脑卒中后抑郁状态的多导睡眠图研究

目的：探讨脑卒中后抑郁状态患者的睡眠图异常改变及与抑郁症之间的差异。方法：采用多导睡眠图对62例脑卒中和30例抑郁症患者进行整夜睡眠描记，并与对照组比较。结果：卒中后抑郁组与对照组和非抑郁组比较多项睡眠指标均有显著性差异（P＜0．05－01）；卒中后抑郁组的REM睡眠时间和密度明显低于抑郁症组，差异有显著性（P＜0．01），结论：卒中后抑郁状态病人除具有睡眠障碍在多导睡眠图改变外，REM睡眠时间和密度是一个较为特征性的改变。卒中后抑郁状态的发生可能与脑内5－TH递质改变有关。     

抑郁症及其亚型的睡眠脑电图研究

目的 探讨抑郁症患者睡眠脑电图的异常改变以及抑郁闰不同亚型之间的差异。方法 采用日本光电ＲＭ－６０００多导生理记录仪,对１８例抑郁症患者和１９名健康人进行睡眠脑电图检查。结果 与对照组比较,抑郁症组出现明显的醒觉时间增多、睡眠总时间减少、晒起时间增加、睡眠效率下降、睡眠维持率下降、第一阶段睡眠百分比增加、快速眼球运动（ＲＥＭ）潜代期缩短和ＲＥＭ密度增加,经统计学处理差异均有显著性（Ｐ〈０．０５）。     

抑郁症和精神分裂症的快眼动睡眠研究

目的探讨抑郁症与精神分裂症的快眼动（ＲＥＭ）睡眠特征。方法用睡眠实验技术对正常受试者、抑郁症和精神分裂症患者各３０例进行多导睡眠图的通夜描录，并结合临床指标，对三组受试者的９项ＲＥＭ睡眠指标进行对照分析。结果抑郁症和精神分裂症有着不同的ＲＥＭ睡眠特征。抑郁症ＲＥＭ睡眠潜伏期（ＲＬ）缩短，ＲＥＭ活动度、强度、密度增高和睡眠次数增多，汉米尔顿抑郁量表分与ＲＬ呈负相关。精神分裂症ＲＥＭ睡眠指标个体间差异大，１０例患者睡眠图的觉醒阶段中发现ＲＥＭ睡眠的插入现象。结论研究抑郁症有异常ＲＥＭ睡眠指标，而ＲＬ则为反映抑郁程度的特殊指标；ＲＥＭ睡眠的插入代表了部分精神分裂症患者的电生理特征     

抑郁症、神经衰弱和正常人的睡眠障碍研究

对３０例抑郁症患者、３０例神经衰弱患者以及１５例境遇性失眠者的多导睡眠图进行研究。结果显示：三组具有失眠主诉的受试者均有某些睡眠指标的异常，同时其失眠症状也与自身的主观体验有明显的关系。与３０例正常受试者对照，抑郁症组快眼动（ＲＥＭ）睡眠潜伏期缩短，ＲＥＭ活动度、强度和密度增高，ＲＥＭ睡眠次数增加，这些改变可能反映了抑郁症的电生理特征。神经衰弱组ＲＥＭ睡眠潜伏期、活动度、强度和密度与抑郁症组相应指标有类似的变化趋势，显示这两种疾病之间有着某种内在联系，其意义有待进一步探讨。     

抑郁症,神经衰弱和正常人的睡眠障碍研究

对３０例抑郁症患者，３０例神经衰弱患者以及１５例境遇性失眠者的多导睡眠图进行研究。结果显示：三组具有失眠主诉的受试者均有某些睡眠指标的异常，同时其失眠症状也与自身的主观体验有明显的关系。与３０例正常试者对照，抑郁症组快眼动（ＲＥＭ）睡眠潜伏期缩短，ＲＥＭ活动度，强度和密度增高，ＲＥＭ睡眠次数增加，这些改变可能反映了抑郁症的电生理特征。神经衰弱与抑郁症相应指标有类似的变化趋势，显示这两种疾病之间有着     

抑郁症患者REM睡眠研究

目的：探讨抑郁症患者快眼动睡眠的异常改变以及与临床的相关性。方法：对１８例抑郁症患者和１９名正常对照者进行睡眠脑电图检查,并予以比较。结果;抑郁症患者出现明显的ＲＥＭ潜零碎 期缩短和ＲＥＭ密度增加,且与抑郁严重程度显著相关。结论：ＲＥＭ睡眠的潜伏期缩短和密度增加可作为抑郁症诊断中具有参考价值的生物学指标。     

强迫性神经症的睡眠实验研究

目的探索建立强迫症的睡眠图模式。方法对３０例强迫性神经症患者的多导睡眠图和血小板５羟色胺（５ＨＴ）含量进行测试，并与３０名正常受试者进行对照。结果强迫症组多导睡眠图改变主要有快眼动（ＲＥＭ）睡眠潜伏期缩短，ＲＥＭ活动度、ＲＥＭ强度和ＲＥＭ密度增高，以及第１次ＲＥＭ睡眠时间（ＦＲＴ）及其百分比（ＦＲＴ％）增高等；强迫症组血小板５ＨＴ含量明显高于对照组，并与ＦＲＴ、ＦＲＴ％呈正相关。结论ＲＥＭ睡眠指标的改变可能代表了强迫症患者的某些生物学特征。     

失眠症患者的多导睡眠图研究

目的 探讨失眠症患者多导睡眠图睡眠参数的变化特征。方法 对６２例单纯性失眠症患者和２２名正常人进行多导睡眠图描记,并进行各睡眠参数比较。结果 与正常人比较,失眠症患者睡眠潜伏期长（２１．７分）,觉醒次数多（５．４次）,实际睡眠时间少（３３０．６）,睡眠效率低（７３．３％）。睡眠结构快眼动（ＲＥＭ）时间减少（１７．１％）,ＲＥＭ活动度和密度低,自我估价与实际睡眠时间不一致（５２．９％;Ｐ〈０．０５￣     

躁狂抑郁症患者安静状态下的闭眼眼球活动

目的探讨躁狂抑郁症患者闭眼眼球活动（ＣＥＭ）的特征。方法对３１例躁狂抑郁症、３２例精神分裂症患者和２６名正常人进行了研究。每例受检者在安静状态下接受１５分钟闭眼眼电描记，计算最后５分钟内平均每分钟眼电活动的次数。结果躁狂抑郁症患者的ＣＥＭ指标值介于精神分裂症和正常者之间，差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５～Ｐ＜０．０１）；１８例躁狂发作和１３例抑郁发作的患者之间，ＣＥＭ值差异均无显著性；ＢｅｃｈＲａｆａｅｌｓｏｎ躁狂量表或汉米尔顿抑郁量表总分与ＣＥＭ值无显著相关；正在服用精神药物的２３例躁狂抑郁症患者的ＣＥＭ值与未服药的８例患者相比，差异无显著性。结论躁狂抑郁症患者安静状态下的ＣＥＭ具有其本身的特征，此特征有可能作为与精神分裂症患者和正常对照者的区别点     

脑卒中患者局部脑血流量与红细胞膜微粘度的研究

本文采用１３３Ｘｅ吸入法检测５３例脑卒中患者及３０例健康对照组的局部脑血流（ｒＣＢＦ），同时检测红细胞膜微粘度（ＥＭＭＶ）。结果患者组患侧半球ｒＣＢＦ与健康对照组同侧半球比较有极显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．００１）。患者组ＥＭＭＶ明显高于健康对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示：血液流变学的改变是影响脑血流的重要因素。ＥＭＭＶ与ｒＣＢＦ呈负相关，故改善红细胞膜微粘度，对提高脑血流量，预防和治疗脑梗塞是十分重要的。     

EEG sleep in elderly depressed, demented, and healthy subjects

In a prospective study of EEG sleep patterns in 25 elderly depressives, 25 elderly demented patients, and 25 healthy, elderly control subjects, the sleep of depressives was characterized by reduced REM sleep latency, increased REM percent and first REM period density, and altered temporal distribution of REM sleep, as well as by diminished sleep maintenance (correlated significantly with Hamilton ratings of depression: multiple R = -0.42, p less than 0.05). In contrast, the sleep of demented patients showed reduced REM sleep percent, but normal REM temporal distribution, increased loss of spindles and K-complexes (the latter correlating significantly with severity of cognitive impairment as measured by the Folstein score: multiple R = -0.59, p less than 0.01), and less severe sleep maintenance difficulty than for depressives. An examination of REM latency demonstrated a skewed distribution in depression (i.e., 42% of nights with sleep-onset REM periods), but a normal distribution in the controls and demented subjects. A REM latency cut-off score of 30 min correctly classified 68% of all patients (kappa = 0.36; p less than 0.005), compared with 78% correctly identified in our retrospective study (Reynolds et al. 1983).     

Early return to REM sleep after nocturnal awakening in depression.

Sixteen male outpatients with major depression and 20 age-equated healthy controls were awakened from rapid eye movement (REM) sleep between 1:30 and 3:30 AM, and the rapidity of return to REM sleep was determined. The time it took to return to REM sleep was reduced in depressives compared with controls: 61.6 (17.9 SD) min versus 80.6 (24.9 SD) min, respectively (p = 0.01). The time elapsed until the return to REM sleep was significantly correlated with baseline REM latency in controls (but not depressives). In contrast, return to REM time was significantly correlated with depression severity scores in depressives (but not controls). There was no evidence to support the hypothesis that the more rapid return to REM sleep in depression was caused by a slow wave sleep deficit. The mechanism underlying the rapid return of REM sleep in depression thus may be related to a severity-linked disturbance, such as a proposed increase in REM "pressure."     

Comparison between eye movement latency and REM sleep parameters in major depression

Alterations of sleep can be observed polysomnographically in approximately 90 percent of depressed patients. Most of the registered sleep abnormalities in depression also occur in other psychiatric disorders. Only some types of REM sleep alterations – short REM latency, increase of REM density and shortening of mean latency of eye movements – were reported as more specific for affective disorders. In the present study polysomnograms of 21 medication free patients with major depressive disorder (assessed with a structured interview for DSM-III-R and Hamilton Scale) and 21 healthy controls were analysed. REM latency (LREM), REM density (RD), latencies of eye movements (LEM) and mean latency of eye movements (M-LEM) were calculated for both groups. Depressed patients (compared with healthy controls) showed increased RD (38.2% vs. 28.2%, p < 0.0001), shortened M-LEM (35.7 s vs. 48.3 s, p < 0.04) and shortening of LEM in the 1st (28.9 s vs. 48.9 s, p < 0.007) and 4th (27.0 s vs. 59.1 s, p < 0.043) REM sleep periods. LREM was not shortened significantly in depressives (78.5 min vs. 91.3 min, ns). In healthy subjects a negative correlation between M-LEM and RD was found (rho = − 0.47, p < 0.03). Since in the current study depressed patients differed from healthy controls, especially concerning phasic activity during REM sleep, presented data support the essential role of REM density for the assessment of sleep in depression. As a quick and easy manner to compute measurement, M-LEM is suggested as additional parameter for the assessment of phasic activity during REM sleep. Received: 23 March 1999 / Accepted: 23 November 1999     

REM latency distribution in major depression: clinical characteristics associated with sleep onset REM periods

In a sample of 92 inpatients with major depression, REM latency showed a unimodal, rather than bimodal, distribution, with peak frequency between 50-59 min (on each of 4 consecutive nights). A total of 20 patients (21.6%) exhibited a sleep onset REM period (SOREMP-10) i.e., REM latency less than or equal to 10 min, during at least 1 of the 4 nights; an additional 11 patients (12%) showed REM latencies of 11-20 min on at least one night. SOREMP-10 positive patients were older both at the time of study (p less than 0.01) and at the age of onset of depressive illness (p less than .01) than the rest of the sample. They also showed greater sleep continuity disturbances, while patients with at least one SOREMP-20, i.e., REM latency less than or equal to 20 min, exhibited higher REM percentage (p less than or equal to 0.05) and a higher first-period density (p less than 0.05) than the remaining patients. No other clinical or polysomnographic correlates of SOREMP positivity were noted with regard to gender, RDC subtypes, severity of illness, or clinical response to tricyclic antidepressants. The unimodal distribution of REM latency, as well as the absence of a relationship between SOREMP positivity and severity of depression or therapeutic outcome, may result from the low representation of psychotic depressives in this sample (n = 6), who might constitute a qualitatively different subgroup.     

Rapid eye movement sleep measures of Alzheimer's-type dementia patients and optimally healthy aged individuals

It has been suggested that rapid eye movement (REM) sleep measures may be useful in the differential diagnosis of affective disorders. To determine what changes, if any, of REM measures occur in Alzheimer's dementia we examined the REM sleep of nine control and nine mild, nine moderate, and nine severe dementia subjects with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD). Control and mild and moderate AD groups were screened to exclude major depression. REM latency, REM time, REM activity, and REM density were examined. Results indicated that REM sleep measures are minimally affected by mild dementia. None of the REM sleep variables reported here successfully discriminated mild AD subjects from controls. However, REM time and REM latency were significantly affected in later stages of dementia. Total time in REM and REM latency successfully classified control and moderate-severe AD patients. In addition, the pattern of REM density across the night was also affected by severity of dementia. The results of this study, when compared to published REM measure findings in major depression, indicate that with proper cautions REM sleep measures may prove useful in the differential diagnosis of dementia and depression in geriatric patient populations.     

Polysomnographic findings in adolescents with major depression

Ten adolescents with major depression and 10 age-matched controls were studied with polysomnography for 3 consecutive nights. The sleep records were analyzed for variables pertaining to sleep continuity (total sleep time, sleep efficiency, sleep onset latency, number of awakenings, and number of stage shifts), sleep architecture (Stages 1, 2, 3, and 4), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (total) REM sleep time, number of REM periods, REM latency, and REM density). The experimental and control groups were compared on 14 variables with the t test for independent groups. The results indicated that none of the sleep variables differed significantly between the two groups. These results confirm earlier findings indicating that the abnormalities in REM latency and REM density that characterize adults with major depression are absent in adolescents suffering from major depression. Developmental and diagnostic variables are discussed as possible explanations for the sleep differences between adolescents and adults with depressive disorders.     

Reduced rapid eye movement sleep latency in patients with parkinson's disease

Summary Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep latency (time from sleep onset to the first REM episode) was measured in 39 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Reduced REM sleep latency (65.0 min) was found in a high proportion of patients (69%). Since reduced REM sleep latency may be a trait-like abnormality relatively specific to primary depression, we evaluated this parameter in two groups of parkinsonian patients: depressed (16 patients) and non-depressed (23 patients). Its incidence was significantly higher in depressed patients with Parkinson's disease.     

Depressive symptoms in acute stroke: A cross-sectional study of their association with sociodemographics and clinical factors

The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of post-stroke depression (PSD) in the acute phase following first-ever stroke, and to identify its sociodemographic and clinical correlates. Data were collected in a cross-sectional correlational study from face-to-face interviews using structured questionnaires and patients' medical records. The sample consisted of 109 patients with first-ever stroke. Depressive symptoms after stroke were measured with Beck Depression Inventory II. Mild, moderate or severe depressive symptoms were reported by 27% of the participants. PSD was uniquely associated with post-stroke fatigue, sleep latency and sleep disturbance. Patients with PSD also reported slightly more bodily pain. Stroke type, stroke location, and the sociodemographic characteristics we examined were unrelated to PSD. Further research is needed to assess the role sleep changes, fatigue and bodily pain might have in relation to depression in the acute phase after stroke.     

社会支持和应对方式与脑卒中后抑郁的关系

目的：探讨社会支持和应对方式与脑卒中后抑郁（PSD）的关系.方法：30例PSD患者为PSD组,42例脑卒中后无抑郁患者为对照组,以医学应对问卷（MCMQ）、社会支持评定量表（SSRS）和Barthel指数（BI）为评定工具,对两组患者分别进行评定.结果：PSD组MCMQ的面对量表分显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）,而PSD组屈服量表分显著高于对照组（P＜0.01）.PSD组的SSRS评分显著低于对照组（P＜0.01）.两组BI评分差异无显著性（P＞0.05）.结论：有针对性的心理教育性干预并加强社会支持可能对防治PSD起重要作用.