白芥子不同提取部位抗炎镇痛作用研究

目的：研究白芥子不同提取物的抗炎镇痛作用.方法：采用二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀、醋酸致小鼠扭体反应和小鼠热板法观察白芥子不同提取部位的抗炎、镇痛作用.结果：白芥子2个提取部位均能显著减少醋酸所致的小鼠扭体次数和抑制二甲苯所致的小鼠耳廓肿胀,且其水部位（WTEF-BA）比乙酸乙酯部位（EAEF-BA）的作用更强.热板试验中,水部位能明显提高小鼠的痛阈值,乙酸乙酯部位具有提高痛阈值的趋势,但未见明显差异.结论：白芥子不同提取部位灌胃给药具有抗炎镇痛作用,其有效部位主要是水部位.     

复方蚂蚁酒的抗炎镇痛作用研究

目的探讨复方蚂蚁酒的抗炎、镇痛作用。方法采用Freund’s完全佐剂致大鼠佐剂性关节炎模型和二甲苯致小鼠耳廓炎症,观察复方蚂蚁酒的抗炎作用;用小鼠热板法致痛和醋酸致扭体反应等方法,观察其镇痛作用。结果复方蚂蚁酒对大鼠佐剂性关节炎的早期炎症和继发病变均有明显抑制作用,并能显著抑制二甲苯所致的小鼠耳廓炎症,对小鼠热板法致痛和醋酸致扭体反应均有明显抑制作用(与对照组比较均P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论复方蚂蚁酒具有明显抗炎、镇痛作用。     

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of ethanol and aqueous extracts of Pterocephalus hookeri (C.B. Clarke) Höeck

Aim of the study

This study evaluates the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the ethanol and aqueous extracts of a Tibetan herb Pterocephalus hookeri (C.B. Clarke) Höeck to provide experimental evidence for its traditional use such as cold, flu and rheumatoid arthritis.

Materials and methods

Investigations on the analgesic effects of P. hookeri (C.B. Clarke) Höeck were carried out, including hot-plate test and acetic acid-induced writhing. The anti-inflammatory activities were observed by utilizing the following models: carrageenin-induced edema of the hind paw of rats, cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in rats, acetic acid-induced permeability, and xylene-induced ear edema in mice. The effects of the administration of indomethacin were also studied.

Results

It has been shown that the ethanol and aqueous extracts significantly increased the hot-plate pain threshold and reduced acetic acid-induced writhing response in mice. The ethanol and aqueous extracts remarkably inhibited the increase in vascular permeability induced by acetic acid and ear edema induced by xylene. The ethanol extract also significantly decreased the carrageenin-induced rat paw edema perimeter and inhibited the increase of granuloma weight.

Conclusion

The results show that the ethanol and aqueous extracts have both central and peripheral analgesic activities and as anti-inflammatory effects, supporting the traditional application of this herb in treating various diseases associated with inflammation and pain.     

Pharmacological evaluation of Alstonia scholaris: Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Alstonia scholaris (Apocynaceae) has been historically used in “dai” ethnopharmacy to treat chronic respiratory diseases. The leaf extract, developed as a commercially available traditional Chinese medicine, used to release tracheitis and cold symptom, has also been prescribed in hospitals and sold over the counter in drug stores.

Aim of the study

The investigation evaluated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the ethanolic extract, fractions and main alkaloids of Alstonia scholaris leaf to provide experimental evidence for its traditional and modern clinical use. Besides, to discover the active fraction and components for further better use in Chinese medicine is hopeful.

Materials and methods

The leaf of Alstonia scholaris was extracted with ethanol and then separated into different fractions. Furthermore, alkaloids were isolated by phytochemical method. The analgesic activities were investigated using acetic acid-induced writhing, hot-plate and formalin tests in mice. The anti-inflammatory activities were carried out in vivo and in vitro, including xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced air pouch formation in mice, and COX-1, -2 and 5-LOX inhibition.

Results

It has been exhibited that the EtOAc and alkaloid fractions reduced acetic acid-induced writhing response in mice, significantly. The ethanolic extract, EtOAc and alkaloid fractions remarkably inhibited xylene-induced ear edema. Further investigation was focused on the alkaloids fraction and three main alkaloids isolated from the alkaloids fraction, in different animal models. Alkaloids reduced acetic acid-induced writhing response, and xylene-induced ear edema in mice. In the hot-plate test, alkaloids did not increase the latency period of mice obviously. In the formalin test, alkaloids did not inhibit the licking time in first phase, but significantly inhibited the licking time in second phase of mice. Alkaloids increased significantly SOD activity and decreased levels of NO, PGE2 and MDA significantly, in air pouch mice model. Moreover, some alkaloids isolated from the leaf of Alstonia scholaris exhibited inhibition of COX-1, COX-2 and 5-LOX in vitro anti-inflammatory assay, which supported alkaloids as the bioactive fraction.

Conclusions

The alkaloids fraction of Alstonia scholaris leaf, three main alkaloids, picrinine, vallesamine and scholaricine, may produce the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect peripherally based on several in vivo assays. In in vitro tests, alkaloids exhibited inhibition of inflammatory mediators (COX-1, COX-2 and 5-LOX), which is accordant with results on animal models. Besides, COX-2/5-LOX dual inhibitors found in the experiment, such as 16-formyl-5α-methoxystrictamine, picralinal, and tubotaiwine might be valuable for further attention.     

土牛膝多糖抗炎镇痛作用的研究

目的:研究土牛膝多糖的抗炎镇痛作用。方法:采用热板法、醋酸扭体法研究土牛膝多糖的镇痛作用,采用小鼠耳廓肿胀法、腹腔毛细血管通透性试验研究土牛膝多糖的抗炎作用。结果:土牛膝多糖对热刺激和醋酸所导致的小鼠疼痛具有显著的抑制作用,对二甲苯引起的小鼠耳廓肿胀法和醋酸引起的小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性增加也具有显著的抑制作用,与空白对照组相比均有显著性差异。结论:土牛膝多糖具有显著的抗炎镇痛作用。     

狭叶荨麻根、茎、叶的抗炎镇痛作用

目的研究狭叶荨麻Urticaangustifolia根、茎、叶70%乙醇提取物及狭叶荨麻根水提取物的抗炎、镇痛作用。方法二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀实验;冰醋酸致小鼠扭体反应实验。结果狭叶荨麻根、茎、叶70%乙醇提取物及狭叶荨麻根水提取物能明显对抗二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀,并显著抑制0.5%醋酸致小鼠扭体反应。结论狭叶荨麻根、茎、叶70%乙醇提取物及狭叶荨麻根水提取物具有显著的抗炎、镇痛活性。     

孝扇草抗炎镇痛有效部位的筛选研究

目的:分离并筛选孝扇草抗炎镇痛作用的有效部位。方法:采用系统溶剂法对孝扇草醇提物进行初步分离;采用二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀实验,筛选孝扇草抗炎作用有效部位;采用热板法和醋酸致小鼠扭体法实验,筛选其镇痛作用有效部位。结果:孝扇草醇提乙酸乙酯萃取部位对二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀的抑制率为50.53%,与空白对照组比较有显著性差异(P0.05);孝扇草醇提乙酸乙酯萃取部位和各溶剂萃取剩余部位均能显著提高小鼠痛阈值,与空白对照组比较有显著性差异(P0.05,P0.05);孝扇草醇提乙酸乙酯和正丁醇萃取部位均能明显减少醋酸致小鼠扭体反应次数,与空白组比较有显著性差异(P0.05,P0.05)。结论:孝扇草醇提乙酸乙酯萃取部位可能是其抗炎镇痛有效部位。     

四妙散抗炎镇痛作用的实验研究

目的：对四妙散的抗炎镇痛作用进行实验研究。方法：采用二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀实验、醋酸所致小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性实验，观察四妙散的抗炎作用；用小鼠醋酸扭体法和热板法，观察四妙散的镇痛作用。结果：四妙散能明显抑制二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀和醋酸所致的小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性增高；对醋酸致小鼠扭体反应有明显的抑制作用，并提高小鼠热痛闭值。结论：四妙散有明显的抗炎、镇痛作用。     

芪参健骨颗粒抗炎镇痛作用的研究

目的:观察芪参健骨颗粒的抗炎镇痛作用。方法:将小鼠分为模型对照组,芪参健骨颗粒低、中、高剂量给药组和阳性对照双氯芬酸钠组,ig给药剂量分别为22.5,45,90,0.009 g.kg-1,观察药物对二甲苯所致小鼠耳廓肿胀的影响。将大鼠分为模型对照组,芪参健骨颗粒低、中、高剂量给药组和阳性对照双氯芬酸钠组,ig给药剂量分别为15,30,60,0.006 g.kg-1,观察药物对蛋清所致足跖肿胀影响。以此考察芪参健骨颗粒的抗炎作用;采用小鼠热板法和小鼠醋酸扭体实验(分组、给药剂量同耳廓肿胀实验),考察芪参健骨颗粒的镇痛作用。结果:芪参健骨颗粒3个剂量组和双氯芬酸钠组ig给药能有效防治二甲苯所致的小鼠耳廓肿胀(抑制率分别为13%,12%,16%,28%)和10%蛋清所致的大鼠足跖肿胀(中剂量效果最佳);能有效抑制小鼠热板和乙酸所致的疼痛(抑制率分别为18%,39%,93%,73%;12%,25%,48%,79%),并呈现一定的剂量相关性。结论:芪参健骨颗粒对急性炎症反应、热刺激和乙酸致痛有明显的抑制作用。     

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Liu-Shen-Wan and its individual fractions

Liu-Shen-Wan (LSW), a famous traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of upper respiratory tract inflammation, was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Acetic acid-elevated vascular permeability, carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC-Na)-induced leukocyte migration and ear edema induced by picryl chloride were used to test anti-inflammatory activity. Moreover, acetic acid-induced writhing and hot-plate tests were used to determine analgesic effect. It was observed that LSW exerted significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in these models at doses of 30 and 90mg/kg crude drug in vivo. In addition, LSW potently inhibited proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) stimulated by streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin at doses of 0.5-5microg/ml in vitro. LSW was then partitioned with chloroform, methanol, water and mineral fraction. Several fractions inhibited inflammation and pain in varying degrees. Among them, chloroform fraction was the most active in hot-plate and writhing tests, and exerted the remarkable inhibitory effect on human PBMC proliferation. Methanol and water fractions had more suppressive activities in vascular permeability, leukocyte migration and PC-DTH tests. These results suggest that LSW has significantly anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. The chloroform fraction is a key fraction of LSW to the overall anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, while methanol and water fractions also partly contribute to anti-inflammatory activities of LSW.     

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extract from Spiranthera odoratissima A. St. Hillaire (Manacá) roots

Acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, the tail flick test and carrageenan-induced peritonitis were used to study the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of the crude ethanolic extract from Spiranthera odoratissima roots. Pentobarbital-induced sleeping time was used to study the central depressant effect of the extract. The ethanolic extract caused a dose dependent inhibition of acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing and leukocyte migration, and produced a significant, dose-related increase in the duration of sleep. The results suggest that Spiranthera odoratissima roots contain compounds with anti-inflammatory and central depressant actions.     

牛白藤抗炎镇痛作用有效部位的筛选

目的比较研究牛白藤的不同溶剂提取物的抗炎镇痛作用,为牛白藤的临床应用以及筛选分离活性成分提供实验依据。方法采用二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀和醋酸致小鼠毛细血管通透模型评价药物的抗炎作用,采用小鼠热刺激致痛和醋酸扭体模型评价镇痛作用,比较牛白藤水提物、醇提物及不同溶剂萃取物的抗炎镇痛作用。结果牛白藤水提物、醇提物均具有抗炎镇痛作用,同剂量之间比较以醇提物活性较强;牛白藤石油醚、乙酸乙酯萃取物能明显减轻二甲苯诱导的小鼠耳肿胀程度,抑制热刺激和醋酸引起的小鼠疼痛反应。结论牛白藤具有明显的抗炎镇痛活性,石油醚萃取物和乙酸乙酯萃取物可能是其主要有效部位。     

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Daphne retusa Hemsl

Daphne retusa Hemsl. belongs to the genus Daphne, a member of Thymelaeaceae family. The barks and stems of Daphne retusa are used as a folkloric medicine 'Zhu Shi Ma' in Western China because of its effects of detumescence and acesodyne. In this paper, we investigate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the 75% ethanol extract of the stems and barks of Daphne retusa and different fractions partitioned with petroleum ether, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate and n-butanol, respectively. The anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated using xylene-induced ear oedema in mice and carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats, while the acetic acid-induced writhing test and hot-plate test as models for evaluating the centrally and peripherally analgesic activity. The results showed the plant has significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects (P<0.05-0.01). Meanwhile, the result of the acute toxicity test at which the MTD was above 5g/kg indicates that the plant extract is relatively safe in, and/or non-toxic to, mice. The findings of these experimental animal studies indicate that the Daphne retusa ethanol extract possesses anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, and thus provide pharmacological support to folkloric, ethnomedical uses of 'Zhu shima' in the treatment and/of management of anti-inflammatory and painful conditions in China.     

忍冬藤痛风颗粒抗炎镇痛作用实验研究

目的:研究忍冬藤痛风颗粒的抗炎镇痛作用。方法:采用热板法、醋酸扭体法镇痛实验模型和二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀等炎症模型研究忍冬藤痛风颗粒的抗炎镇痛作用。结果:忍冬藤痛风颗粒对二甲苯所致急性炎症有明显抑制作用,能提高小鼠痛阈值,减少醋酸所致小鼠扭体次数。结论:忍冬藤痛风颗粒有明显的抗炎、镇痛作用。     

孝扇草水提液抗炎镇痛作用的实验研究

目的：观察孝扇草水提液的抗炎镇痛作用。方法：镇痛实验采用醋酸致小鼠扭体法和小鼠热板法,抗炎实验采用二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀法和鸡蛋清致小鼠足趾肿胀法。结果：孝扇草水提液对二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀以及鸡蛋清致小鼠足肿胀均有一定的抑制作用,并能显著降低小鼠热板法致痛小鼠的痛阈值（P〈0.01）,延长醋酸致小鼠扭体反应潜伏期以及扭体次数（P〈0.01）。结论：孝扇草水提液具有较强的抗炎镇痛作用。     

Analgesic and topical anti-inflammatory activity of Hypericum canariense L. and Hypericum glandulosum Ait

The present study investigates the analgesic and topical anti-inflammatory activities of the infusion, methanol extract and fractions of the aerial part in blossom of Hypericum canariense L. and Hypericum glandulosum Ait. in mice. The acetic acid-induced writhing test, tail flick test and the tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation model in mice were used to determine these effects. Our findings show that oral administration of methanol extracts, and the aqueous, butanol and chloroform fractions of both species and the infusions of Hypericum glandulosum significantly inhibit acetic acid-induced writhing in mice. Only the infusion, methanol extract and butanol and chloroform fractions of Hypericum glandulosum were significantly active in the tail flick assay, suggesting that they may have central analgesic properties. On the other hand, the topical treatment of all extracts tested from both species, with the exception of the infusions and the Hypericum canariense aqueous fraction, significantly reduced the TPA-induced ear oedema. In conclusion, the results indicate analgesic and topical anti-inflammatory activities in mice for the Hypericum species studied.     

藏药茜草胶囊镇痛抗炎药效学研究

目的 研究藏药茜草胶囊的镇痛抗炎作用.方法 采用小鼠醋酸扭体法和热板法观察茜草胶囊的镇痛作用;采用二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀法、蛋清致大鼠足跖肿胀法观察茜草胶囊的抗炎作用.结果 藏药茜草胶囊能显著减少醋酸所致的小鼠扭体反应,提高小鼠热刺激引起的痛阈,明显抑制二甲苯所致的小鼠耳廓肿胀和蛋清所致的大鼠足跖肿胀.结论 茜草胶囊具有明显的镇痛及抗炎作用,值得开发研究.     

Evaluation of the analgesic and topical anti-inflammatory effects of Hypericum reflexum L. fil

The present study investigates the analgesic and topical anti-inflammatory effects of the infusion, methanol extract and fractions of the aerial part in blossom of Hypericum reflexum L. fil. in mice. The acetic acid-induced writhing test, formalin test, tail flick test and the tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation model in mice were used to determine these effects. Our findings show that oral administration of all extracts tested from this species significantly inhibit acetic acid-induced writhing in mice. Only the methanol extract and chloroform fraction were significantly active in both phases of formalin-induced pain and in the tail flick assays, suggesting that they may have central analgesic properties. On the other hand, the topical treatment of methanol extract, butanol and chloroform fractions of this species significantly reduced the TPA-induced ear oedema. In conclusion, the results indicate analgesic and topical anti-inflammatory activities in mice for the Hypericum species studied.     

Evaluation of Antinociceptive Activity of Methanol Extract from Cleome rutidosperma in Mice

Objective Cleome rutidosperma (Capparidaceae), commonly known as “Fringed Spider Flower”, is a medicinal plant found in Southeast Asia. C. rutidosperma is used in folk medicine for diuretic, laxative, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, hypoglycemic, and anthelmintic activities. We have evaluated the anti-nociceptive properties of methanol extract from C. rutidosperma (MECR) in vivo. Methods Thermal method (hot plate test and tail flick test) was induced to judge the anti-inflammatory effect and couple of chemical method also used (formalin induced licking test; writhing test carried by acetic acid) to evaluate analgesic effect. Both of these tests were made over animal models, like mice and rats. Two different doses (100 and 200 mg/kg) were used for each case of test, while morphine sulphate (5mg/kg, ip) was used as reference drug. Results MECR demonstrated the significantly anti-nociceptive activity in the analgesic and anti-inflammatory tests by reducing nociception in mice models (P < 0.001). In the hot-plate and tail-flick tests, MECR significantly elongated the time to response to the thermal stimuli (100 and 200 mg/kg with P < 0.05, 0.001). The remarkable increase in the latency was observed at 90 and 120 min. In acetic acid-induced writhing test and formalin induced licking test for anti-inflammatory activity, MECR at 100 and 200 mg/kg doses exhibited significant (P < 0.001) reduction of writhing and licking response. Conclusion The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of C. rutidosperma propose that this effect may be a result of both peripheral and central mechanisms. Further study is required to ensure the proper mechanism of action as well as the active ingredient.     

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg. Leaves extract

AIM OF THE STUDY: The analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanol extract of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg. Leaves were observed in various experimental models related to nociception and inflammation, so as to provide some evidence for its traditional use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Acetic acid-induced writhing and a hot plate test in mice were used to evaluate its analgesic activity. On the other hand, its anti-inflammatory activity was observed in xylene or carrageenan-induced edema, carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC-Na)-induced leukocyte migration in mice and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) release from mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. RESULTS: The ethanol extract significantly inhibited acetic acid-induced writhing after single oral administration at doses of 424 and 848 mg extract/kg, and the response to the thermal stimulus in mice at the dose of 848 mg/kg. Meanwhile, the ethanol extract also remarkably lessened xylene-induced ear swelling, carrageenan-induced paw edema, and CMC-Na-induced leukocyte migration. Furthermore, the extract considerably reduced NO release from LPS-stimulated macrophages with IC50 of 80.4 mg/ml. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg. Leaves extract present notable analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities, which support its folkloric use for some diseases related with painful and inflammatory conditions such as trauma etc.