脑白质疏松伴轻度认知障碍危险因素初探

目的 探讨脑白质疏松轻度认知障碍危险因素,为临床干预提供依据.方法 参照2006年NINDS-CSN血管源性认知障碍统一标准的建议而制定相关标准,收集脑白质疏松轻度认知障碍患者155例,对其危险因素进行分析.结果 年龄、高血压、腔隙性脑梗死与脑白质疏松轻度认知障碍之间有着密切相关性.结论 积极控制高血压、预防腔隙性脑梗死的发生,可以有效预防脑白质疏松进一步发展,对于预防痴呆有着重要的临床意义.     

阿尔茨海默病的血管性危险因素分析

目的为阿尔茨海默病（AD）的治疗和预防提供新思路和方法。方法研究对象为1200例郑州大学一附院的体检人群,其中确诊AD48例,排除AD者1116例,详细记录其年龄、血压、血糖、胆固醇、同型半胱氨酸数值;明确有无冠心病、心肌梗死、房颤、短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA）、慢阻肺、吸烟、饮酒、脑卒中病史;有元颈动脉粥样硬化斑块、脑白质疏松。先行单因素分析从总体上评估血管性危险因素对AD发病的影响,设置P〈0．10的单因素进入多因素Logistic回归分析。结果高同型半胱氨酸血症、颈动脉粥样硬化斑块、脑白质疏松、高龄与AD发病相关。结论高同型半胱氨酸血症、颈动脉粥样硬化斑块、脑白质疏松、高龄是AD发病的独立危险因素,有针对性的对其干预可减少AD的发生。     

脑梗死复发的危险因素研究

目的探讨脑梗死复发的相关危险因素及干预措施。方法回顾性分析56例复发性脑梗死及56例初发性脑梗死的临床资料,分析年龄、性别、吸烟、高血压、糖尿病、高胆固醇血症、心脏病、高同型半胱氨酸血症、高尿酸血症、颈动脉斑块等因素与脑梗死复发的关系。结果高血压、糖尿病、高胆固醇血症、心脏病、高同型半胱氨酸血症、高尿酸血症、颈动脉粥样斑块是脑梗死复发的危险因素。     

复发性脑梗死的临床研究

探讨复发性脑梗死的相关危险因素及干预措施方法对48例复发性脑梗死及62例初发性脑梗死的临床资料,分析年龄、性别、吸烟、高血压、糖尿病、高胆固醇血症、心脏病、高同型半胱氨酸血症、高尿酸血症、颈动脉斑块等因素与脑梗死复发的相关性。结果高血压、糖尿病、高胆固醇血症、心脏病、高同型半胱氨酸、高尿酸血症、颈动脉粥样斑块是复发性脑梗死的危险因素。     

老年腔隙性脑梗死患者的梗死部位及病因分析

目的了解老年缺血性脑血管病患者中腔隙性脑梗死的疾病特点。方法回顾性收集我科住院的年龄≥65岁腔隙性脑梗死患者146例,并对其危险因素和梗死部位进行分析。结果腔隙性脑梗死的主要危险因素为高血压(76.0%)和糖尿病(29.5%),颅内动脉粥样硬化或狭窄(56.2%)和颅外颈动脉粥样硬化斑块(58.9%)在腔隙性脑梗死中也较多见。腔隙性脑梗死以基底节为主。颅内动脉粥样硬化与后循环腔隙性脑梗死相关性高(HR=2.552,95%CI:0.05～1.35),颈动脉粥样硬化与前循环腔隙性脑梗死相关性高(HR=2.645,95%CI:0.76～17.9);心源性疾病可能是后循环腔隙性脑梗死的原因之一(HR=1.401,95%CI:0.08～1.83)。结论老年腔隙性脑梗死进行二级预防,大动脉粥样硬化仍是干预重点。     

缺血性脑小血管病及其亚型的相关危险因素分析

目的探索缺血性脑小血管病及其亚型腔隙性梗死、脑白质变性的相关危险因素。方法采用回顾性队列研究方法,收集2017年1月—2017年11月广东省中医院珠海医院住院治疗的脑血管病病人,筛选行MRI常规序列检查的病人,根据影像学结果及TOAST分型将其分为缺血性脑小血管病组与缺血性非脑小血管病组,并将缺血性脑小血管病组再分为腔隙性梗死组(LI组)与脑白质变性组(WML组)两个亚组,记录病人基线资料,分析缺血性脑小血管病及其亚型相关危险因素。结果共纳入163例病人,其中缺血性脑小血管病组123例,缺血性非脑小血管病组40例,缺血性脑小血管病组病人收缩压、尿酸高于缺血性非脑小血管病组(P0.05);WML组36例,LI组87例,两亚组收缩压、舒张压、尿酸、C反应蛋白、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论高收缩压、高尿酸更易致缺血性脑小血管病的发生;与脑白质变性相比,高收缩压、高舒张压、高尿酸、高C反应蛋白、高空腹血糖、高糖化血红蛋白更易致腔隙性脑梗死,但在高胆固醇水平下,高密度脂蛋白升高脑白质变性发生率更高。     

高血压患者颈动脉粥样硬化病变与腔隙性脑梗死的关系

目的探讨高血压患者颈动脉粥样硬化病变与腔隙性脑梗死的患病关系。方法选择住我院的111例高血压合并腔隙性脑梗死患者(腔隙性脑梗死组)和91例高血压非腔隙性脑梗死的患者(非腔隙性脑梗死组),均行头颅CT或MRI及多普勒超声检查,测定血脂等指标。结果logistic回归分析显示,收缩压升高、载脂蛋白A(apoA)降低与高血压患者合并腔隙性脑梗死有关(P<0.05)。高血压病程越长的患者越易发生腔隙性脑梗死。腔隙性脑梗死组颈动脉粥样斑块阳性动脉数较非腔隙性脑梗死组高(P<0.05);腔隙性脑梗死组的颈动脉内径较非腔隙性脑梗死组窄(P<0.05);腔隙性脑梗死组颈动脉脉冲指数、阻力指数明显较非腔隙性脑梗死组高(P<0.05)。结论收缩压升高、apoA降低、高血压病程延长、颈动脉粥样硬化病变可能与腔隙性脑梗死有关。     

腔隙性脑梗死与脑白质疏松的相关性

目的 探讨腔隙性脑梗死在不同程度脑白质疏松患者中的发生率及两者之间的关系。方法 连续收集2012年6月至2012年12月在北京军区总医院就诊并经核磁共振成像检查确诊为脑白质疏松患者130例作为病例组,同期选取130例无脑白质疏松症的健康体检者为对照组,按照病例-对照研究设计,对所有患者均进行头颅核磁共振成像检查,观察脑白质疏松的严重程度,并记录腔隙性脑梗死的数目。结果 腔隙性脑梗死在脑白质疏松患者中的发生率明显高于对照组。脑白质疏松的严重程度与腔隙性脑梗死的数目呈正相关（r＝0.921,P＝0.000）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、高血压、腔隙性脑梗死是脑白质疏松发生的独立危险因素。结论 腔隙性脑梗死的发生与脑白质疏松有一定的相关性。     

颈动脉粥样硬化斑块与脑梗死的关系研究

目的探讨颈动脉粥样硬化斑块与脑梗死的关系。方法对246例脑梗死患者（脑梗死组）和218例非脑梗死患者（非脑梗死组）行颈动脉彩色多普勒超声仪检查,分析入组者年龄、性别、伴发疾病与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块发生率的关系,观察不同等级的斑块在各组中的分布。结果高龄、伴有高血压、糖尿病、高胆固醇症者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的发生率明显增高;脑梗死组颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的发生率较非脑梗死组明显增加;有斑块组脑梗死发生率显著高于无斑块组。结论颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的形成与高龄、高血压、糖尿病、高胆固醇症等因素有关,颈动脉粥样硬化斑块是脑梗死的危险因素之一。     

脑小血管病与认知功能障碍

脑小血管病是指颅内小动脉和做动脉病变引起脑的缺血或出血损害,是血管性认知功能障碍的重要亚型。其主要的影像学表现为腔隙性脑梗死、脑白质疏松和脑做出血。脑小血管病的临床分类主要包括腔隙综合征、Binswanger脑病、脑淀粉样血管病、伴有皮质下腑梗死和白质肭痫的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病、伴有皮质下脑梗死和白质脑病的常染色体隐性遗传性脑动脉病及其它较少见的小血管病。其临床表现则丰要为静灶腑血管病（静灶腔隙性脑梗化、脑微出血和部分白质疏松）、各类腔隙综合征和血管性认知功能障碍。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.