大气颗粒物PM10和PM2.5中水溶性离子及元素分析

目的了解大气颗粒物PM10与PM2.5中水溶性离子及元素的主要组成及其浓度。方法在北京市城区设置1个采样点,于2006年6月16—18日和6月20—22日采集大气颗粒物PM10和PM2.5。采用离子色谱法测定PM10和PM2.5中8种水溶性离子(SO42-、NO3-、Cl-、NH4 、K 、Na 、Ca2 和Mg2 )的浓度;采用"酸提"法测定其中Ca、Mg、Al、As、Zn、Pb、Cu、V、Mn、Co、Fe、Se、Mo、Ni、Cr和Cd的浓度;采用"水提"法测定其中Zn、Pb、Cu、V、Mn、Co、Fe、Ni、Cr和Cd的浓度。结果PM2.5和PM10中8种水溶性离子平均质量浓度范围分别为0.44～9.16μg/m3和0.69～12.61μg/m3。PM2.5中SO42-和NO3-浓度分别占离子总浓度的30.2%和26.5%。PM10中SO42-和NO3-浓度分别占离子总浓度的29.7%和25.6%。PM2.5和PM10中,"酸提"元素平均质量浓度范围分别为1.06～6607.30ng/m3和1.92～12455.50ng/m3;"水提"元素平均质量浓度范围分别为0.31～189.80ng/m3和0.48～187.45ng/m3。结论水溶性离子是大气颗粒物的主要成分之一,值得关注。     

Comparison between PAH Mass Concentrations Measured in PM10 and Pm2.5 Particle Fractions

No abstract available.     

大气PM10与PM2.5的健康效应比较

可吸入颗粒物（IP）不仅影响气候和空气质量、破坏生态环境和历史文物，而且严重危害人体呼吸系统，是大气颗粒物中对人体健康威胁最大的一类。北京市环保监测中心监测结果显示，2000—2002年，市区PM10的年日均质量浓度均超过国家二级标准60％以上，在空气质量超标日中，首要污染物为PM10的天数最多达到96％。可吸入颗粒物可分为粗粒（空气动力学直径介于2．5～10μm）和细粒（空气动力学直径小于或等于2.5μm，也称为PM2．5）。     

Indoor/outdoor PM10 and PM2.5 in Bangkok, Thailand

Twenty-four-hour averaged PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were obtained by using 4-liter-per-minute-pumps and impactors in microenvironments of a busy shopping district and a university hospital campus. In both areas, most people live directly adjacent to their worksites--minimizing the need to measure commuting exposure as part of total daily exposure. Co-located samplers were set in indoor microenvironments, the near-ambient zone of the households, and at nearby streetside central ambient monitoring stations. Smoking and use of other indoor PM sources were recorded daily via questionnaires. Consistent with previous studies, smoking and the use of charcoal stoves increased indoor particulate matter levels. The sampled air-conditioned hospital area had substantially lower particle concentrations than outdoors. A simple total exposure model was used to estimate the human exposure. The averaged ratios of co-located PM2.5/PM10 concentrations in various microenvironments are reported for each location. A single daily indoor average PM10 concentration for all households measured in a given sampling day is calculated for correlation analysis. Results showed that day-to-day fluctuations of these calculated indoor PM10 levels correlated well with near-ambient data and moderately well with ambient data collected at the nearby central monitoring site. This implies that ambient monitors are able to capture the daily variations of indoor PM levels or even personal exposure and may help explain the robust association of ambient PM levels and health effects found in many epidemiological studies. Absolute PM exposures, however, were substantially underestimated by ambient monitors in the shopping district, probably because of strong local sources.     

Development of a continuous monitoring system for PM10 and components of PM2.5

While particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters below 10 and 2.5 microns (PM10 and PM2.5) correlate with excess mortality and morbidity, there is evidence for still closer epidemiological associations with sulfate ion, and experimental exposure-response studies suggest that the hydrogen ion and ultrafine (PM0.15) concentrations may be important risk factors. Also, there are measurement artifacts in current methods used to measure ambient PM10 and PM2.5, including negative artifacts because of losses of sampled semivolatile components (ammonium nitrate and some organics) and positive artifacts due to particle-bound water. To study such issues, we are developing a semi-continuous monitoring system for PM10, PM2.5, semivolatiles (organic compounds and NH4NO3), particle-bound water, and other PM2.5 constituents that may be causal factors. PM10 is aerodynamically sorted into three size-fractions: (1) coarse (PM10-PM2.5); (2) accumulation mode (PM2.5-PM0.15); and (3) ultrafine (PM0.15). The mass concentration of each fraction is measured in terms of the linear relation between accumulated mass and pressure drop on polycarbonate pore filters. The PM0.15 mass, being highly correlated with the ultrafine number concentration, provides a good index of the total number concentration in ambient air. For the accumulation mode (PM2.5-PM0.15), which contains nearly all of the semivolatiles and particle-bound water by mass, aliquots of the aerosol stream flow into system components that continuously monitor sulfur (by flame photometry), ammonium and nitrate (by chemiluminescence following catalytic transformations to NO), organics (by thermal-optical analysis) and particle-bound water (by electrolytic hygrometer after vacuum evaporation of sampled particles). The concentration of H+ can be calculated (by ion balance using the monitoring data on NO3-, NH4+, and SO4=).     

贵阳市大气颗粒物PM10、PM2.5日污染特征

于2015年秋季(1月)、夏季(8月)对贵阳市五个区的大气颗粒物(PM10、PM2.5)进行了监测研究。结果发现,贵阳市大气颗粒物污染很轻,8月和11月PM10、PM2.5的超标率都为0;大气颗粒物PM10和PM2.5浓度季节变化大,11月PM10和PM2.5浓度明显大于8月;2个月的监测数据显示5个区PM10和PM2.5日均值浓度变化趋势基本一致,5个区中南明区的PM10和PM2.5浓度最高,花溪区的PM10和PM2.5浓度最低。PM10中PM2.5比重较大,PM2.5粒径小,对人体健康危害很大。     

Concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 particulate material in the atmosphere of Rome

Starting from 1993, various monitoring campaigns were carried out in Rome to determine PM10 and PM2.5. Their results are presented here cumulatively, with the aim of obtaining preliminary information on relationships among these size fractions, in various seasonal periods and in two sites with different characteristics (a road site and an urban background site in a public park). Particles were collected on filter and gravimetrically determined. Both PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations show temporal fluctuations with higher values during winter months. Background concentrations are lower than those contemporaneously measured at the road site only to a limited extent (10-17%). The contribution of PM2.5 to PM10 during the winter semester is higher than during the summer one (67 vs. 52%), with no substantial intersite differences.     

Seasonal variations of PM10 and PM2.5 particles loading over tropical urban environment

The extent to which airborne particles penetrate into the human respiratory system is determined mainly by their size, with possible health effects. The research over the scientific evidence of airborne particles to adverse health effects has been intensified in recent years. In the present study particulate matter (PM), PM10 and PM2.5 have been analysed from Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) impactor for the period of January to December over the tropical urban environment, Hyderabad, India. The diurnal variation of PM, PM10 and PM2.5 shows a primary peak at 03:00 local time (LT) and then secondary peak at 10:00 LT followed by a nocturnal peak at 20:00 LT. Seasonal variations of PM, PM10 and PM2.5 suggest that the concentrations have been observed to be maximum during winter and minimum during monsoon. Average values of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations have been found to be -26 microgm(-3) and -18 microgm(-3) under ambient conditions over the study area. The results suggest that the PM10 concentrations were found to be well below the standards set by several environmental agencies whereas PM2.5 concentrations were found to be quite critical.     

深圳市部分幼儿园室内空气PM10、PM2.5、PM1.0浓度调查

目的了解深圳市部分幼儿园室内空气中可吸入颗粒物浓度。方法于2011年3—7月采用分层抽样抽取深圳市某区11所幼儿园共89间教室,采用DUSTMATE环境粉尘仪对空气中PM10、PM2.5、PM1.0浓度进行测定。结果PM10最大值为0.396 mg/m3,超出GB/T 18883—2002《室内空气质量标准》限值(<0.15 mg/m3)1.64倍;PM2.5最大值为0.137 mg/m3,超出美国EPA标准(<0.035 mg/m3)2.91倍;PM1.0最大值为0.063 mg/m3。工业区幼儿园教室空气中的PM10、PM2.5、PM1.0浓度均高于商业区和居民区,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论本次调查的深圳市部分幼儿园室内空气中PM10、PM2.5浓度较高,尤其是工业区幼儿园,应引起重视并采取综合控制措施。     

北京市采暖期PM2.5与PM10污染特征分析

目的:了解北京市采暖期大气颗粒物PM2,与PM10.的污染特征.方法:在北京市城区设置采样点,采集了2006年3月3～5日、6～8日、8～10日和12～14日PM2.5与PM10,对其中的8种水溶性离子、17种"酸提"元素、12种"水提‘元素、17种多环芳烃及有机碳、元素碳的含量进行了分析.结果:8种水溶性离子总浓度及含碳组分(有机碳 元素碳的质量浓度分别占PM2.5和PM10质量浓度的29.8%、17.5%和21.0%、14.6%;17种"酸提"元素总浓度分别占PM:,币PM..质量浓度的4.8%和5.8%;已测定的17种多环芳烃中以4环和5环为主,二者浓度之和分别占PM2.5与PM10中多环芳烃总浓度的84.9%和86.3%.结论:水溶性离子、含碳组分为采暖期PM2.5和PM10中的主要成分.     

沙尘天气期间大气PM2.5和PM10中部分元素浓度的变化特征

目的探讨沙尘天气期间大气颗粒物PM2.5和PM10质量浓度的变化及其部分元素浓度的变化特征。方法于2008年4月26日—6月11日,对北京和内蒙古阿拉善盟两地沙尘天气和非沙尘天气期间大气颗粒物进行采样,以重量法计算PM2.5和PM10的日均质量浓度,并用原子吸收光谱法、X荧光分析法对其部分元素浓度进行测定。采用Wilcoxon秩和检验比较沙尘天气和非沙尘天气PM2.5和PM10的质量浓度,采用富集因子分析颗粒物中金属组分的分布特征。结果沙尘天气发生时阿拉善盟大气PM2.5和PM10质量浓度出现相应的峰值,其远高于非沙尘天气PM2.5和PM10的平均值(P0.05);北京大气PM10质量浓度在沙尘天气高于非沙尘天气(P0.05),而PM2.5的质量浓度变化差异无统计学意义。且北京和阿拉善盟在沙尘天气和非沙尘天气颗粒物质量浓度的变化趋势相似。阿拉善盟大气PM10中常量元素(K、Ca、Na、Mg)和污染元素(Pb、Cr、Cd、As)的浓度在沙尘天气升高(P0.05),PM2.5中各元素浓度在沙尘天气升高,但差异无统计学意义。与非沙尘天气比较,沙尘天气北京大气PM10中Cd浓度升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);其他7种元素浓度升高,差异无统计学意义。北京大气PM2.5中Pb、As、Cd、K、Na元素浓度在沙尘天气降低,差异无统计学意义;PM2.5中Cr、Ca、Mg元素浓度在沙尘天气升高,差异无统计学意义。富集因子分析法显示,两个采样点富集因子大于1小于10的元素有Na、Mg、Cr,富集因子大于10的元素有Ca、Pb、As。结论沙尘天气时大气PM2.5和PM10的浓度显著升高;同时,其中的元素浓度在沙尘天气时也有上升的趋势。研究发现,污染元素Pb、As容易在粒径较小的PM2.5中聚集,并且主要受人为活动的影响,可能与沙尘天气无关联。     

北京市大气PM 10和PM2.5中多环芳烃组分的致突变性

目的研究北京市大气颗粒物中提取的多环芳烃组分的致突变性,并探讨采样点、粒径、季节对多环芳烃致突变活性的影响。方法于2005年7和12月从北京市工业区和商业区冬夏两季采集的可吸入颗粒物(PM10和PM2.5)样本中提取出多环芳烃。采用Ames试验检测该多环芳烃的致突变性。每个多环芳烃样本各设125、250和500μg/皿3个剂量,在加S9和不加S9条件下进行实验。结果受试多环芳烃组分在加S9和不加S9条件下均可引起TA98菌株发生回复突变增加,而且在加入活化系统S9后工业区样本的突变活性明显增加。随剂量增加,突变率升高,除部分低、中浓度组外,其他组的每皿回变菌落数为阴性对照的2倍或2倍以上;各组均存在明显的剂量-反应关系(P<0.01,P<0.05)。工业区多环芳烃样本的回变菌落数均高于商业区。冬季多环芳烃样本诱导的回变菌落数高于夏季样本。同剂量的PM2.5的多环芳烃样本诱导TA98菌株产生的回变菌落数大于PM10的多环芳烃样本。结论多环芳烃样本具有较强的致突变性并且以移码型突变为主。工业区多环芳烃样本主要是间接致突变物。工业区空气样本的多环芳烃组分的致突变性明显高于商业区。同剂量的PM2.5的多环芳烃组分的致突变性大于PM10。冬季颗粒物的多环芳烃组分的致突变性均比夏季组分致突变性强,并且商业区冬夏两季致突变性差异较工业区明显。     

PM2.5

＂PM2,5＂有一个容易理解的中文名——细颗粒物,是对空气中直径小于或等于2.5微米的固体颗粒或液滴的总称。这些颗粒如此细小,肉眼是看不到的,它们可以在空气中漂浮数天。人类纤细的头发直径大约是70微米,这就比最大的PM2.5还大了近三十倍。虽然自然过程也会产生PM2.5,但其主要来源还是人为排放。人类既直接排放PM2....     

Particulate matter measurements PM2.5 and PM10 in Rome: comparison indoor/outdoor

The concentration of airborne particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) was assessed over 12 months (1999-2000) both outdoor and indoor (workplaces and homes without major PM sources) through a manual gravimetric method. Mean concentration values outdoors were moderately lower than indoor concentrations in summer, but higher in winter. The correlations between outdoor and indoor values are statistically significant, especially for PM2.5 in winter. The position of indoor sites with respect to street level was immaterial as far as mean values is concerned, whilst maximum values presented some differences accordingly. Day-to-day variability was higher outside than inside, especially in winter. The PM2.5/PM10 ratio was higher indoors, probably owing to the higher sedimentation speed of the coarse fraction.     

PM10和PM2.5与人类健康效应关系的研究进展

悬浮在空气中的颗粒物,按其空气动力学直径的大小,可分为PM10和PM2.5。2006年,WHO推荐用PM2.5代替PM10作为空气颗粒物浓度的指标。大气颗粒物（PM2.5）中主要包含有机碳、元素碳及碳酸盐碳。建筑扬尘、土壤尘、民用污染（燃煤）和交通污染（机动车尾气排放）为主要来源。北京、上海、西安日PM2.5和PM10日超标浓度皆较高。风速与春季和冬季的PM2.5质量浓度之间呈负相关,PM2.5质量浓度随空气相对湿度增加而增大,相对湿度与PM2.5质量浓度之间有正相关;温度与PM2.5质量浓度之间则无明显相关性。大气PM2.5浓度的升高会引起全死因疾病死亡率、心血管疾病死亡率的增加。大气PM2.5浓度的升高与心血管疾病有关。建议采取加大环境污染企业的治理力度,此外应该降低大城市汽车数量。     

Airborne particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and associated metals in urban Turkey

Airborne particulate matter (PM) and associated metals were measured in a district of an industrial city in Western Turkey. We compared PM concentrations in Bursa, Turkey (Nilufer district) with international air quality standards. Turkish legislature adopted the EC Air Quality Framework in 2008, and compliance is required in the medium term. State-of-the-art reference methods were used for all measurements. A Partisol sampler measured urban background PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ between May 2007 and April 2008, and PM_2.5 samples were later analysed for selected metals using ICP-MS. Average PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ mass concentrations over the year were 53 and 83 μg/m³, respectively. The annual mean PM_2.5:PM₁₀ ratio in Bursa was 0.64. PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were highly correlated at the site (R?=?0.91 overall), especially in winter. In the cold seasons, the coarse and fine fractions were strongly correlated R?=?0.67 (p?<?0.1), while in the warm seasons, they were not (R?=?0.01). Sampler results correlated well with a nearby Government sampler. Current PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 levels in Bursa breach current and prospective EU air quality standards, with significant implications in public health.     

PM10和PM2.5危害、治理及标准体系的概况

悬浮在空气中的颗粒物,按其空气动力学直径的大小,可分为PM 10和PM 2.5.其中PM 2.5由于可直接进入肺泡、称为可吸入肺颗粒物,对人体具有更大危害作用;PM 2.5对心血管系统可以产生毒性作用,心肺疾病的日病死率增加与PM 2.5有密切的关系.PM 10和PM 2.5对天气和气候具有危害作用,例如可能降低大气能见度、显著减少日照、改变气温和降水模式、导致雾天增多等.为此,有必要对PM 10和PM2.5进行监测、治理和控制.分析发现,颗粒物的来源复杂多样,大城市的PM 2.5的主要来源为燃料的燃烧(以煤炭燃烧为主)及机动车尾气.PM 10和PM 2.5污染的治理需要从多个方面着手、多个部门通力协作、加强源头管理.目前,国内主要采用重量法对环境空气PM 10和PM 2.5进行测定,2012年修订的《环境空气质量标准》增加了PM 2.5环境质量标准限值,但是缺乏基于完整科学理论和足量实测数据的支撑,需要深入开展对PM2.5环境质量标准体系的研究,为空气质量管理和政策制定提供更多的信息.     

深圳市某区中小学教室可吸入颗粒物现况评价

目的了解深圳市某区中小学教室空气可吸入颗粒物状况,为改善中小学教学环境卫生状况提供科学依据。方法分层抽取深圳市某区19所中小学114个教室,采用DUSTMATE环境粉尘仪对PM 10,PM 2.5,PM 1.0进行检测。结果 PM 10最大值为0.418mg/m3,超出国家标准1.79倍;PM 2.5最大值为0.142 mg/m3,超出美国EPA新标准3.06倍;PM 1.0最大值为0.056 mg/m3。工业区中小学教室PM 10,PM 2.5,PM 1.0含量高于商业区和居民区,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。小学教室PM 10、PM 2.5合格率均高于中学教室;教室PM 10,PM 2.5含量随着楼层增加而下降,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。结论深圳市某区中小学教室颗粒物PM 10,PM 2.5,PM 1.0污染情况严重,应引起高度重视并采取综合控制措施。     

北京和阿拉善盟沙尘天气PM10和PM2.5中化学元素含量变化的研究

目的探讨北京地区沙尘暴期间PM10、PM2.5中所含化学元素含量变化的规律和特点。方法 2007年5—6月连续30d监测PM10、PM2.5浓度,每天24h连续采样,利用采样前后质量差值的差重法计算每日PM10、PM2.5的日均质量浓度。采用原子吸收光谱法,X-荧光分析法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测量颗粒物的金属元素。气象数据由当地气象局提供。结果北京市大气PM2.5中铝、锰、锶、钛、镍、钙、硅、铁、镁元素含量,PM10中铝、锰、钛、钙、硅、铁、镁元素含量低于阿拉善盟。北京市大气PM2.5中铜、锌、铅、砷、镐、钼、镉、钾、硼元素含量,PM10中铜、锌、铅、砷、镐、钼、镉、钾、钡、汞元素含量高于阿拉善盟。阿拉善盟地区沙尘天气大气PM2.5中镐、钼、镉、汞、铅、铜、锌元素含量,PM10中镐、钼、镉、汞、铅、硼元素含量,与非沙尘天气比较,差异没有统计学意义。其他元素含量在沙尘天气时出现浓度增高的现象,差异有统计学意义。北京地区沙尘天气PM2.5中铝、磷、锰、锶、钡、钛、镍、钙、硅、铁、镁、钠、镐、硼元素含量升高;沙尘天气PM10中铝、磷、锰、锶、钡、镍、钙、硅、铁、镁、钠、镐、硼、钛元素含量升高。沙尘天气时PM2.5和PM10中锌、铅、砷、镉、汞、铜元素含量降低。沙尘天气PM2.5和PM10中钼、钾元素含量与非沙尘天气比较,变化并不明显。结论北京出现沙尘天气时,对汽车尾气带来的锌、铅、铜3种元素的污染有一定的稀释和缓解作用。     

大气颗粒物PM10和PM2.5对人肺成纤维细胞及其炎性因子分泌的影响

目的 探讨大气颗粒物PM10和PM2.5对人肺成纤维细胞及其分泌肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-a)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)和白细胞介素8(IL-8)的影响.方法 于冬季采暖期采集颗粒物样品PM10和PM2.5,实验细胞为传代培养的人肺成纤维细胞,用剂量分别为25、50、100、200μg/ml的PM10和PM2.5对人肺成纤维细胞染毒24 h.采用四甲基偶氮唑盐微量酶反应比色法测定细胞毒性;放射免疫法测定炎性因子TNF-a、IL-6和IL-8.结果 25、50、100、200μg/ml的PM10作用于人肺成纤维细胞24 h后产生一定的毒性作用,低剂量时刺激细胞增殖,高剂量时抑制细胞增殖,各浓度时细胞存活率分别为118.80%,120.47%,107.42%,95.97%.25、50、100、200μg,/ml的PM2.5作用24 h后亦对人肺成纤维细胞产生一定的毒性作用,亦表现为低剂量时刺激细胞增殖,高剂量时抑制细胞增殖,各浓度时细胞存活率分别为107.81%,101.48%,91.86%,81.35%.PM10和PM2.5能刺激人肺成纤维细胞分泌炎性因子TNF-a、IL-6和IL-8,尤其200μg,/ml浓度时与对照组相比,各炎性分子浓度差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 大气颗粒物PM10和PM2.5对人肺成纤维细胞有一定毒性作用;PM10和PM2.5染毒24 h后能诱导人肺成纤维细胞分泌炎性因子TNF-a、IL-6、IL-8.