Laparoscopic pancreatic resection of pancreatic cancer

Laparoscopic pancreatic resection of pancreatic cancer is still not universally accepted as an alternative approach to open surgery because of technical difficulties and a lack of consensus regarding the adequacy of this approach for malignancy. Ten patients with pancreatic cancer underwent laparoscopic pancreatic resection, including pancreaticoduodenectomy and distal pancreatectomy in our institution. Eight of the 10 patients recovered without any complications and were discharged on the 10-29th postoperative day. The remaining 2 patients developed pancreatic fistula and were discharged on the 46 and 60th postoperative day, respectively. All lesions were well clear of surgical margins in 6 patients (R0). In the remaining 4 patients, microscopic neoplastic change was found at the surgical margin (R1). Those 4 patients developed tumor recurrence, including liver metastases or peritoneal dissemination, and 3 of the 4 died of the primary disease. Although experience is limited, laparoscopic pancreatic resection of pancreatic cancer can be feasible, safe, and effective in carefully selected patients. However, the benefit of this procedure has yet to be confirmed. Not only adequate experience in pancreatic surgery but also expertise in laparoscopy is mandatory, and careful selection of patients is essential for successful application of this procedure.     

Treatment of pancreatic necrosis and secondary pancreatic infections

Acute pancreatitis is a disease capable of the widest clinical expression, ranging from mild discomfort to multiorgan failure and death. Moreover, the process may remain localized in the pancreas, or spread to regional tissues, or even involve remote organs. Despite several efforts, the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis and its complications remains obscure. In the absence of an understanding of the pathogenesis and the reasons for the variations in severity, the study and management of acute pancreatitis has necessarily been empirical. There is little doubt that the development of pancreatic necrosis in patients with acute pancreatitis results in an increase in clinical severity and an escalation of the mortality risk when compared to interstitial pancreatitis. Furthermore, the mortality risk of patients with sterile pancreatic necrosis is markedly different from that of patients developing secondary infections in pre-existing pancreatic necrosis. Infected pancreatic necrosis is uniformly fatal, if untreated. While most authorities agree that surgical debridement is required for survival in patients with secondary pancreatic infections, the precise form of the subsequent drainage has become a matter of some controversy. In this paper we discuss the most recent insights relating to the nosographical classification of pancreatic necrosis and secondary pancreatic infections, along with an analysis of the findings in the literature regarding the surgical treatment of these conditions.     

Technique of pancreatic procurement for pancreatic islet isolation

AIM OF THE STUDY: The allograft of pancreatic islets represents a potential alternative to insulin therapy in patients suffering from the most severe forms of Type 1 diabetes. Here we report our experience of pancreatic procurement for isolation and islet allograft. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pancreata were procured in brain-dead donors. The islets were isolated using techniques developed and validated in pigs and men. Injection of a given preparation was decided after quantitative and qualitative controls. Islets were transplanted in Type 1 diabetic patients already grafted with a kidney or suffering from severe and/or unstable diabetes, after percutaneous or surgical settlement of an intra-portal catheter. Patients received an "Edmonton-like" immunosuppressive protocol. Grafts were repeated once or twice until a total quantity of 10,000 transplanted islet-equivalents was obtained. RESULTS: Twenty-nine pancreata were procured and 14 preparations were grafted to 7 patients. Eleven graftings were done percutaneously and three were surgical. The initial function of the 14 transplants was confirmed by secretion of C-peptide and decrease of insulin doses. Insulin therapy was completely interrupted in the 5 patients having received at least two grafts. CONCLUSION: These preliminary clinical results confirmed that the isolation technique of human islets and the technique of pancreas procurement are mastered by our team. If the results of this assay (assessment one year after graft) confirm our hopes, we will be able to offer islet allografts to an increasing number of patients with severe Type 1 diabetes.     

Peroperative pancreatic aspiration for evaluating pancreatic disease

Nineteen patients who underwent peroperative pancreatic aspiration during 1976 to 1978 were retrospectively compared with 19 other consecutively chosen patients who underwent pancreatic surgery without this procedure in 1973 and 1974. In 18 of the 19 patients who had pancreatic aspiration, an accurate diagnosis was obtained. Three patients in the 1973 to 1974 series had serious postoperative complications attributable to incorrect intraoperative diagnosis and subsequent operative therapy. Peroperative pancreatic aspiration cytology provides a definitive diagnosis that may result in the most efficacious therapy for pancreatic disease.     

Solitary pancreatic tuberculosis mimicking advanced pancreatic carcinoma

A 40-year-old woman was referred for pancreatic head carcinoma invading the portal vein. The dichotomy between the radiological findings and the general condition of the patient, as well as the laboratory results (no evidence of cholestasis), cast doubt on the diagnosis. There was no history of tuberculosis. The chest radiograph revealed no pathological findings. The anatomic relationships of the lesion entailed a high risk of vascular injury if tissue biopsy were to be done; therefore, diagnostic laparotomy was performed. Biopsy revealed granulomas with caseous necrosis, consistent with tuberculosis. After 6 months of antituberculosis treatment, the lesions had completely resolved. Tuberculosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pancreatic masses, particularly in regions where the disease is endemic. The condition usually resembles an advanced pancreatic tumor. Performing a biopsy of inoperable lesions and maintaining a reasonable skepticism in regard to the evaluation of operable lesions (attention to nonexclusive but helpful clues, such as young patient age, history of tuberculosis, absence of jaundice) will lead to the diagnosis in most patients. Diagnostic laparotomy may be required in a small subset of patients. The response to antituberculosis treatment is very favorable. The role of resection (e.g., pancreatoduodenectomy) is very limited. Received: December 1, 2000 / Accepted: January 25, 2001     

胰管修复外科在胰腺囊腺瘤手术的临床应用

目的探讨胰管修复外科的术式在治疗胰腺囊腺瘤的临床疗效。 方法回顾性分析2016年9月至2021年9月期间解放军总医院第一医学中心采用胰管修复外科术式治疗的胰腺囊腺瘤52例患者临床资料。 结果21例为局部切除＋主胰管修复术,其手术时间、术中出血量、肿瘤最大直径、术后住院时间中位数分别为135 min、20 ml、2.6 cm、9.0 d,B级胰瘘率33.3%;31例胰腺端端吻合术,其手术时间、术中出血量、肿瘤最大直径、术后住院时间中位数分别为132 min、50 ml、2.5 cm、6.0 d,B级胰瘘率41.9%;术后严重并发症1例,术后出血1例,两种术式均无二次手术、死亡病例。 结论胰管修复外科在胰腺囊腺瘤手术的临床应用是安全、可行的,能最大程度地保留胰腺组织结构和其生理功能,避免了胃肠道的损伤与骚扰。     

A case of pancreatic carcinoma coexist with pancreatic pseudocyst

Report of Pancreatic carcinoma coexist with Pancreatic pseudocyst is rare. We have experienced a case of pancreatic carcinoma which was diagnosed and resected by coexisted pancreatic pseudocyst. The patient aged 53 years, complained of epigastric distension and visited our hospital. There was no past history of abdominal injuries and he didn't drink much. A cyst 7cm in diameter was found at pancreatic tail lesion by our examination. By blood chemistry tumor marker CA19.9 was 310 and he complicated diabetes mellitus. We suspected pancreatic carcinoma coexist with pancreatic pseudocyst, so distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy was performed. We found a solid tumor sized about 3cm in diameter at just proximal of pancreatic cyst. Since perioperative histological examination revealed adenocarcinoma, we performed lymph node dissection. The tumor was highly differentiated adenocarcinoma which invaded retroperitoneum in some lesion. The patient died 10 months later by recurrence. We concluded that we must take into account not only laboratory finding but their clinical course in such cases.     

Preoperative endoscopic pancreatic stenting for prophylaxis of pancreatic duct disruption during extirpation of a pancreatic head tumor

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic fistula is a major problem in minimal invasive surgery of the pancreas. To prevent the disruption of the pancreatic duct, the surgeon must recognize the site of the pancreatic duct exactly. METHODS: We reviewed the cases of 7 patients who underwent preoperative endoscopic pancreatic stenting for the prophylaxis of pancreatic fistula development after enucleation of a benign pancreatic head tumor. RESULTS: Preoperative endoscopic pancreatic stenting was successfully performed in all 7 patients. The level of serum amylase increased to 1500 IU/L on postoperative day 1, but levels recovered to normal within 3 days. None of the patients developed a pancreatic fistula. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative pancreatic duct stenting is a feasible, effective, and safe technique to prevent pancreatic duct disruption during enucleation of a benign tumor of the pancreatic head.     

Canine pancreatic endocrine function after interruption of pancreatic exocrine drainage

Pancreatic endocrine function was studied in forty dogs after ligation or free i.p. drainage of the pancreatic duct, with or without simultaneous partial pancreatectomy. Shrinkage and fibrosis of the pancreas occurred in all dogs, with equal severity in the open duct and duct-tied groups. Fasting blood sugars remained within the normal range but fasting levels of plasma insulin and glucagon were reduced. Dynamic tests of endocrine function indicated that partial pancreatectomy reduced the insulin response to i.v. injection of dextrose or glucagon and delayed the reestablishment of glucose homeostasis. Glucose tolerance was normal in dogs with intact pancreases, but duct ligation was associated with deteriorating recovery after glucagon injection. The precise coordination of circulating glucose, insulin, and glucagon levels seen in normal dogs was lost in both partial and intact pancreas groups and these disturbances were attributed to the fibrotic changes arising from interference with the ductal drainage. Both ligation and free i.p. drainage of the pancreatic duct therefore resulted in abnormalities of islet function. When combined with partial pancreatectomy, both techniques were associated with significant pancreatic endocrine insufficiency.     

Internal pancreatic fistulas with pancreatic ascites and pancreatic pleural effusions: recognition and management

Background : Internal pancreatic fistulas are well recognized complications of chronic pancreatitis. Methods : Six patients with internal pancreatic fistulas were treated over a period of 5 years from 1995 to 1999. Four patients presented with ascites, one patient presented with ascites and bilateral pleural effusion and the sixth patient presented with left‐sided pleural effusion. Five patients were chronic alcoholics and in one patient the cause of pancreatitis was not clear. Although the serum amylase was mildly elevated the levels of amylase in the aspirated fluid were consistently elevated (more than 800 Somogyi units/100 mL), along with the level of proteins (> 3 g/100 mL), and on this basis the diagnosis was made. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) demonstrated pancreatic ductal disruption in four cases. Initial treatment was conservative, consisting of nasogastric aspiration, nil per oral, antisecretory drugs, repeated paracentesis or thoracocenthesis and total parenteral nutrition (TPN). In two patients nasopancreatic drains (NPD) were placed across the disrupted pancreatic duct. Results : In one patient conservative treatment with NPD was successful, and the remaining five patients required surgical intervention. There was no mortality. Two patients developed surgery‐related complications that were successfully managed, but they required an extended hospital stay. Conclusion : Internal pancreatic fistulas should be treated initially non‐operatively; if this is not effective, operative therapy should be considered without delay.     

Implications and cost of pancreatic leak following distal pancreatic resection

OBJECTIVES: Pancreatic stump leak (PL) after elective distal pancreatic resection significantly impacts cost and increases subsequent health care resource utilization. We sought to provide an economic framework for potential interventions aimed at reducing its occurrence. DESIGN: Retrospective case series and economic evaluation. SETTING: University-affiliated, tertiary care referral center. PATIENTS: Sixty-six patients undergoing elective distal pancreatectomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Postoperative complications; hospital and professional costs. RESULTS: Overall postoperative morbidity occurred in 34 patients (52%) with no deaths. The total number of patients with complications directly related to PL was 22 (33%). The mean +/- SD number of total hospital days for the no-PL group was 5.2 +/- 1.7 days (range, 3-12 days) vs 16.6 +/- 14.6 days (range, 4-49 days) for the PL group (P = .001). The average patient with PL-related problems incurred a total cost that was 2.01 times greater than the average patient in the no-PL group. A decision analytic model developed to evaluate threshold costs showed that a hypothetical intervention designed to reduce the complication rate of distal pancreatectomy by one third would be financially justifiable up to a cost of $1418 per patient. CONCLUSIONS: Complications derived from PL following distal pancreatectomy double the cost and dramatically increase health care resource utilization. There is an urgent need to develop strategies that reduce the incidence of this common complication. Interventions aimed at decreasing the incidence of PL should take into account this cost differential. We provide an economic model to serve as a guide for developing these technologies.     

胰腺星状细胞超微结构的在体实验研究

目的 在慢性胰腺炎动物模型,观察在体胰腺星状细胞的超微结构特点.方法 Sprague-Dawley大鼠随机分为实验组(n=12)和对照组(n=12).实验组给予16周高脂饮食诱导建立大鼠胰腺纤维化动物模型,对照组常规喂养.用HE和天狼猩红饱和苦味酸染色法观察胰腺组织病理学改变,免疫组化法识别胰腺组织中活化态及非活化态胰腺星状细胞,之后进一步通过透射电镜和免疫电镜方法对胰腺星状细胞的超微结构进行观察,最终对周细胞和泡心细胞进行形态学鉴别.结果 病理形态学观察表明,长期高脂饮食可以诱导大鼠胰腺组织发生纤维化改变.实验组胰腺组织中活化态与非活化态胰腺星状细胞共存,细胞数量都较正常组明显增加.结论 胰腺星状细胞在体超微结构特征的研究将为进一步研究其功能奠定形态学基础.     

胰腺中段切除术后胰瘘分析

目的 分析胰腺中段切除术对胰瘘发生的影响,并总结胰腺残端处理经验.方法 对2003年4月至2009年12月共40例行胰腺中段切除术的胰腺肿瘤患者资料进行回顾性分析,其中良性肿瘤36例(MSP组)、恶性肿瘤4例.并与同期行胰十二指肠切除术的44例(PD组)和行胰颈体尾切除术的26例(EDP组)患者进行疗效及胰瘘对照分析.结果 MSP组患者平均手术时间为222 min,明显短于PD组(P＜0.05);术中平均出血量316 ml,明显少于其他两组(P＜0.05).MSP组在术后营养状况、血糖控制方面均占优势(P＜0.05).通过术后随访,MSP组患者的内外分泌功能保留更为良好,仅出现新发糖尿病1例,无需要补充胰酶病例,且无肿瘤复发.虽然MSP组胰瘘发生率最高(42%),但与PD组和EDP组相比,患者的总体住院时间并未延长;其胰瘘程度及胰瘘患者的住院时间与另两组的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 对于胰腺中段的良性或低度恶性肿瘤,胰腺中段切除术是一种安全可行的手术方式.虽然双残端引起胰瘘发生率升高,但其显著的临床疗效降低了高胰瘘风险.合理的残端处理至关重要.     

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目的总结胰腺节段切除术治疗胰腺良性肿瘤的临床经验。方法对2000年1月至2007年5月北京协和医院行胰腺节段切除术治疗的28例胰腺良性肿瘤临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果手术完整切除肿瘤,术后病人胰腺功能无明显变化,症状得到改善。术后胰瘘发生率14.2%(4/28)。25例获得随访,随访时间为2～84个月,疗效满意。结论胰腺节段切除术是一种安全、有效、保存器官功能的手术方式,适合于胰腺良性肿瘤病人。可以保存病人的胰腺内、外分泌功能,提高生活质量。     

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided transmural drainage for pancreatic fistula or pancreatic duct dilation after pancreatic surgery

Background

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided drainage is widely used to manage pancreatic pseudocysts. Several studies have reported the use of EUS-guided drainage for pancreatic fistula and stasis of pancreatic juice caused by stricture of the pancreatic duct after pancreatic resection.

Methods

At the authors’ hospital, 262 patients underwent surgery involving pancreatic resection from April 2005 to March 2010. In 90 of these patients (34%), a grade B or C postoperative pancreatic fistula developed that required additional treatment. The authors performed EUS-guided transmural drainage (EUS-TD) for six patients (2.1%) with a pancreatic fistula or dilation of the main pancreatic duct visible by EUS. Percutaneous drainage was provided for 18 patients (6.8%). The success rates for EUS-TD and percutaneous drainage were compared in a retrospective analysis.

Results

In all six cases, EUS-TD was performed successfully without complications. Five of the six patients were successfully treated with only one trial of EUS-TD. The final technical success rate was 100% for both EUS-TD and percutaneous drainage. Both the short- and long-term clinical success rates for EUS-TD were 100% and those for percutaneous drainage were 61.1 and 83%, respectively. The differences in these rates were not significant (short-term success, P?=?0.091 vs. long-term success, P?=?0.403). However, the time to clinical success was significantly shorter with EUS-TD (5.8?days) than with percutaneous drainage (30.4?days; P?=?0.0013) in the current series.

Conclusions

The EUS-TD approach appears to be a safe and technically feasible alternative to percutaneous drainage and may be considered as first-line therapy for pancreatic fistulas visible by EUS.