HLA-Cw基因的高分辨分型在造血干细胞移植中意义的初步探讨

目的研究HLA-Cw基因的高分辨分型在急性白血病非亲缘性造血干细胞移植中的意义。方法对中国造血干细胞捐献者资料库中提供的76例白血病患者（ALL21例、CML32例、AML23例），采用序列特异性引物聚合酶链反应（PCR—SSP）联合序列特异性寡核苷酸探针（PCR．SSOP）方法进行HLA高分辨分型。结果舭患者中HLA—Cw高分辨分型的常见位点：Cw＊0102、Cw＊0304、Cw＊0302、Cw＊0702、Cw＊0801；表型频率分别为0．57、0．33、0．19、0．14、0．14。ALL患者与志愿者相比其Cw＊0102、Cw＊0304的表型频率差异有统计学意义，P〈0．05；而Cw＊0302、Cw＊0702、Cw＊0801的表型频率无统计学意义，P〉0．05。7例ALL患者与供者HLA的10个位点全相合，占33．3％，mA-Cw全相合最常见的基因亚位点为Cw＊0102（4，7），次之为Cw＊0702（2／7）。CML患者中mA-Cw高分辨分型的常见位点：Cw＊0702、Cw＊0102、Cw＊0304、Cw＊0801、Cw＊0401、Cw＊0303；表型频率分别为0．41、0．34、0．22、0．19、0．16、0．13，这些基因位点与志愿者相比其表型频率均无统计学意义，P〉0．05。8例患者与供者的10个位点全相合，占25．0％，HLA—Cw全相合最常见的基因亚位点为Cw＊0702（5／8），次之为Cw＊0304（3／8）。在23例AML患者中4例与供者HLA的10个位点全相合患者均为M2型。结论在ALL患者中其Cw＊0102和Cw＊0304基因表型频率明显增高，有利于ALL患者寻找到相合位点的供体。HLA—Cw基因是造成移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）发生和影响移植效果的重要因素，在非亲缘性和单倍体移植中必须进行HLA-Cw基因的高分辨检测。     

中国南方汉族人群HLA-Cw座位基因多态性分析

目的 分析中国南方汉族人群HLA－Cw座位基因多态性。方法 采用ARMS／PCR技术对60名随机选择的南方汉族健康个体作HLA－Cw基因分型。结果 共检出12种HLA－Cw等位基因或等位基因组（allele group)，其中HLA－Cw*07、＊01、＊03为该人群最常见HLA－Cw基因，频率之和为0．6932；证实该群体中HLA－Cw＊08频率为0．1056，检出率明显高于血清学分型；检出HLA－Cw*1202、＊1203、＊14、＊15等4种经典血清学分型不能鉴定的HLA－Cw基因，频率之和为0．0673。结论 提供了中国南方汉族人群HLA－Cw座位基因频率正常值，证实ARMS／PCR作HLA－Cw分型具有准确、快捷的优点。     

潮汕人群HLA遗传多态性及与其他汉族人群亲缘关系比较

目的检测中国潮汕汉族人群HLA-A、HLA-B位点基因多态性，验证潮汕人群起源于中原汉族并与闽南人有共同祖先的假设。方法应用序列特异引物-聚合酶链反应（polymerase chain reaction-sequence-specific primer，PCR-SSP）对505名潮汕汉族人进行HLA-A、-B基因分型，计算等位基因和单倍型频率，并与其他9个汉族人群相应位点的分布进行比较，进而计算遗传距离并绘制10个汉族群体相邻连接遗传树。结果共检出12个HLA-A等位基因和30个HLA-B等位基因，其中频率较高的为A＊11（0．3564），A＊02（0．3178），B＊60（0．2168），B＊46（0．1446），B＊58（0．1069）。这些高频率的等位基因在其它9个汉族人群中频率也较高。结论潮汕汉族与闽南汉族亲缘关系最近，与北方汉族亲缘关系则较远。     

广东汉族人群HLA-B基因多态性研究

目的调查广东汉族人群HLA-B位点基因多态性，比较不同人群HLA—B等位基因频率分布特征。方法应用测序技术测定562名广东汉族人HLA-B位点第2、3、4外显子序列，比对数据库得到分型结果，计算HLA-B等位基因频率并与不同人群进行比较。结果共检测到59种HLA-B等位基因，其中6种等位基因频率≥5％，分别是HLA-B＊4601（14．5％），HLA-B＊400101（14．4％），HLA—B＊1502（11．5％），HLA—B＊1301（8．6％），HLA-B＊5801（8．1％）和HLA-B＊380201（6．4％）。这6种等位基因的等位基因频率合计为63．5％。同时，检测到30种等位基因频率〈0．5％的HLA-B等位基因，这30种等位基因的等位基因频率合计为4．9％。广东汉族人群HLA-B等位基因频率总体分布与中国香港华人、新加坡华人比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），但与日本人比较差异有统计学意义。结论分析了HLA-B基因在广东汉族人群中的分布特征，提供了较完整的HLA-B等位基因频率分布资料，为遗传学及疾病相关性等研究提供了重要的参考数据。     

辽宁汉族人群HLA-DRB1基因多态性分布

目的调查HLA-DRB1基因位点遗传多态性在辽宁汉族人群中的分布。方法应用聚合酶链反应．序列特异性引物方法和反向聚合酶链反应．序列特异性寡核苷酸探针杂交的方法对13265名辽宁汉族人进行中低分辨率HLA-DRB1基因分型。结果共检出HLA-DRB1位点的13种等位基因，其中以HLA-DRB1＊15频率最高（17．49％），其次为HLA-DRB1＊09、＊12和HLA-DRB1＊07，基因频率分别为13．40％、11．87％和11．8l％。HLA-DRB1＊03（18）和HLA-DRB1＊14（8）等位基因未检出。对观察值和期望值进行X^2检验，符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡（X^2=73．34，af=78，P〉0．5）。该人群与南北方汉族人群、日本人、白人和黑人分别进行X^2值检验差异有统计学意义，X^2值分别为112．053、8．514、692．141、70．558和121．755。结论辽宁汉族人群HLA-DRB1基因分布有自身特点。     

我国部分省份（地区）汉族人群HLA-I类基因多态性地区差异分析

目的探讨我国部分省份（地区）汉族人群HLA-I类经典基因座位HLA-A、HLA-B、HLA-Cw位点的群体遗传学特点及其基因频率分布的地区差异。方法选取1014例无关汉族拟行造血干细胞移植治疗患者及其健康家系供者的血液样本,提取基因组DNA后,采用序列特异性引物聚合酶链式反应（PCR-SSP）分型技术进行HLA-A、HLA-B、HLA-Cw位点基因分型,分析不同地区汉族人群及不同种族间的基因频率分布特征。基于文献报道的我国不同地区汉族人群及不同种族的HLA-I类基因频率资料,计算种群间遗传距离（D）,比较不同地区汉族人群及不同种族间遗传距离差异。结果Hard-Weinberg吻合度检验表明,本研究抽样群体适于进行遗传学统计分析。HLA-A位点共检测出14种基因型,最常见的是A^＊02（0.330）、A^＊11（0.240）、A^＊24（0.155）、A^＊33（0.075）;HLA-B位点共检测出27种基因型,最常见的是B^＊13（0.134）、B^＊15（0.143）、B^＊40（0.133）、B^＊46（0.102）;HLA-Cw位点共检测出13种基因型,最常见的是Cw^＊01（0.157）、Cw^＊03（0.247）、Cw^＊07（0.181）、Cw^＊08（0.106）。群体汉族与其他人种间HLA-A、HLA-B基因频率差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;除兰州汉族人群仅同南方汉族、湖南、山东、江苏、台湾汉族人群间HLA-A、HLA-B基因频率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）外,其余各地区汉族人群间HLA-A、HLA-B基因频率差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。各地区汉族人群间平均遗传距离D=0.164,辽宁和北方汉族人群间遗传距离（D=0.064）最小,江苏与湖南汉族人群间遗传距离（D=0.299）最大;不同地区汉族人群间遗传距离普遍小于种族间遗传距离。结论我国不同地区汉族人群HLA-I类基因频率分布存在显著差异,但其差异要明显小于世界不同人种间的分布差异。我国汉族人群所特有的HLA-I类基因频率分布格局资料对区域性疾?     

中国彝族人群HLA-Cw位点基因多态性研究

目的　应用DNA分型技术 ,分析中国彝族人群在HLA Cw位点的等位基因分布频率 ,为进一步研究HLA Cw与HIV感染及其发病进程的关联提供背景资料。方法　设计合成 2 6条特异性分型引物和 1对内对照引物 ,组成 2 4个PCR反应 ,建立PCR SSP分型方法 ,对 10 2例随机选取的无亲缘关系的中国彝族健康人作HLA Cw基因分型。结果　在彝族健康人群中共检测到HLA Cw位点的12种等位基因 ,其中HLA Cw 0 1、Cw 0 7和Cw 0 8为主要分布型别 ,基因频率分别为 0 .3 3 3 3、0 .2 5 0 0和 0 .1765 ,检出了HLA Cw 12、Cw 13 0 1、Cw 14和Cw 15等血清学方法不能鉴定的HLA Cw基因 ;统计分析表明HLA Cw位点的基因型分布符合Hardy Weinburg平衡 (χ2 =65 .983 1,df=66,P >0 .0 5 )。结论　证实了PCR SSP法用于HLA Cw基因分型的可靠性和适用性 ,在DNA水平上提供了中国彝族群体的HLA Cw基因分布频率资料     

强直性脊柱炎患者MICA基因第2、3和4外显子的多态性及其与HLA-B抗原的连锁不平衡

目的探讨皖籍汉族人群MICA基因（major histocompatibility complex class Ⅰchain-related gene A，MICA）第2、3、4外显子的多态性，及其与HLA-B抗原的连锁不平衡在强直性脊柱炎（ankylosing spondylitis，AS）发病中的作用。方法采用聚合酶链反应-序列特异性寡核苷酸探针杂交（polymerase chain reactionsequence-specific oligonucleotide probing，PCR-SS0）技术对56例AS患者和112名正常对照人群进行MICA基因第2、3、4外显子的多态性和HLA-B抗原的检测。结果AS患者和正常对照人群的MICA等位基因分布均以MICA＊008占优势，频率分别为32．14％和30．36％。两组人群MICA＊007等位基因的分布差异有统计学意义（X^2=10．18，P〈0．05，RR=2．50）。单倍型分析显示，AS患者和正常对照人群的MICA等位基因均显示出与多个HLA-B位点的连锁不平衡现象，两组间差异有统计学意义的单倍型为MICA＊007-B27（X^2=18．46，P〈0．05，RR=7．47）。分层分析结果显示，HLA-B27阳性与AS的相关性有统计学意义（P〈0．05），但MICA＊007基因与AS的相关性无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论AS患者中MICA＊007等位基因频率的显著升高可能源于MICA基因与HLA-B位点间的广泛连锁不平衡。     

辽宁汉族人群HLA-B等位基因多态性的分布

目的调查辽宁汉族人群HLA-B等位基因的遗传多态性。方法用聚合酶链反应．序列特异性引物方法对辽宁8962名健康无关汉族人进行HLA-B等位基因分型，计算HLA-B等位基因频率并与不同人群HLA-B等位基因的多态性进行比较。结果共检出HLA-B等位基因34种，其中B＊15（14．42％）、B＊40（14．33％）和B＊13（11．99％）基因频率分布较高，B＊82、B＊83等位基因未检出；HLA-B座位特异性49种。该人群与南北方汉族人群、日本人、黑人和白人分别进行X^2检验差异有统计学意义，X^2值分别为1584．799、72．145、1393．339、7406．288和5311．947。结论辽宁汉族人群HLA-B基因多态性分布有其自身特点，它的遗传特征不同于既往的南、北方汉族。     

HLA-DR、DQ基因多态性与遵义地区汉族流行性出血热相关性的研究

目的：探讨HIA-DR、DQ基因多态性与遵义地区汉族流行性出血热（EHF）的关联性。方法：采用群体研究方法，应用聚合酶链反应-序列特异性引物（PCR-SSP）技术对100例流行性出血热患者（患者组）和100例健康对照者（健康对照组）进行HIA-DR、DQ基因分型，比较其等位基因频率（GF），并计算其相对危险度（RR）。结果：EHF患者组HLA-DRB1＊16基因频率较对照组明显增高（Pat=3．58，χ^2=4．916，P=0．0266〈0．05）；患者组HIA-DQ各等位基因频率与对照组比较差异无显著性。结论：研究提示在遵义地区汉族人群中，HLA-DRB1＊16基因与EHF呈正相关，HLA-DRB1＊16基因可能是EHF的易感基因。     

中国人群HLA-Cw、KIR2D受体基因多态性分析

目的 分析中国南、北方两个汉族人群、一个蒙古族人群的人类白细胞抗原-Cw(human leucocyte antigen-Cw,HLA-Cw)遗传多态性;进一步分析南、北方汉族人群杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体2D(killer immunloglobulin-like receptor 2D,KIR2D)基因的遗传多态性、与HLA-Cw的组合特点.方法 采用聚合酶链反应-序列特异性引物技术(polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primer,PCR-SSP)检测湖南地区112名汉族人群、内蒙古地区98名汉族人群、内蒙古地区83名蒙古族人群HLA-Cw基因、第80位密码子(Lys80、Ash80)多态性;检测两个汉族人群KIR2DL 1/2/3、KIR2DS 1/2基因分布.结果 (1)湖南地区汉族人群与内蒙古地区汉族、蒙占族人群在HLA-Cw等位基因、第80位密码子的频率差异均有非常显著的统计学意义(P＜0.001),而内蒙古地区汉族、蒙古族人群之间上述频率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(2)南、北方两个汉族人群间,5个KIR2D基因频率、各基因型频率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(3)两个汉族人群均以Asn80/Asn80,2DL1+/2DL2-/2DL3+/2DS1-/2DS2-组合模式最为常见(45/112、29/98);其次为Asn80/Asn80,2DL1+/2DL2-/2DL3+/2DS1+/2DS2-(18/112,16/98)和Asn80/Lys80,2DL1+/2DL2-/2DL3+/2DS1-/2DS2-(11/112,17/98).Lys80/Lys80,2DL1+/2DL2-/2DL3+/2DS1-/2DS2-组合模式的频率差异有统计学意义(1/112,8/98;Fisher's P=0.0134),其余11种组合模式在两个人群间的频率差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 提供了中国南方湖南地区、北方内蒙古地区正常汉族人群的HLA-Cw、5个KIR2D受体基因多态性数据、蒙古族人群HLA-Cw DNA分型数据;提示我国南、北方汉族人群在HLA-Cw第80位密码子、KIR2D受体基因的组合层面上可能存在着以抑制性信号通路为优势的共同特点.     

Analysis of HLA-DM polymorphisms in the Chinese Han population

Non-classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DM plays an important and unique role in the processing and presentation of exogenous antigens. Polymorphisms of certain genes and frequency of alleles in populations may indicate susceptibility to certain diseases. In this study, the analysis of HLA-DMA and HLA-DMB gene polymorphisms and haplotypes in the Chinese Han population was conducted to obtain population genetic data. HLA-DM typing has been performed previously by other groups by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism and PCR-sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe techniques. In this study, we established a TaqMan PCR typing method as an alternative to these techniques to survey the frequency of DMA and DMB alleles in the population. Genotyping was conducted in 1000 unrelated individuals of Han nationality in South and North China using TaqMan PCR typing. Four different DMA alleles and six different DMB alleles were detected. All loci met the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principle that both allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant. We found that the DMA*01:01 (69.35%) and DMB*01:01 (52.5%) alleles were more frequent in Chinese Hans. Analysis of the haplotypes for two loci of DMA and DMB showed that a highly significant positive linkage disequilibrium (LD) presented for DMA*01:01-DMB*01:02, DMA*01:01-DMB*01:03, DMA*01:01-DMB*01:04, DMA*01:02-DMB*01:01, DMA*01:02-DMB*01:05, DMA*01:03-DMB*01:07, and DMA*01:04-DMB*01:01 haplotypes. Analysis of haplotypes for four loci associated with antigen processing (DMA-DMB-TAP1-TAP2) showed a highly significant LD in DMA*01:01-DMB*01:04-TAP1*02:01:01-TAP2*01:02, DMA*01: 02-DMB*01:05-TAP1*01:01-TAP2*01:01, and DMA*01:01-DMB*01:03-TAP1* 04:01-TAP2*01:01 haplotypes. The comparison between the Chinese Han population and non-Chinese populations showed that no significant differences were found at the HLA-DMA locus in the Chinese Han population compared with people of German nationality, whereas significant differences presented when compared with Turkish, American Caucasian, Japanese, French, and Italian nationalities. However, at the HLA-DMB locus, highly significant differences presented in the Chinese Han population compared with Germans and Italians. This study lays the foundations for further disease association analyses.     

Allelic distribution of HLA class I genes in the Tibetan ethnic population of China

Tibetans live in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau rising about 4000 m a.s.l. in south-west China. Archaeological evidences suggested that there have been humans living in Tibet at least 5000 years ago. However, Tibetan earlier history remains elusive. In the present study, allelic distribution of human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-A, -B and -Cw in 158 unrelated Tibetan Chinese was investigated using sequencing-based typing methods, and a total of 25 HLA-A, 45 HLA-B and 20 HLA-Cw alleles were identified. A*24G1 (27.2%), B*51G1 (16.8%), Cw*04G1 (13.3%) and Cw*070201G1 (13.3%) are the most common HLA-A, -B and -Cw alleles. The most frequently detected haplotypes were A*24G1-B*51G1-Cw*140201 (3.6%), A*24G1-B*51G1 (6.8%), A*02G1-Cw*070201G1 (6.5%) and B*51G1-Cw*140201 (5.0%). Chi-squared test suggested that all three loci fitted the Hardy-Weinberg expectations. No evidence for a departure from selective neutrality at the HLA-A and -B loci was observed. However, significant departure of the observed homozygosity from the expected values was found for HLA-Cw. Though the contemporary Tibetans inhabit the south-west China, Nei's genetic distance measure based on frequencies of HLA-A, -B and -Cw indicated that Tibetans were closer to northern Han Chinese, Mongolian Chinese, Koreans and Japanese rather than to southern Han Chinese. The corresponding dendrogram constructed according to the neighbour-joining method supported that Tibetans separated from southern Han and located in North-East Asian cluster which included northern Han Chinese and Mongolian Chinese. These data were in good agreement with language classification and with a recent hypothesis that Tibetan might originate from northern China along Yellow river.     

MICA Gene Deletion in 3411 DNA Samples from Five Distinct Populations in Mainland China and Lack of Association with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC) in a Southern Chinese Han population

Deletion of major histocompatibility complex class I chain‐related genes A (MICA*Del) was investigated in 3,411 DNA samples from two southern Chinese Han populations (Hunan Han, HNH; Guangdong Han, GDH), two northern Chinese populations (Inner Mongolia Han, IMH; Inner Mongolia Mongol, IMM) and one southeastern Chinese Han population (Fujian Han, FJH) using an in‐house polymerase chain reaction‐sequence specific priming (PCR‐SSP) assay, which enables direct discrimination between heterozygote and homozygote for MICA*Del. MICA*Del showed a frequency ranging from 0.8% in FJH to 5.7% in IMM (P_corrected < 0.05), indicating northward increase in frequency of MICA*Del in Chinese populations. In contrast to the association reported recently in a Taiwan Chinese population and a Malaysian Chinese cohort, MICA*Del distribution did not differ between 1,120 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and 1,483 normal controls in the HNH population (1.03% in NPC cases vs 1.18% in the controls, OR (95% CI) = 0.87 (0.51‐1.47), p = 0.69). Further gender‐stratified analysis also failed to disclose any male‐specific association reported in a Taiwan Chinese population. Multi‐locus typing of the 94 samples carrying MICA*Del revealed two new haplotypes, HLA‐A*11:01‐B*13:01‐MICA*Del‐MICB*009N‐DRB1*04:06 and HLA‐B*35:01‐MICA*Del‐MICB*009N‐DRB1*15:01, in addition to HLA‐B*48‐MICA*Del. Unexpectedly, two samples with MICA*Del in the HNH population were each consistently found to have two distinct MICA alleles, indicating the existence of two MICA gene copies on certain HLA haplotypes. Based on the results from a sizeable case‐control study, our data suggest that there is no association between MICA*Del and NPC in the southern Chinese Han population.     

Characterization of HLA-E polymorphism in four distinct populations in Mainland China

In this study, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-E allelic typing was performed for 690 individuals from two southern Chinese Han populations (Hunan Han and Guangdong Han) and two northern Chinese populations (Inner Mongolia Han and Inner Mongolia Mongol) using polymerase chain reaction-sequence-specific priming (PCR-SSP) method. Our data showed that (1) HLA-E*01:01 and HLA-E*01:03, but not E*01:04 allele, were detected in the four populations, HLA-E distribution differed significantly between each of the two southern Chinese Han populations and the Inner Mongolia Mongol population, and between Hunan Han population and Inner Mongolia Han population; (2) HLA-G*01:05N-A*30-E*01:01-C*06-B*13:02-DRB1*07 was a conserved extended haplotype in the Chinese Han populations; (3) five HLA-A-E haplotypes showed significant linkage disequilibrium (LD) in at least one population, including HLA-A*02-E*01:03 in populations except for the Inner Mongolia Mongol group, HLA-A*01-E*01:01 and HLA-A*30-E*01:01 in the Hunan Han and the Inner Mongolia Han populations, HLA-A*33-E*01:01 in the two southern Chinese Han populations and HLA-A*03-E*01:03 in the Inner Mongolia Mongol group; and (4) Ewens-Watterson homozygosity test showed a trend for balancing selection at the HLA-E locus in each of the four populations. Our data unraveled the peculiarity in terms of HLA-E allelic and haplotypic repertoire in four main ethnic groups in Mainland China, findings shown here are valuable for future studies of the potential role of HLA-E in allogeneic organ transplantation and HLA-linked disease association in related ethnic groups.     

沈阳汉族群体HLAⅠ类基因座PCR-序列特异性寡核苷酸探针分型研究

目的检测和分析沈阳汉族HLA-A、-B、-Cw位点等位基因的多态性。方法采用聚合酶链反应．寡核苷酸探针杂交分型方法对108名沈阳籍健康献血员进行HLA-A、-B、-Cw等位基因分型。结果检出等位基因HLA-A位点21个，B位点43个，Cw位点23个；所有位点的等位基因频率分布符合Hardy—Weinberg平衡。结论从基因水平分析了HLA Ⅰ类基因的群体分布特征，提供了沈阳汉族群体HLA Ⅰ类基因座更准确的基因频率。     

三个群体MICA基因外显子2、3和4的多态性研究

目的 调查上海地区汉族、云南傣族和新疆维吾尔族3个群体MICA基因外显子2、3和4的多态性。方法 采用聚合酶链反应－序列特异的寡核苷酸探针杂交（polymerase chain reaction and sequence-specific oligonucleotide robing,PCR-SSOP）方法，分析183名汉族、41名傣族和66名维吾尔族正常人群的MICA胞外区等位基因多态性。结果 分别在汉族、傣族和维吾尔族中检测出10、7和9个MICA等位，其中MICA^*008在汉族和维吾尔族中频率最高，而傣族中MICA^*010的频率最高。3个民族MICA等位基因分布方式各不相同，而且维吾尔族的等位基因分布与另外两个民族相比，差异具有显著性。结论 MICA等位基因分布方式具有民族地区特异性。