表观扩散系数值与肝细胞癌分级的相关性以及相关性与肿瘤大小关系的分析

[摘要]　目的　探讨表观扩散系数（apparent diffusion coefficient, ADC）值与肝细胞癌（hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC）组织学分级的相关性以及不同直径肿瘤的ADC值与HCC的相关性。方法?回顾性分析2017年—2020年180例病理证实为HCC的病例资料,按肿瘤直径大小分为＜2 cm、≥2 cm且＜3 cm、≥3 cm且＜5 cm、≥5 cm 4组,标为I、II、III、IV组。分析ADC值与HCC组织学分级的相关性,并分析在不同直径肿瘤ADC值与HCC的相关性。结果?高、中和低分化HCC的ADC值分别为（1.159±0.302）×10-3、（0.951±0.213）×10-3和（0.811±0.239）×10-3 mm2/s,逐级降低（P＜0.05）。ADC值与总体HCC的组织学分级呈负相关（r=-0.474）,与I～III组HCC的组织学分级均呈负相关（r值分别为-0.663、-0.527、-0.364）,而与IV组HCC的组织学分级无相关性。结论?ADC值可以作为非侵入性预测HCC组织学分级的指标,预测结果受肿瘤大小影响,更适用于小肝细胞癌。     

Research and Evaluation of the Influence of the Construction of the Gate and the Influence of the Piston Velocity on the Distribution of Gases into the Volume of the Casting

Distribution of gasses to the cast volume and volume of pores can be maintained within the acceptable limits by means of correct setting of technological parameters of casting and by selection of suitable structure and gating system arrangement. The main idea of this paper solves the issue of suitability of die casting adjustment—i.e., change of technological parameters or change of structural solution of the gating system—with regards to inner soundness of casts produced in die casting process. Parameters which were compared included height of a gate and velocity of a piston. The melt velocity in the gate was used as a correlating factor between the gate height and piston velocity. The evaluated parameter was gas entrapment in the cast at the end of the filling phase of die casting cycle and at the same time percentage of porosity in the samples taken from the main runner. On the basis of the performed experiments it was proved that the change of technological parameters, particularly of pressing velocity of the piston, directly influences distribution of gasses to the cast volume.     

缺锌对孕鼠生长发育及其肝脏、胎盘中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶及过氧化氢酶活性的影响

为观察喂养缺锌饲料对孕鼠生长发育及其肝脏、胎盘中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响。将16只受孕Wistar鼠随机分为缺锌组(ZD组)、加锌组(ZS组)和正常对照组(ZC组),分别喂饲缺锌饲料、加锌饲料和基础饲料,记录每只孕鼠每日体重变化。于妊娠21日将孕鼠处死,取其肝脏、胎盘作GSH-PX和CAT活性测定。结果为ZD组孕鼠体重未见增加,SC组和ZS组孕鼠体重增加明显;与ZC组和ZS组相比,ZD组孕鼠肝脏和胎盘中GSH-PX活性显著降低(P<0.05),孕鼠肝脏和胎盘中CAT活性显著升高(P<0.05)。故认为缺锌可影响孕鼠肝脏、胎盘中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶及过氧化氢酶活性,并影响其生长发育。     

Structure and physiology of the pleura and the pleural space

The pleural space, derived from the intraembryonic coelom, is limited by a serous membrane including the mesothelium formed by cells possessing not only the characteristic features of epithelial cells but also the potential of secretory cells (cytokines and growth factor). Blood supply to visceral pleurae differs depending on the species while the lymphatic circulation is directly connected to the pleural space via pores in the parietal pleura. Pleural physiology and movement of pleural fluid are directly related to the particular structures of the pleura.     

Ceramide and the regulation of apoptosis and the stress response

The process of apoptosis or programmed cell death has been the subject of intense study due to the realization of its importance in a wide variety of biological and pathological conditions, including development, ischemia, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Although a vast number of inducers of this process and several critical components have been identified, the signal transduction pathways regulating apoptosis are poorly understood. Recently, a pathway involving sphingolipid turnover and the production of the lipid mediator, ceramide, has emerged as a candidate regulator of apoptosis. This review provides a summary of the evidence implicating ceramide as a mediator of apoptosis and the stress response. (Trends Cardiovasc Med 1996;6:158-162).     

Ligaments of the larynx and the adjacent pharynx and esophagus

Two ligament systems of the larynx are demonstrated by dissection. The suspensory ligament of the esophagus is attached to the posterior aspect of the cricoid cartilage and is also a part of the fascial sheath which is common to the hyoid, thyroid, and cricoid. The ligaments at the inner margins of the vocal, ventricular, and aryepiglottic folds are distinctive in site and, inferentially, in function. The aryepiglottic ligaments join at the incisura between the arytenoid cartilages and are continued as the corniculopharyngeal ligament which splays into the flexible tissues in the anterior wall of the hypopharynx, posterior to the suspensory ligament of the esophagus. These ligament systems are involved in two different actions in swallow. The gross superior and anterior motions of the larynx are transmitted to the esophagus by the suspensory ligament, so that the esophagus is elevated in relation to the bolus and is also opened. These esophageal displacements resemble, in effect, the swallow displacements of the pharyngoesophageal segment and of the constrictor wall of the hypopharynx. The marginal ligaments of the laryngeal folds help to implement the constriction and closure of the larynx during swallow. By anatomical inference, the corniculopharyngeal ligament effects vertical traction within the flexible tissues of the anterior wall of the hypopharynx.     

Recent knowledge on the biochemistry and function of insulin and the effects of insufficient secretion and activity of the hormone

The insulin receptors consist of a binding component and an affinity regulator. The binding of the insulin molecules to the receptors of the hepatocytes leads to an activation of a protease in the membrane, by which means glycopeptides are splitted off from glycoproteins: these act as mediators and activate phosphatases. In various enzymes the dephosphorylation leads to an increase of activity. By mediation of the insulin mediators the insulin bound to the cell membrane may also influence the mitochondria and cytoblasts. A main effect of the insulin consists in furthering the transport of glucose transport molecules from the interior of the cells into the membranes, by which means the intake of glucose is temporarily much increased. In an insulin-depending diabetes mellitus there are often inflammatory processes in the islets of the pancreas and antibodies against proteins of the B-cells in the blood plasma. The disadvantage in diabetes is mainly evoked by the hyperglycaemia--by increase of glycosylation of proteins--as well as by the increase of the content of lipoproteins of very low and low density in the blood plasma.     

The charity and the care: the origin and the evolution of hospitals

BackgroundThe hospital is considered as one of the founding elements of modern medicine. Such an institution, originally born to be a center for housing the sick and the poor, has provided with a place to improve the medical knowledge and to educate new generations of nurses and physicians. This paper wants to remind the meaning and the development of the hospital institution in the western world.MethodsThe first part of this work analyzed the evolution of hospital, using a classical historiographical approach. In the second part, the history of the “Ospedale Maggiore” in Milan was used as a paradigm to describe the evolution of hospital from the Renaissance to nowadays through a “microhistorical approach”.ResultsThe origins of the public hospital are evidenced in early Christian age, when the Christian message led people to assist the sick and the poor and to establish centers for such interventions, initially in the house of the bishop, then in monasteries and, finally, in autonomous buildings (the hospitals). These institutions were economically supported by the donations of wealthy philanthropists. Since the nineteenth century the hospitals have changed their organization and functions, but have continued to associate the charity and the care.ConclusionChristian charity and the lay culture originated from it may be rightly credited not only as the founding element of ancient hospitals, but also as the virtue which has made possible for the development of medicine, as we know it.     

Distribution of oxyntomodulin and glucagon in the gastrointestinal tract and the plasma of the rat

Oxyntomodulin (OXM), an intestinal glucagon-containing peptide extended at its C-terminal end by an octa-peptide, is one of the gut glucagon-like immunoreactants (GLI) or enteroglucagon. The distribution of OXM and glucagon was determined in the gastrointestinal tract and in the plasma of the rat. Reversed-phase HPLC, associated with RRA or RIA, performed with an N-terminally directed glucagon antiserum (GOL), was used. HPLC of intestinal extracts or plasma separated the GOL immunoreactivity into three peaks: two major peaks coeluting with a preparation of rat glicentin (peak I, partially purified from rat intestine) and porcine or rat OXM, respectively, and a smaller peak coeluting with glucagon. The behavior of the three peaks in the analytical systems matched that of glicentin, OXM, and glucagon, respectively, allowing their identification. The concentrations of OXM picomoles per g of tissue) gradually increased from the duodenum (9 +/- 1) to ileum (93 +/- 4), thereafter decreasing in cecum and colon (22 +/- 3). In the gut, OXM, glucagon, and peak I averaged 40%, 1%, and 59% of the total GLI, respectively. OXM was present in significant amounts in the pancreas (18% of GLI) and stomach (27% of GLI), two tissues in which it accounted, together with glucagon, for almost the totality of GLI. In 24 h-fasted rats, plasma concentrations of OXM, glucagon, and peak I, determined after HPLC with GOL antiserum, were 15.1 pM, 8.6 pM, and 12.3 pM, respectively. Two hours after refeeding, both OXM and peak I were significantly increased (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.02) by a similar factor (2-fold), while glucagon remained unchanged. When the HPLC results were compared with RIA measurement of GLI (GOL antiserum) and glucagon (with a C-terminal glucagon antiserum) in plasma, enteroglucagon (GOL--C-terminal glucagon antiserum immunoreactivities) correlated well with the sum of OXM plus peak I. The combination of HPLC and RRA or RIA allows the unambiguous determination of OXM, glucagon, and glicentin (peak I) in tissues and plasma. In the rat intestine and in the plasma, OXM and glicentin appear roughly in the same ratio and seem to be the major components, if not the totality, of enteroglucagon.     

Acid and alkaline phosphatases of the rat prostate and the androgenic status of the body

A study was made of the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases in the prostate of rats with disorders of the hormonal status induced by gonadectomy followed by injection of testosterone and its metabolite, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone in order to define specific functional indices, enabling gonadal androgenic function to be assessed. The activity of both prostatic phosphomonoesterases decreased after gonadectomy and rose after the substituting injection of the androgen. The efficacy of the androgens was to a great degree dependent on the dosage, duration of the drug action, and animals' age. The data obtained indicate that the activity of the phosphomonoesterases depends on androgenic saturation of the body and that both acid and alkaline phosphatases may serve as markers of androgenic activity.