Anatomy of the caudate lobe of the liver. New aspects and surgical applications]

The caudate lobe is the only real and constant hepatic lobe of mammals and it requires a better delimitation in a modern conception of human liver segmentation. Owing to its dorsal, central and low anatomical situation, this lobe is connected to many segments of the liver and its inflow and outflow vessels are complex and variable. The authors, who studied 242 human livers, describe the typical pattern of these vessels and their anatomical and numerical variants. By its portal branches the lobe seems to depend upon the left lobe of the liver and its arterial and portal inflow as well as its hepatic vein system are better than these of other segments of the liver; moreover this segment can be compared to a quadrangular pyramid which presents an external part, superficial with easy surgical access, and an internal part, deeper and very difficult to resect. It is possible to remove segment I of the liver without any other hepatic resections but, usually, a partial resection of the lobe is performed or a left lateral segmentectomy is required. In liver cancer, the invasion of the lobe generally means widespread tumor dissemination and its resection is not justified; on the contrary, the caudate lobe should be resected for radical operation in hilar cholangiocarcinoma. The tendency of the caudate lobe to overlap with the other 2 liver lobes and its very good inflow and outflow systems explain its ability to avoid postoperative hepatic failure because it can support the hepatic vein drainage and it has a considerable disposition to regenerate.     

Complex vascular reconstructions in living donor liver transplantation

We describe here the indications for and our experience with complex vascular reconstructions in living donor liver transplantation. From December 1999 to June 2002, 59 patients underwent liver transplantation, 51 receiving the right lobe, and 8 the left lateral lobe, as a graft from a living donor. The indication for interpositional grafts on the arterial side (6/59, 10%) were stenoses of the celiac trunk and after resection of the hepatic artery for oncological reasons in adults. In children, arterial interpositional grafts were performed in situations of long distances between the donor and recipient artery, or in cases of inflow release from the aorta in patients with small hepatic arteries. On the portal-venous side, one interpositional graft was performed after an oncological resection. Once the portal vein was partially arterialized because of insufficient inflow. We used veins from the recipient, and native or cryopreserved arterial homografts for these grafts. All patients were treated during the first 6 months after transplantation with aspirine only. During the follow-up we did not observe vascular complications. If required, vascular interpositional grafts in the arterial and portal-venous position can be performed without adding postoperative complications.     

A suitable animal model for laparoscopic hepatic resection training

Background There is a growing interest in using laparoscopy for hepatic resection. However, structured training is lacking in part because of the lack of an ideal animal training model. We sought to identify an animal model whose liver anatomy significantly resembled that of the human liver and to assess the feasibility of learning laparoscopic hepatic inflow and outflow dissection and parenchyma transection on this model. Methods The inflow and outflow structures of the sheep liver were demonstrated via surgical dissection and contrast studies. Laparoscopic left major hepatic resections were performed. Results The portal hepatis of all 12 sheep (8 for anatomic study and 4 for laparoscopic hepatic resection) resembled that of human livers. The portal vein (PV) was located posteriorly; the common hepatic artery (CHA) and the common bile duct (CBD) were located anterior medially and anterior laterally with respect to the portal hepatis. The main PV bifurcated into a short right and a long left PV. The extrahepatic right PV then bifurcated into right posterior and anterior sectoral PV. The CBD and CHA bifurcated into left and right systems. The cystic duct originated from the right hepatic duct. The cystic artery originated from the right HA in 11/12 animals. The left hepatic vein drained directly into the inferior vena cava (IVC). The middle and the right hepatic veins formed a short common channel before entering the IVC. Multiple venous tributaries drained directly into IVC. Familiarity with sheep liver anatomy allowed laparoscopic left hepatic lobe (left medial and lateral segments) resection to be performed with accuracy and preservation of the middle hepatic vein. Conclusions The surgical anatomy of sheep liver resembled that of human liver. Laparoscopic major hepatic resection can be performed with accuracy using this information. Sheep is therefore an ideal animal model for advanced surgical training in laparoscopic hepatic resection.     

Directing portal flow is essential for graft survival in auxiliary partial heterotopic liver transplantation in the dog.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Auxiliary liver transplantation is an attractive alternative for orthotopic liver transplantation in patients with certain inborn errors of metabolism of the liver in which complete resection of the liver is unnecessary or even contraindicated. Because in these diseases portal hypertension is mostly absent, finding a balance in portal blood distribution between native liver and graft is complicated. The objective of this study was to investigate requirements for long-term (180 days) graft survival in auxiliary partial heterotopic liver transplantation (APHLT) in a dog model. METHODS: A metabolic defect was corrected in 26 dalmation dogs with a 60% beagle heterotopic auxiliary liver graft. Four groups of different portal inflow were studied. In the ligation group the portal vein to the host liver was ligated. In the split-flow group graft and host liver received separate portal inflow. In the banding group the distribution of the portal flow was regulated with an adjustable strapband and in the free-flow group the portal blood was allowed to flow randomly to host or graft liver. RESULTS: Metabolic correction increased in all groups after transplantation from 0.19 +/- 0.02 to 0.70 +/- 0.05 (P< .0001) but remained significantly better in the ligation and split-flow groups (graft survival, 135 +/- 27 and 144 +/- 31 days). In the banding group metabolic correction decreased significantly after 70 days, and although the grafts kept some function for 155 +/- 14 days, in 4 of 6 dogs portal thrombosis was found. In the free-flow group, competition for the portal blood led to reduced correction within 12 days and total loss of function in 96 +/- 14 days. Graft function also was assessed with technetium (Tc) 99m dimethyl-iminodiacetic acid uptake. A good linear association between HIDA uptake and metabolic correction was observed (r = 0.74; P < .0005). Grafts that contributed more than 15% to the total uptake of HIDA showed biochemical correction. This indicates a critical graft mass of about 15% to 20% of the hepatocyte volume to correct this metabolic defect. CONCLUSION: Auxiliary partial heterotopic liver transplantation can be a valuable alternative treatment for inborn errors of hepatic metabolism if the native liver and the graft receive separate portal blood inflow.     

Importance of portal flow diversion in experimental auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation

BACKGROUND: Auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation (APOLT) has successfully been performed in patients with noncirrhotic metabolic diseases. It remains, however, unclear if intervention in the portal venous inflow is necessary to ensure adequate portal blood flow to graft and host liver. In this experimental study we evaluate the hepatic flow during APOLT. METHODS: Left lateral/medial segmental grafts were transplanted from beagle to dalmatian dogs. Vascular structures were anastomosed end-to-end. The effect of diversion of the portal flow was studied in three groups: in the ligation group (n=3) the host portal vein was tied off, the free flow group (n=6) had random flow to both livers. In the banding group (n=11) the host portal vein was banded with a adjustable strapband to restore the pretransplantation flow distribution. RESULTS: After reperfusion the blood flow through the common portal vein decreased from 49 to 36 ml/kg/min (P<0.03) in all animals. Flow through the left portal vein decreased from 26 to 5 ml/kg/min (P<0.0001). Banding restored the flow in the left portal vein to 12 ml/kg/min, although the flow in the free-flow group remained 4 ml/kg/min. In the ligation group the total portal flow was forced toward the graft leading to the highest perfusion: 24 ml/kg/min (P<0.005). Adverse effect of this ligation was the development of portal hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: This experimental study confirms that diversion of the portal flow is necessary for adequate graft perfusion in APOLT. Banding can restore the pretransplantation flow distribution, without compromising the flow in the common portal vein.     

限制流量的门静脉动脉化对大鼠肝脏功能和结构的远期影响

目的 探讨限制流量的门静脉动脉化术后门静脉血液动力学改变，以及对肝脏功能和结构的远期影响。方法 建立大鼠门静脉完全动脉化（portal vein arterialization，PVA）以及限制流量的大鼠门静脉动脉化模型，观察术后1及6个月门静脉血流量、横截面积以及术后6个月门静脉压力及肝脏结构和功能的变化。结果 末采取限制流量措施的门静脉动脉化术后门静脉横截面积和血流量随时间延长呈增加的趋势，术后6个月血清ALT水平显著升高（F=7，72，P〈0，01）。肝内门静脉及其分支显著增宽、壁增厚、内膜胶原纤维增多。而限制流量的门静脉动脉化术后门静脉横截面积与血流量增加趋势不显著，血清GPT水平接近正常水平，术后6个月，3组大鼠动脉化门静脉压力、血浆内毒素、动脉血酮体比值以及血清白蛋白、总胆红素和碱性磷酸酶水平差异无统计学意义。结论 门静脉完全动脉化后，限制流量是必要的，保持一定流量的动脉化门静脉血，对于维持肝脏正常生理功能，防止过高血流量对肝脏功能和结构的损害，有重要意义。     

Hepatic resection for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with removal of portal vein tumor thrombi

In 13 of 398 patients who underwent hepatectomy, tumor thrombi of the remnant portal vein was concomitantly removed by the balloon catheter method in 8, an open method under hepatic vascular exclusion in 1, and resection of the occlusive portal segment followed by portal reconstruction in 4. In 8 of these patients the liver was cirrhotic. The mode of hepatectomy consisted of bisegmetectomy or trisegmentectomy in 11, segmentectomy in one, and partial resection in one patient. Two patients died of portal thrombosis or hepatic failure in the hospital. The mean survival in four patients was 12 months. Seven are still alive (mean, 16 months). In the corresponding period, nine patients with occlusive tumor thrombi of the portal confluence were hospitalized without operation and survived up to 4 months (mean, 64 days) after detection of the tumoral occlusion. The causes of death of the nine patients were bleeding esophageal varices, rupture of the tumor, or hepatic failure. It was revealed that removal of tumor thrombi in the remnant portal vein contributes to (1) portal decompression, (2) feasibility of arterial embolization, and (3) increase in resectability of the main tumor. At present, this procedure might be regarded as an emergency procedure for the avoidance of the above lethal impendence, but it may open the door to an adjuvant therapy.     

肝门部胆管癌切除术中的血管切除重建

目的 探讨血管切除重建在肝门部胆管癌切除术中的价值.方法 2000年1月至2009年9月收治的肝门部胆管癌手术切除患者中,17例合并血管切除或重建,其中男性10例,女性7例,年龄30～72岁,平均53岁.病程4～30 d,平均(21±8)d.门静脉部分切除端端吻合6例,门静脉壁楔形切除、缝合修补3例,肝动脉结扎切除1例,肝动脉切除端端吻合2例,门静脉动脉化1例,1例同时行门静脉壁楔形切除+肝动脉结扎切除,2例同时行门静脉部分切除端端吻合+肝动脉部分切除端端吻合,1例同时行门静脉部分切除端端吻合+肝右动脉、胃十二指肠动脉端端吻合.对患者的临床资料进行分析.结果 住院死亡4例,病死率4/17,3例为术后出现肾功能不全后继发多器官功能衰竭,1例死于感染性休克.未死亡的13例患者中,6例恢复过程顺利,无并发症;7例发生并发症:3例胆瘘,1例呼吸衰竭,1例因U管阻塞发生胆管炎,1例腹腔内感染、门静脉血栓形成,1例远期门静脉狭窄、肝脓肿.中位生存期18个月,4例至今尚存活.结论 肝门部胆管癌切除联合血管切除重建有利于提高切除率但术后风险仍高,术后应警惕并发症的发生;肝动脉切除重建可能有利于降低术后风险.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the value of vascular resection and reconstruction in resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.Methods The clinical data of 17 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma received resection in combination with vascular resection and reconstruction from January 2000 to September 2009 was retrospectively analyzed.Among the 17 patients,6 underwent portal vein segmental resection and end-to-end anastomosis,3 underwent portal vein wedge resection,1 underwent hepatic artery ligature,2 underwent hepatic artery segmental resection and end-to-end anastomosis,1 underwent portal vein arterialization,1 underwent portal vein wedge resection and hepatic artery ligature simultaneously,2 underwent portal vein segmental resection and heapatic artery segmental resection and end-to-end anastomosis simultaneously,1 underwent portal vein segmental resection and right heapatic artery and gastroduodenal artery end-to-end anastomosis simultaneously.Results Four patients died and the mortality was 4/17.Three patients died of renal dysfunction followed with multiple organ dysfunction and 1 patient died of sepsis shock.Among the 13 survive patients,6 had a smooth postoperative recover and 7 developed complications:3 had bile leakage,1 had respiratory failure,1 had cholangitis due to obstruction of U tube,1 had abdominal infection and thrombosis in portal vein system and 1 had portal vein stenosis and liver abscess.Follow-up investigation showed that the median survival time was 18 months and four patients still alive.Conclusions Combination of vascular resection and reconstruction in the resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma may help to improve the resection rate but still have a high postoperative risk.The complications of renal dysfunction should be alert during the postoperative observation.The procedure of hepatic arterial reconstruction may help to reduce postoperative morbidity.     

Transcaval posterocranial resection of the liver as treatment of the Budd-Chiari syndrome

In 3 patients with a Budd-Chiari syndrome the suprahepatic caval vein was incised during extracorporeal circulation and the suprahepatic hindrance for the hepatic venous runoff abolished. By resection of the juxta caval hepatic tissue the thrombotically occluded parts of the main vein stems were removed and a free hepatic venous flow to the caval vein was established in 2 patients. In the third patient, who had a caval stenosis at the diaphragmatic level (web) and thrombosis of even smaller hepatic veins and a retrograde flow to the portal vein, the resection resulted in an abundant blood flow from the resected liver area. It is assumed that this flow originates not only from the smaller hepatic veins, but to a great extent from arterio- and portovenous shunting. Angiography has shown that such shunting can take place after resection. The first 2 patients are healthy and working full-time at 2 1/2 and 2 years postoperatively, respectively. Nine months postoperatively, the third patient is in good condition, jaundice has disappeared, and bleeding from esophageal varices has not occurred.     

A selective approach to preexisting portal vein thrombosis in patients undergoing liver transplantation.

Splanchnic venous inflow is considered mandatory to ensure graft survival after liver transplantation. Over a 68-month period, we performed 570 liver transplants in 495 patients. Portal vein thrombosis was present in 16 patients. At transplant, the extent of the occlusion included portal vein alone (n = 4), portal including confluence of the splenic and superior mesenteric veins (n = 8), portal, splenic, and distal superior mesenteric veins (n = 2), and the entire portal vein, splenic vein, and superior mesenteric vein (n = 2). The operative approach included thrombectomy alone (n = 5), anastomosis at the confluence of the splenic and superior mesenteric splenic veins (n = 8), and extra-anatomic venous reconstruction (n = 3). The mean operative blood loss was 22 +/- 22 units, and the mean operative time was 9.7 +/- 4.8 hours. The 1-year actuarial survival rate was 81%, with a mean follow-up of 12.5 months. In summary, with a selective approach and the use of innovative forms of splanchnic venous inflow, portal vein thrombosis is no longer a contraindication to liver transplantation.     

肝切除时门静脉血部分动脉化的研究

目的 研究犬门静脉血部分动脉化的肝保护作用。方法 建立大保留肝（占全肝６０％）暂时性血流阻断、肝固有动脉切断并切除未阻断肝的急性肝衰模型（对照组）,并行肝总动脉与胃十二指肠静脉吻合（Ａ－Ｐ组）,观察生存率并定时测定丙氨酸转氨酶（ＡＬＴ）、动脉血酮体比（ＡＫＢＲ）及肝动脉脉、门静脉血气分析。结果 对照组７天生存率为３７．５％,Ａ－Ｐ组均较差异有非常显著性（Ｐ〈０．０１）,门静脉和肝静脉血氧分压均较术     

Outcome of patients with pre-existing portal vein thrombosis undergoing arterialization of the portal vein during liver transplantation

Arterialization of the portal vein is being propagated as a technical possibility in liver transplant recipients with pre-existing portal vein thrombosis. In our own small series, portal vein arterialization (PVA) was carried out in four patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. In three of these cases, the portal vein was anastomosed to the aorta via an interposed iliac artery, and in one case, directly to the hepatic artery. After PVA, all transplants showed regular initial function. Two patients died postoperatively after 19 and 50 days, of intra-abdominal haemorrhage and liver necrosis with thrombosis of the portal vein, respectively. A further patient had previously developed fibrosis of the liver, which led to the death of the patient 11 months after PVA. In the remaining patient, chronic rejection requiring re-transplantation developed 24 months after PVA had been performed. These unfavourable results prompt the conclusion that PVA cannot be recommended as a standard clinical procedure.     

Portal hypertension due to hepatic artery-portal vein arteriovenous fistula--a case report.

A case of portal hypertension secondary to traumatic hepatoportal arteriovenous fistula with portal fibrosis was successfully treated by ligation of the afferent hepatic arteries which decreased significantly portal pressure and corrected the abnormal blood inflow to the portal vein via A-V fistula resulting in a recovery of the disturbed liver function. Collateral blood supply from the left hepatic artery into the right hepatic lobe was found to be quite satisfactory after the ligation of the hepatic artery. Hemodynamic data and clinical findings of the present case suggest that the mechanism responsible for the portal hypertension is the inflow block resulting from the interruption of portal venous flow by the inflow of arterial blood via A-V fistula and the subsequent increased blood pressure in portal vein radicals.     

入肝门静脉动脉化加门腔分流术对肝硬化大鼠血流动力学的影响

目的对肝硬化大鼠利用右肾动脉行入肝门静脉动脉化+门腔分流术,研究该术式对肝硬化大鼠门静脉血流动力学的影响。方法四氯化碳(CCl4)诱导肝硬化大鼠成模后,分为A组(动脉化组)15只,利用右肾动脉行门静脉动脉化+门腔分流术,B组(对照组)10只,单纯行右肾切除及门静脉阻断10min后关腹。术后即刻、术后1月和术后3月分别检测门静脉压力、内径和血流量。结果术后即刻、术后1月和术后3月A组大鼠与B组相比,入肝门静脉压力和入肝血流量明显升高,随时间推移入肝门静脉压力有下降趋势,但仍高于对照组(P0.01),而入肝血流量则持续增加,明显高于对照组(P0.01)。入下腔静脉门静脉压力则明显下降并维持在较低压力水平(P0.01)。术后A组入肝门静脉内径较B组门静脉内径明显增宽(P0.01),但术后1月至3月入肝门静脉在适应压力变化后,内径趋稳在一定水平。结论门腔分流术对肝硬化大鼠可以有效降低门静脉循环压力,减少静脉曲张出血的危险性;进一步行入肝门静脉动脉化则可有效增加入肝血流量,入肝门静脉压力及血流量随时间推Σ可在较高水平取得新的平衡。     

Comparison of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Laser Doppler Flowmetry for Detecting Decreased Hepatic Inflow in the Porcine Liver

Hepatic artery and portal vein thrombosis are devastating complications of partial liver transplantation. Early detection of inflow complications is important, as re-reconstruction can salvage the graft. Near-infrared spectroscopy or laser Doppler flowmetry can be used to detect tissue oxygenation or microcirculation on the liver surface. The aim of this study was to examine which of these two methods better detects changes in hepatic inflow. Sangen-strain pigs (n = 5) were used. The tips of the near-infrared spectroscopy and laser Doppler flowmetry probes were placed separately on the surface of the right liver. Inflow to the liver was controlled during the following seven conditions: control (not clamped), half- and totally clamped portal vein, half- and totally clamped hepatic artery, and half- and totally clamped portal vein and artery. Tissue blood flow was calculated using laser Doppler flowmetry. Oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and the tissue oxygenation index were measured and calculated using a near-infrared spectroscopy system. The tissue blood flow and oxygenation index could not be used to differentiate between the half-clamped portal vein, half-clamped hepatic artery, and totally clamped portal vein conditions. The oxyhemoglobin minus deoxyhemoglobin value was significantly decreased after half or total clamping of the portal vein or hepatic artery (p <. 001 for each condition). The findings of the present study indicate that near-infrared spectroscopy was more sensitive than Doppler flowmetry for detecting changes in hepatic tissue inflow from the liver surface.     

Living Donor Liver Transplantation with Left Liver Graft

Small-for-size syndrome in LDLT is associated with graft exposure to excessive portal perfusion. Prevention of graft overperfusion in LDLT can be achieved through intraoperative modulation of portal graft inflow. We report a successful LDLT utilising the left lobe with a GV/SLV of only 20%. A 43 year-old patient underwent to LDLT at our institution. During the anhepatic phase a porto-systemic shunt utilizing an interposition vein graft anastomosed between the right portal branch and the right hepatic vein was performed. After graft reperfusion splenectomy was also performed. Portal vein pressure, portal vein flow and hepatic artery flow were recorded. A decrease of portal vein pressure and flow was achieved, and the shunt was left in place. The recipient post-operative course was characterized by good graft function. Small-for-size syndrome by graft overperfusion can be successfully prevented by utilizing inflow modulation of the transplanted graft. This strategy can permit the use of left lobe in adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation.     

Treatment of colorectal hepatic metastases by intrahepatic chemotherapy alone or as an adjuvant to complete or partial removal of metastatic disease.

Because of the wide variation in reported benefits from the use of intrahepatic chemotherapy for colorectal hepatic metastases, the authors performed their own phase II studies comparing the use of intrahepatic chemotherapy alone and intrahepatic chemotherapy as an adjuvant to complete or partial removal of metastatic colorectal cancer to the liver. Techniques for partial removal included unilateral and bilateral wedge resection, peripheral presinusoidal embolization of the liver, and portal vein branch ligation. Patients were staged using the per cent hepatic replacement method of Pettavel and Taylor, and patients with bilateral metastases were included in the study. Twenty-seven patients, mean age 60.3 years, were examined. There were 19 males, mean age 60.4 years, and eight females, mean age 60 years. The patients were divided into four groups. Group A had an implantable pump only; Group B had an implantable pump and resection; Group C had an implantable pump and arterial embolization and portal vein branch ligation; and Group D had an implantable pump, partial resection, arterial embolization, and portal vein branch ligation. Kaplan-Meyer survival curves were calculated for all of these groups. A separate analysis was carried out for each of the stages, and a comparison was made. The study indicated that the overall median survival time was 18 months and that the more radical the treatment in addition to chemotherapy, the better the results. Such results were not totally dependent on the staging of the tumor volume but were dependent on the degree of extirpation of the tumor. In Group C, consisting primarily of Stage IIa, IIIa, and IV patients (i.e., unresectable patients), a doubling of expected median survival to 12 months could be achieved, compared to those in Group A, which achieved a median survival of only 6 months.     

Transhepatic lactate gradient in relation to liver ischemia/reperfusion injury during major hepatectomies.

Hepatectomies performed under selective hepatic vascular exclusion are associated with a series of events culminating in ischemia/reperfusion injury, a state that shares common characteristics with situations known to result in global or regional hyperlactatemia. Accordingly, we sought to determine whether lactate is released by the liver during hepatic resections performed under blood flow deprivation and what relation this has to a possible systemic hyperlactatemic state. After ethical approval, 14 consecutive patients with resectable liver tumors subjected to hepatectomy under inflow and outflow occlusion of the liver were studied. Lactate concentrations were assessed in simultaneously drawn arterial, portal venous, and hepatic venous blood before liver dissection and 50 minutes postreperfusion. Moreover, the transhepatic lactate gradient (hepatic vein - portal vein) was calculated to see if there was net production or consumption of lactate. Before hepatic dissection, the transhepatic lactate gradient was negative, suggesting consumption by the liver. Fifty minutes after reperfusion, this gradient became significantly positive, demonstrating release of lactate by the liver (0.12 +/- 0.31 vs. -0.38 +/- 0.30 mmol/L, P < 0.05). The magnitude of lactate release correlated with systemic arterial lactate levels at the same time point (r(2) = 0.63, P < 0.001). A weaker but significant correlation was demonstrated between the transhepatic lactate gradient postreperfusion and systemic arterial lactate levels 24 hours postoperatively (r(2) = 0.41, P = 0.013). A strong correlation between the transhepatic lactate gradient postreperfusion and peak postoperative aspartate aminotransferase values was also demonstrated (r(2) = 0.73, P < 0.001). The liver becomes a net producer of lactate in hepatectomies performed under blood flow deprivation. This lactate release can explain some of the systemic hyperlactatemia seen in this context and relates to the extent of ischemia/reperfusion injury.     

仅保留门静脉血供的肝门部胆管癌根治术

目的 探讨仅保留门静脉血供的肝门部胆管癌根治术的适应证和方法,以进一步提高肝门胆管癌的治疗效果.方法 对2006年7月至2007年12月收治的6例肝门部胆管癌,均采取左半肝切除、肝外胆管切除、肝动脉切除、右肝管空肠吻合术. 结果6例均顺利恢复,术后发生胆漏1例、无肝功能衰竭及围手术期死亡病例;术后随访10～23个月,均存活.结论 仅保留门静脉血供的肝门部胆管癌根治术在严格掌握适应证的前提下是可行的,可提高肝门部胆管癌的根治切除率,改善患者预后.     

Arterialization of the liver. III. Influence of systemic and portal pressure gradients following heterotopic partial liver transplantation

An acute study was designed to compare blood pressures across a heterotopically transplanted partial liver graft using arterialized and nonarterialized models. Eight partial liver transplants (PLT) were done in each group, using Wistar rats. The data gathered from them are the basis for the results obtained herein. Whereas there was no significant difference (P greater than 0.01) in inflow, outflow, or the pressure difference across the PLT between nonarterialized and arterialized groups, host portal venous pressures were significantly higher (P less than 0.01) in the arterialized group. A 1 mm arteriovenous fistula (AVF) was used to arterialize the PLTs in this study. It was proved that arterializing a PLT using a 1 mm AVF did not alter the pressure difference across the transplanted liver compared with the situation in the nonarterialized setting.