index（ODI）评分。结果：单侧固定组手术时间、出血量、住院时间和医疗费用均低于双侧固定组（P〈0．05）。两组手术后VAS评分及ODI评分均较术前有明显改善（P〈0．05）,两组之间术前或术后VAS评分及ODI评分比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：单侧椎弓螺钉固定椎体间融合和后外侧融合治疗复发性腰椎间盘突出的临床疗效与双侧固定临床疗效相似,但是单侧固定减少了手术时间、出血量、住院时间及医疗费用,减少了内植物置入时的风险。     

Tunnel widening after ACL reconstruction with aperture screw fixation or all-inside reconstruction with suspensory cortical button fixation: Volumetric measurements on CT and MRI scans

Background

Tunnel widening after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is influenced by the surgical and fixation techniques used. Computed tomography (CT) is the most accurate image modality for assessing tunnel widening, but magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) might also be reliable for tunnel volume measurements. In the present study tunnel widening after ACLR using biodegradable interference screw fixation was compared with all-inside ACLR using button fixation, with tunnel volume changes being measured on CT and MRI scans.

Anterior Versus Posterolateral Approach for Total Laparoscopic Splenectomy: A Comparative Study

Objective: Although the anterior approach is normally used for elective laparoscopic splenectomy (LS), the posterolateral approach may be superior. We have retrospectively compared the effectiveness and safety of these approaches in patients with non-severe splenomegaly scheduled for elective total LS.Methods: Patients with surgical spleen disorders scheduled for elective LS between March 2005 and June 2011 underwent laparoscopic splenic mobilization via the posterolateral or anterior approach. Main outcome measures included operation time, intraoperative blood loss, frequency of postoperative pancreatic leakage, and length of hospital stay.Results: During the study period, 203 patients underwent LS, 58 (28.6%) via the posterolateral and 145 (71.4%) via the anterior approach. Three patients (1.5%) required conversion to laparotomy due to extensive perisplenic adhesions. The posterolateral approach was associated with significantly shorter operation time (65.0 ± 12.3 min vs. 95.0 ± 21.3 min, P < 0.01), reduced intraoperative blood loss (200.0 ± 23.4 mL vs. 350.0 ± 45.2 mL, P < 0.01), and shorter hospital stay (5.0 ± 2.0 d vs. 9.0 ± 3.0 d, P < 0.01) than the anterior approach. The frequency of pancreatic leakage was slightly lower in patients undergoing LS via the posterolateral than the anterior approach (0.0% vs. 3.4%, P > 0.05)Conclusions: The posterolateral approach is more effective and safer than the anterior approach in patients without severe splenomegaly (< 30 cm).     

寰枢椎不稳经后路椎弓根钉固定融合手术治疗

目的 探讨寰枢椎不稳经后路椎弓根螺钉固定融合手术治疗的方法及临床疗效.方法 对15寰枢椎不稳的患者应用直视下椎弓根钉固定并行自体骼骨植骨融合.结果 15例60枚螺钉均成功植入,复位固定满意,全组病例未发生椎动脉、脊髓损伤,术后临床症状得到不同程度的改善,所有患者均获得6～24个月随访,平均7.5个月;患者均在3～6个月寰枢椎骨性融合,未发现螺钉松动、断裂现象.结论 直视下寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉植入技术具有置钉相对安全、准确、融合率高等特点,是治疗寰枢椎不稳的一种有效手术技术.     

后外侧入路高脱位髋关节假体重建软组织处理

目的:探讨高脱位髋关节发育不良假体重建的软组织处理方法.方法:对11例高脱位髋关节发育不良者行初次单侧全髋关节假体重建术,其中男3例,女8例;平均年龄52.5岁(48～71岁).Crowe分型III型9髋,IV型2髋.后外侧入路,依层次松解显露,髋臼基床及股骨髓腔处理,髋臼和股骨假体安装于适当位置后行必要的软组织重建.结果:术后11例平均随访时间15个月(6～24个月),髋关节疼痛消除,畸形步态基本矫正,关节活动度增加,功能得到明显改善.Harris评分从术前平均34.1分提高到术后平均86.6分,近期优良率为90.9%.结论:术中避免盲目松解并行必要的软组织重建,可最大限度地减少相关并发症.     

Outcomes of bioabsorbable fixation in the treatment of osteochondral lesions of the knee in adolescent patients

BackgroundBioabsorbable fixation in managing osteochondral lesions is increasing in popularity. The purpose was to report on outcomes using bioabsorbable fixation nails for osteochondral lesions of the knee in a pediatric and adolescent population.MethodsA retrospective review of pediatric patients undergoing surgery with bioabsorbable fixation for knee osteochondral lesions was performed. Demographic, clinical, and surgical data was collected including symptom duration, lesion location, size, use of bone grafting, and number of implants. Return to activities was documented. Patients recommended revision surgery were compared to those who were not.Results47 patients with median age 13.9 years and 25.5% female were included with median clinical follow-up of 47.3 weeks. 87.2% of patients were cleared for full activities. Four male patients (8.5%) were recommended revision surgery, of whom three underwent surgery including removal of loose bioabsorbable fixation. Demographic data did not differ between the group with successful versus failed primary surgery (p > 0.05). Symptom duration was more acute (<1 month) in the four recommended revision surgery (75% versus 9.3%, p = 0.008). The group recommended revision also had larger lesion size (median 5.4 cm² versus 2 cm², p = 0.04). Distal femoral physeal status, lesion location, necessity for bone grafting, and number of implants did not differ between groups.ConclusionsAdolescents had a high return to activity following bioabsorbable fixation for knee osteochondral lesions with 87.2% cleared for full return. In the 8.5% of patients who were deemed to have failed primary fixation, symptoms were more likely to be acute in nature with larger lesion sizes.     

Posterolateral corner reconstruction in combined injuries of the knee: Improved stability with Larson's fibular sling reconstruction and comparison with LaPrade anatomical reconstruction

BackgroundThe goal of this prospective cohort study was to present the clinical results of a two-year follow-up of a Larson's posterolateral corner reconstruction (fibular sling) in patients with symptomatic instability of the knee. These data were compared with data of an anatomical reconstruction of the posterolateral corner as described by LaPrade et al. (combined tibial tunnel and fibular sling) [1].MethodsEleven patients underwent a Larson's posterolateral corner reconstruction. Cruciate ligament ruptures were reconstructed if present. Multiple subjective knee outcome scores (VAS satisfaction score, Tegner, Lysholm, Noyes score, and IKDC subjective knee score) were obtained pre-operatively and two years after surgery. Laxity of the joint was measured using bilateral varus stress radiographs.ResultsAll patients had concomitant ACL or PCL surgery. VAS satisfaction, the Tegner, Noyes and the IKDC subjective knee score all improved significantly. Median varus laxity of the injured knee on varus stress radiographs improved significantly from 6.2° (3.1–10.1) to 3.9° (1.1–5.7), p = .0076. Post-operative varus laxity did not return to the level of the uninjured knee: 2.7° (1–5.7), p = .028. In comparison with our data on the reconstruction technique according to LaPrade, no statistically significant differences in clinical outcome were observed.ConclusionReconstruction of the posterolateral corner in combined injuries of the knee using a Larson fibular sling technique results in improved varus stability but not to the level of the uninjured knee. Functional knee scores improved significantly.We found no differences in functional and radiological outcome between the Larson's fibular sling reconstruction and LaPrade anatomical reconstruction.Level of evidenceIV     

寰枢椎不稳后路椎弓根螺钉固定的三维有限元分析

目的:建立寰枢椎后路椎弓根螺钉固定系统三维有限元模型,分析寰枢椎后路椎弓根螺钉固定的稳定性。方法:1例寰枢椎不稳标本行后路椎弓根螺钉系统固定,采用螺旋CT扫描,通过工作站将扫描获得的图像导入计算机中,利用ANSYS8.0软件建立寰枢椎不稳三维有限元模型。给予模型加载不同边界条件,模拟寰枢椎的不同运动,分析寰枢椎不稳采用后路椎弓根螺钉固定的稳定性。结果:寰枢椎不稳采用后路椎弓根螺钉系统固定在不同运动状态下应力主要集中在枢椎椎弓根螺钉的根部。前屈运动时,椎弓根螺钉根部的应力为0.350×109Pa,前屈角度为0.7°;后伸运动时,椎弓根螺钉根部的应力为0.427×109Pa,后伸角度为1.2°;侧弯运动时,椎弓根螺钉根部的应力为0.295×109Pa,侧弯角度为0.3°;旋转运动时,椎弓根螺钉根部的应力0.635×109Pa,旋转角度为0.8°。结论:寰枢椎不稳采用后路椎弓根螺钉系统固定具有良好的术后即时稳定性。     

One-stage revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in cases with excessive tunnel osteolysis. Results of a new technique using impaction bone grafting

Background

This level IV study describes a new one-stage procedure for revision ACL reconstruction in cases with extreme tunnel widening.

重度骨质疏松条件下后路枢椎三种内固定方式的有限元分析

目的　通过有限元分析重度骨质疏松（Severe osteoporosis,SOP）条件下后路枢椎不同植钉方式在上颈椎中的生物力学特性。 方法　对1例健康成年男性进行上颈椎CT扫描,获得图像。结合有限元前处理软件,设置材料属性模拟出SOP的寰枢椎（C1~C2）失稳模型,依据手术方案建立后路寰椎双侧椎弓根螺钉（B-C1PS）+枢椎3种不同植钉方式固定：枢椎双侧椎弓根螺钉（B-C2PS,模型A）;枢椎双侧椎板螺钉(B-C2TL,模型B);B-C2PS联合B-C2TL（模型C）。分析3种模型屈伸、侧弯和轴向旋转工况下的C1~C2关节活动度、C1位移以及C2螺钉应力分布情况。 结果 在SOP的C1~C2失稳有限元模型上,模型C在不同工况下C1~C2关节活动度和C1位移最小。C2联合固定时螺钉受到的最大应力较单一固定小：模型C枢椎椎板钉在各个工况下最大应力值小于模型B,模型C枢椎椎弓根螺钉在各个工况下最大应力值小于模型A。模型C应力主要集中于C2PS根部及寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉与钉棒连接处。 结论 在SOP条件下采取模型C内固定方式较模型A、B稳定性更好。枢椎螺钉受到的应力产生分散,枢椎螺钉更加不容易产生术后疲劳性松动脱出。     

A novel technique for sacropelvic fixation using image-guided sacroiliac screws: a case series and biomechanical study

In this study, we sought to assess the safety and accuracy of sacropelvic fixation performed with image-guided sacroiliac screw placement using postoperative computed tomography and X-rays. The sacroiliac screws were placed with navigation in five patients. Intact specimens were mounted onto a six-degrees-of-freedom spine motion simulator. Long lumbosacral constructs using bilateral sacroiliac screws and bilateral S1 pedicle and iliac screws were tested in seven cadaveric spines. Nine sacroiliac screws were well-placed under an image guidance system (IGS); one was placed poorly without IGS with no symptoms. Both fixation techniques significantly reduced range of motion (P < 0.05) at L5–S1. The research concluded that rigid lumbosacral fixation can be achieved with sacroiliac screws, and image guidance improves its safety and accuracy. This new technique of image-guided sacroiliac screw insertion should prove useful in many types of fusion to the sacrum, particularly for patients with poor bone quality, complicated anatomy, infection, previous failed fusion and iliac harvesting.     

寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉治疗寰枢椎不稳的临床疗效和手术策略

目的探讨运用寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉治疗创伤性寰枢椎不稳的临床效果和手术策略。方法 2007年～2010年中运用寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉治疗创伤性寰枢椎不稳15例,观察术后近期疗效、植骨融合及并发症。结果 14例患者均顺利完成手术,1例患者由于置钉困难改行寰枢椎后方植骨融合术。寰椎置钉28枚,未发现神经损伤。枢椎置钉28枚,未出现椎动脉损伤。术后渗血1例,颈部肿胀3例,无神经症状加重,无切口感染和脑脊液漏,随访3个月～3年,平均1.8年,所有病例均成功寰枢椎融合,颈椎序列和生理曲度良好,无明显丢失,未见内固定松动或断裂。随访时,脊髓功能Frankel分级评分3例D级均恢复到E级。结论寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定技术治疗创伤性寰枢失稳的可操作性、力学稳定性及融合率均取得满意效果,虽然操作上技术要求较高,并有损伤C2神经根、寰枢椎间静脉丛及椎动脉的可能性,但仍不失为一种疗效可靠的方法,可以在有条件的基层医院开展。     

Combined chronic posterior cruciate and posterolateral corner ligamentous injuries: a comparison of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with and without reconstruction of the posterolateral corner

Many have advocated the importance of correcting posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI) in injuries causing rupture of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) and posterolateral corner. However, there have been few studies directly comparing the results of reconstructing the PCL in isolation with PCL reconstruction combined with stabilisation of the posterolateral corner. We report on a retrospective study into 17 consecutive patients with chronic combined posterior cruciate and posterolateral corner ligamentous injuries. The mean follow-up was 35 months (range 14–74 months). All patients had unstable knees, with significant PLRI. In 12 cases the PCL alone was reconstructed, in 5 cases a combined PCL and posterolateral corner reconstruction was performed. At a mean follow-up of 35 months, both groups had significantly improved compared to their pre-operative status, as measured by Lysholm and Tegner scores and clinical examination (P<0.01). The group in which only the PCL was reconstructed had significantly lower scores compared to those who had the additional posterolateral corner reconstruction (Tegner P<0.04, Lysholm P<0.02).     

经后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗陈旧性齿突骨折

目的探讨经后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗陈旧性齿突骨折的临床疗效。方法 7例患者中,AndersonⅡ型陈旧性齿突骨折6例,不稳定Ⅲ型1例,术前日本骨科协会（JOA）评分为6~13分,平均9.6分,影像学检查均伴有寰枢椎不稳或脱位表现。采用经寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉进行固定,并在寰枢椎后弓间植入自体颗粒状骨。结果 7例患者全部得到随访,平均随访15个月,所有患者螺钉植入位置和复位均满意。寰枢椎植骨于术后6~9个月达骨性融合。术后3个月JOA评分12~17分,平均14.6分。所有患者颈部运动功能恢复良好,但轴向旋转活动部分丧失。结论应用寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗陈旧性齿突骨折可使寰枢椎获得即刻的坚强固定,有利于寰枢间植骨融合,疗效满意。