血管紧张素受体拮抗剂对于心房颤动防治的研究进展

心房颤动（atrial fibrillation,AF）是临床常见的疾病,它严重威胁着人体健康。血管紧张素受体拮抗剂（angiotensin-receptor blockers,ARB）是临床实践中的一类常见药物,对于特定的心血管疾病有着良好的疗效,同时还具有抑制和逆转心房重构的作用。本文就ARB对新发性AF和术后AF的防治效果与机制进行综述。     

血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂在心房颤动防治中的研究进展

心房颤动是临床上最常见的心律失常之一,抗心律失常药物因效果不佳且不良反应多,使其在心房颤动的防治中应用有限。血管紧张素Ⅱ通过促进心房纤维化,缩短心房有效不应期,延长房室传导,诱导细胞内Ca^2＋超负荷及炎症反应等,促进心房的电重构及组织重构,从而在心房颤动的发生和维持中起积极作用。越来越多的研究表明血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂在心房颤动的防治中具有广泛作用。     

血管紧张素Ⅱ受体及其受体拮抗剂研究进展

血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngⅡ）是肾素-血管紧张素系统（RAS）中最为重要的活性激素，它在高血压的病理生理中起着重要的作用。AngⅡ的作用通过细胞表面的AngⅡ受体介导，根据与不同受体拮抗剂的选择性可将其受体分为两个亚型：AT1受体和AT2受体。已知的AngⅡ的生理作用是由AT1受体介导的AT2受体的功能尚不清楚，在临床上主要有两种抑制RAS活性的药物；一是血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂（ACEI），它抑制AngⅡ的生成；二是AT1受体拮抗剂，它阻断AngⅡ相应受体的生理学作用。AT1受体拮抗剂的潜在临床实用性正在得到深入研究。     

血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂—缬沙坦研究进展

<正> 缬沙坦(Valsartan,CGP 48933,商品名Diovan)是由瑞士诺华制药公司研制的血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂类的新产品,其化学结构式见下图:     

血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂在心血管病的研究进展

肾素 血管紧张素系统 (ＲＡＳ)在调节人体血压、水和电解质平衡方面 ,起着极为重要的作用。但其过度的生理作用往往对人体造成不利的影响 ,因此人们正在研究各种ＲＡＳ阻滞剂。由于ＲＡＳ中的生理反应绝大多数是通过血管紧张素Ⅱ (ＡｎｇⅡ )受体介导的 ,ＡｎｇⅡ的受体拮抗剂 (ＡＴＲＡ)能从受体水平更完全的阻断ＡｎｇⅡ的作用 ,而且又无ＡＣＥＩ带来的咳嗽、血管性水肿等副作用 ,因此ＡＴＲＡ成为当今的研究热点。本文就将介绍这方面的研究进展。　　肾素 血管紧张素改变过去认为 ,肝脏合成血管紧张素原 ,在肾素作用下转变成血管紧张素Ｉ…     

血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂防治心力衰竭的研究进展

在心力衰竭（HF）发生发展的整个病理过程中肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统（RASS）起了极其主要的作用。尽管血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ACEI）明显改善了慢性HF的预后，但病情仍在继续发展。血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngⅡ）受体拮抗剂的问世针对防治心脏重构，改善HF预后的一些临床研究已被逐步得到了证实，肯定了AngⅡ受体拮抗剂治疗HF独特的生物药理效应和临床地位。     

常用血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂研究进展

血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂与血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体选择性结合,从而阻止多途径源性的血管紧张素Ⅱ生成,在高血压、心肌肥厚、心力衰竭、糖尿病肾病等治疗中发挥重要作用.现综述了该类药物在药物代谢、临床应用、禁忌证等方面的研究进展.     

血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂治疗心房颤动的临床研究进展

心房颤动(AF)在人群中的患病率正在不断增加,成为新世纪心血管疾病中一大新的流行疾病。迄今为止,在AF的有效治疗上仍存在着很多问题,尤其是如何在高危人群中采取措施预防它的发生及复律后窦性心律维持可谓基本空白。近年来许多研究发现,血管紧张素Ⅱ与AF的发生和维持有密切关系,血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂(ARA)具有减少AF的作用。该文从发病机理、临床治疗等方面阐述ARA对AF的作用。     

血管紧张素Ⅱ受体亚型Ⅰ拮抗剂应用的进展

血管紧张素Ⅱ受体亚型Ⅰ拮抗剂应用的进展麦炜颐马虹综述（中山医科大学附属第一医院心内科广州５１００８０）关键词受体，血管紧张素拮抗剂，血管紧张素受体肾素－血管紧张素系统（ＲＡＳ）是机体调节血压，维持体液平衡的重要系统。其中，血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡｎｇⅡ），对...     

房颤患者的抗凝治疗

1　房颤的流行病学特征及与脑卒中的关系心房颤动 (房颤 )是最常见的心律失常之一 ,它几乎见于所有的器质性心脏病 ,在非器质性心脏病也可发生。房颤不但发生率高 ,持续时间长 ,也可引起并发症 ,如心力衰竭和动脉栓塞。房颤发生率随年龄的增长而增加 ,约在 4 0岁房颤的发生率开始增加 ,6 1岁以上增加更明显[1] 。非瓣膜性房颤患者脑卒中的原因除左房血栓外 ,还包括动脉硬化、高血压、颅内出血和其它病因引起的心源性栓塞 (如主动脉碎屑、左室血栓等 )。非瓣膜性房颤的存在增加脑卒中的危险 5～ 6倍 ,年发病率约为 4 5 % [2 ] ,并且随年龄的…     

Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation

Warfarin is highly effective at reducing the risk of stroke in atrial fibrillation. The benefit of oral anticoagulant therapy strongly outweighs the risk in most patients with atrial fibrillation. More data are needed to define better the overall risk-to-benefit ratio for patients age 80 years and greater. Because a significant proportion of elderly individuals may not be optimal candidates for anticoagulant therapy, alternative stroke prevention strategies must continue to be evaluated while redoubling efforts to understand the mechanisms underlying atrial fibrillation and thrombogenesis.     

Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation is a common condition affecting elderly individuals; as many as 10% of people older than age 80 years have AF. AF is also a potent risk factor for ischemic stroke, raising the risk of stroke fivefold. A set of consistent randomized controlled trials has demonstrated that long-term anticoagulation can largely reverse the risk of stroke attributable to AF. In these trials, anticoagulation generally proved quite safe, raising the risk of intracranial hemorrhage by less than 0.5% per year. The anticoagulation target for AF is INR 2 to 3 with INR 2.5 as the specific goal. The trials were much less consistent about the efficacy of aspirin, although it seems that aspirin has a small stroke-preventive effect. The recommended dose of aspirin is 325 mg per day. Because it raises the risk of hemorrhage and adds the burden of frequent monitoring of INR values, anticoagulation is recommended for those patients with AF at higher risk of stroke. Such higher risk is conferred by the following risk factors: (1) a history of a prior stroke, TIA, or other systemic embolic event; (2) a history of hypertension; (3) diabetes mellitus; (4) left ventricular dysfunction; (5) mitral stenosis; and (6) older age. The exact age threshold conferring sufficiently increased risk is uncertain, with some research indicating the threshold should be age 65 years, and other research indicating the threshold should be age 75 years. For lower-risk patients, aspirin is recommended. Future research should focus on the oldest patients with AF. These individuals face the highest risk of ischemic stroke without anticoagulation and the highest risk of major hemorrhage with anticoagulation. Only small numbers of such elderly patients were included in the randomized trials. Future research should also focus on improved risk stratification, allowing better targeting of anticoagulation. Discoveries of new antithrombotic agents and new drugs and devices for preservation of sinus rhythm could radically improve stroke-preventive strategies for AF.     

Oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation

In the absence of contraindications, patients with atrial fibrillation and at least one major risk factor for stroke should receive long-term oral anticoagulant treatment to prevent atrial thrombus formation. Because age of more than 75 years is a major risk factor for stroke, but is also a risk factor for major bleeding, the decision to treat elderly patients with anticoagulants should be made on an individual basis.     

心房颤动治疗的最新进展

本文综述了心房颤动(Af)在治疗方面新的研究进展,主要从Af的转复和维持、控制心室率、预防血栓栓塞等三方面加以介绍。     

Magnesium therapy in new-onset atrial fibrillation

In new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF), digoxin has a limited ability to control ventricular response, is no better than placebo for facilitating conversion to sinus rhythm, and has a slow onset of action with a narrow toxic-therapeutic ratio.^1,2 Magnesium (Mg) has been shown to slow and sometimes normalize the heart rhythm in supraventricular tachyarrhythmias.^3,4 A randomized trial found Mg prevents AF in patients after cardiac surgery.5 Because of these factors, we conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study addressing whether Mg and digoxin were superior to digoxin alone in controlling the ventricular response of AE.     

心房颤动的药物治疗

心房颤动是成人最常见的心律失常之一。2000年美国心房颤动病人有230万。心房收缩功能的无序影响心脏做功、代谢和病人的生命质量,令卒中的危险性大增。本主要简述目前临床用于心脏复律为窦性的药物、控制过快心室率的药物和抗凝血药．列举其给药方案和不良反应。为临床医生针对病人具体情况合理制定个体化给药方案提供依据。本未涉及对因治疗的药物。鉴于心房颤动有多种病因,如心瓣膜病、心肌缺血或心肌梗死、肺栓塞、高血压、甲状腺功能亢进、充血性心力衰竭、电击伤、电解质紊乱、特发性心肌病、胃肠道出血引起交感神经张力升高和乙醇中毒等。临床医生应在处理心房颤动的同时注意去除引起心房颤动的相关危险因素。[第一段]     

Device therapy for atrial fibrillation

Currently, there are more therapeutic options available for AF patients with recurrent symptomatic AF episodes. The studies on the role of device therapy for AF have been promising thus far, but they have not achieved any of the goals of AF management. Based on large randomized clinical trials, patients with SSS should receive atrial-based pacing devices. Moderate sized randomized studies have shown minimal benefit of multi-site pacing in AF prevention, even when combined with antiarrhythmic agents. Alternative site pacing such as septal pacing (high or low), however, may be more advantageous, as it achieves similar results in terms of AF reduction with less hardware. The role of ATP in AF prevention is still in its infancy and will need further studies to determine its role in conjunction with antiarrhythmic agents. Furthermore, the role of radiofrequency ablation of pulmonary veins and other sites of AF initiation has been evolving and may be offered to more patients in the future. This approach may be more acceptable to patients and may gain wider acceptance for some groups of AF patients rather than device therapy. In any event, there is still a large role for pacemaker therapy in the management of AF, especially in patients who cannot benefit from curative ablation or surgery procedures, or patients who have failed these procedures, and particularly elderly patients who typically do not undergo these procedures. Based on current understanding, careful selection of pacing sites and pacing algorithms may help in reducing AF episodes in patients receiving devices.     

Nonpharmacologic therapy of atrial fibrillation

Management of atrial fibrillation, by far the most common sustained arrhythmia seen in clinical practice, is undergoing a profound reshaping, with a better definition of the role of different therapeutic strategies and an increasing impetus directed toward nonpharmacologic approaches for maintenance of sinus rhythm. Medical management using a primary strategy of rate control or rhythm control, along with anticoagulation in appropriate patients, remains the recommended initial treatment for patients who develop this arrhythmia. However, the increasing success of catheter ablation and surgical ablation for atrial fibrillation has led to more patients undergoing these procedures and at more advanced stages of disease. This paper discusses the mechanisms of atrial fibrillation as they relate to ablative strategies, and it reviews the methods and outcomes of various nonpharmacologic approaches to the treatment of atrial fibrillation.     

Lipid-altering therapy and atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common cardiac arrhythmia with significant morbidity and public health cost. Because of limitations of efficacy and safety of conventional antiarrhythmic agents, alternative therapies for AF are needed. The potential antiarrhythmic properties of lipid-altering therapy, including the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors and fish oils, are increasingly recognized, particularly in light of their potential anti-inflammatory properties. This review examines the known effects of lipid-altering therapy on atrial arrhythmias in both experimental and clinical settings. Inflammatory states, such as post-cardiac surgery and AF of recent onset, show promise as targets. In contrast, lipid-lowering therapy is less likely to affect longstanding persistent AF. Current recommendations for the use of lipid-altering therapy for prevention and treatment of AF are summarized.