颧种植体在上颌骨缺损重建中的应用探讨

目的：评价颧种植体结合血管化骨瓣修复上颌骨缺损的效果。方法：对4例上颌骨切除术后缺损患者,利用三维CT数据,借助CAD／CAM系统制作1：1大小的解剖模型,术前测量相关参数并制作精确种植模板。术中采用血管化骨肌皮瓣和骨结合牙种植体修复上颌骨缺损,利用上颌骨和颧骨的测量数据．结合定位模板共植入6枚颧种植体和7枚牙种植体,颧种植体结合血管化骨瓣重建上颌骨的形态和功能。结果：利用血管化骨瓣重建4例患者的上颌牙弓形态,使面中1／3得以恢复：在术前设计和术中植入6枚颧种植体和7枚常规种植体时．应用解剖学模型和外科模板,使种植体精确定位。结论：上颌骨术后缺损,可采用颧种植体重建颧上颌支柱,恢复面中1／3的形态：使用血管化骨瓣结合颧种植体,提高了上颌骨缺损修复的效果;颧上颌支柱的恢复,使he的稳定得到了保证．从而有利于美观和功能的恢复。     

血管化骨移植修复颌骨严重缺损并种植义齿修复

目的:颌骨外伤、肿瘤或其他疾病常导致上下颌骨严重缺损,此时如何重建口腔颌面部的形态和功能一直是口腔修复的难点和挑战。本研究旨在观察血管化骨移植修复颌骨缺损并种植义齿修复的临床效果。方法:对12例颌骨严重缺损患者行血管化髂骨肌瓣或血管化腓骨肌皮瓣修复骨缺损,对牙列缺损患者采用手术导板指导移植骨块的定位,7例患者在导板指导下行同期牙种植体植入术。5例患者在术后4～6月行延期牙种植体植入术。3～4月后行种植义齿修复,其中种植覆盖义齿4例,种植固定义齿8例。结果:所有病例的血管化自体骨移植均获成功。种植义齿修复后经3～24月的临床观察,X片显示种植体与移植骨间未见透射影,2例发生种植体周围软组织增生,患者对形态和功能恢复感到满意。结论:血管化骨移植并种植义齿修复用于颌骨严重缺损的功能重建可获得良好的临床效果,其远期疗效有待进一步观察。     

下颌骨缺损自体骨移植术后种植修复

目的：下颌骨缺损自体骨移植术后采用种植义齿修复。方法：6例髂骨移植患者，3例直接植入种植体；2例经颌骨骨块上置法植骨后植入种植体；1例经牵引成骨术增高牙槽突后植入种植体。2例腓骨移植患者，分别经腓骨上置法移植和牵引成骨术增高牙槽突后植入种植体。结果：8例患者最终都植入种植体，其中3例已完成上部义齿修复。结论：下颌骨缺损自体骨移植术后，常有牙槽突骨量不足，需行牙槽突Ⅱ期重建。上置法植骨和牵引成骨术能成功地重建牙槽突缺损骨量。     

颌骨重建中植入骨瓣的牙种植体预后研究进展

颌骨缺损的功能性重建应包括恢复颌骨连续性以及在此基础上进行的各类义齿修复等,以重建颌骨功能和颌面部美观。血管化自体骨移植后进行种植义齿修复是颌骨缺损重建的一种有效且前沿的治疗方法。目前已有大量研究报道血管化自体骨移植后进行种植修复的临床治疗效果。本文将聚焦颌骨缺损重建中植入骨瓣的牙种植体预后,重点介绍其研究进展,系统回顾植入骨瓣中种植体的生存率、并发症及影响预后的风险因素,为颌骨缺损重建中种植修复的预后评估及临床决策提供参考。     

口腔种植学

MDIC种植体颧骨种植在全上颌骨缺损功能重建中的应用／赵晋龙…∥实用口腔医学杂志．嵌贴式植骨术在牙槽嵴严重吸收患者牙种植术中的应用／周磊…∥中国口腔颌面外科杂志．鼻底骨移植同期人工牙种植术的疗效观察／黄建生…∥中国口腔颌面外科杂志．上颌窦内提升植骨及同期牙种植术中中空钻的应用／黄云飞…∥中华口腔医学杂志．     

自体髂骨游离移植同期人工牙种植修复下颌骨缺损二例报告

两例因下颌骨良性肿瘤行下颌骨部分切除的病例，采用自体髂骨游离移植，同期骨内种植体植入，用以修复颌骨缺损及牙列缺损，治疗效果良好，为非血管化移植骨上同期植入牙种植体可以达到骨愈合提供了直接证据。     

上颌骨缺损后常规种植体在颧骨种植中的应用

目的：探讨一侧上颌骨缺损后,在颧骨上应用常规牙种植体完成全口固定桥修复。方法：肿瘤术后一侧上颌骨缺损的上颌无牙颌患者5例,经三维CT检查和种植设计后,局麻下在口内切开患侧颧骨咬合面的软组织和骨膜,常规制备种植窝,每位患者的颧骨植入一枚常规种植体,严密缝合。三个月后二期手术接入加长的愈合基台,完成种植体支持的固定桥修复体,每年复查。结果：所有患者颧骨内的种植体和颌骨内种植体都形成骨结合,四年内种植体颈部骨吸收小于0.5mm/年,固定修复体无松动,咀嚼功能得到恢复,面部塌陷畸形有效矫正。结论：一侧上颌骨缺损后,颧骨上应用常规种植体的方法完成固定桥修复可以有效恢复咀嚼功能及面部容貌。     

血管化和非血管化骨移植种植体与骨结合的比较研究

本研究对骨结合式牙根种植体在血管化和非血管化骨移植中与骨结合过程进行了组织形态学观察和界面结合强度测试。结果表明:种植体在血管化骨移植中与骨的结合和与正常骨的结合相同。非血管化骨移植尽管发生“爬行替代”,但种植体仍能在种植后60天起,随着死骨的吸收,同长入的新骨产生有效的骨结合。种植后30天和60天,血管化骨移植的种植体—骨结合强度比非血管化骨移植的高,但到种植后90天和180天,两者强度相等,提示临床用非血管化骨移植修复下颌骨缺损的同时,可植入种植体以行功能性整复,但在进行上部结构修复的时间上,要比血管化骨移植适当延长。     

自体骨移植修复下颌骨缺损的应用和研究现状

下颌骨缺损颌面部常见的畸形，自体骨移植是下颌骨缺损最常用的修复方法。为了达到恢复功能和外形的治疗目的，近年来人们进行了积极尝试。非血管化自体骨合并牙根种植体同期植入整复颌骨缺损是较为理想的设计，目前尚存在争议。自体血管化骨移植使下颌骨缺损的修复技术取得了重大突破，各种血管一骨亦存在各自的优缺点。血管化自体骨合并种植体移植已在临床成功应用，使下颌骨整复同期恢复功能和外形成为可能。本文对上述方法的应用     

骨移植共同期或延期种植修复颌骨功能临床初探

目的:对2000年2月至2005年12月治疗的颌骨功能重建患者做回顾分析。方法:对8例因良性肿瘤术后,创伤造成颌骨缺损患者,进行骨移植,同期或延期种植术;选择性应用骨粉和骨生长引导膜;角化牙根移植,义齿修复。结果:8例患者共植入38枚种植体,除1枚未实现骨愈合外,37枚修复重建全部成功,取得颌面部外形与功能均理想效果。结论:颌骨损伤后,采用非血管化和血管化骨游离移植,进行即刻或延期牙种植修复技术,能使患者取得颌骨功能性重建。     

Long-term results of mandibular reconstruction with autogenous bone grafts and oral implants after tumor resection

Objectives: (a) To evaluate retrospectively the clinical outcome of non‐vascularized bone grafts used for the reconstruction of mandibular defects following tumor resection; (b) to evaluate the clinical outcome of implants and implant‐supported prostheses placed in the reconstructed areas; and (c) to evaluate patients' satisfaction regarding function and esthetics after oral rehabilitation. Material and methods: In a 9‐year period (1995–2003), 29 patients affected by mandibular tumors involving to tooth bearing areas were treated by means of tumor resection and immediate or delayed reconstruction with autogenous non‐revascularized calvarial or iliac bone grafts. Among these patients, 16 patients were selected for dental rehabilitation of the lost dentition with implant‐supported 3fixed prosthese333s. For to 7 months later, the patients received 60 oral implants for the prosthetic rehabilitation of the reconstructed edentulous areas. Results: No total failure of the graft was observed, while partial loss of the graft was observed in one patient. The mean follow‐up of patients after the start of prosthetic loading of implants treated was 94 months (range: 36–132 months). Two patients dropped out of the follow‐up after 3 and 4 years of observation, respectively. Two implants were removed due to loss of osseointegration, while two implants, although still integrated, presented peri‐implant bone resorption values higher than those proposed by Albrektsson et al. for successful implants. Cumulative survival and success rates of implants were 96.7% and 93.3%, respectively. Conclusion: Results from this study demonstrated that bone defects following resection of mandibular tumors can be predictably reconstructed with autogenous bone grafts taken from the calvarium or the anterior iliac crest. It has also been shown that the long‐term survival and success rates of implants placed in the reconstructed areas (96.7% and 93.3%, respectively) may guarantee an excellent prognosis of implant‐supported prostheses.     

ITI种植体即刻植入血管化髂骨修复下颌骨缺损12例分析

目的:种植体植入血管化髂骨修复下颌骨缺损已成为一种常规治疗方法。本研究对一组ITI种植体即刻植入血管化髂骨后的效果进行评价。方法:对2000～2004年间12例患者共36枚ITI种植体植入血管化髂骨的情况进行研究。髂骨瓣移植完成即刻种植体植入,3～5个月愈合期后进行修复负载。结果:种植体植入髂骨后初期稳定性良好,经1年观察,垂直骨吸收<1m m,进入稳定状态。在观察期间无种植体失败。结论:血管化髂骨是下颌骨缺损修复安全的种植床。种植体支持的固定义齿和覆盖义齿修复,是下颌骨缺损可靠的修复方法。     

血管化髂骨移植与下颌骨的功能重建

目的 寻求下颌骨大范围缺损的修复和功能重建的方法。方法 ７例患者用旋髂深务管为蒂的游离髂骨移植同期植入纯钛螺旋状骨内种植体。结果 术后６个月Ｘ线显示：种植体与移植骨块有结合。义齿修复后,随访６－３６个月,种植体无松动。Ｘ线片未见种植边缘骨吸收;恢复了咀嚼、语言、外形等,结论 该方法能较好地解决下颌骨大范围缺损的功能性重建。     

骨移植复合种植义齿进行颌骨缺损功能重建的临床研究

目的评估对颌骨缺损患者行自体骨移植复合种植义齿修复重建的临床疗效。方法自2007—2012年,对11例因肿瘤、外伤造成颌骨缺损的患者,进行自体骨移植及延期植入种植体,并进行种植体支持的义齿修复,对修复后患者口颌系统的功能、外观进行评价和随访。结果本研究11例患者的自体移植骨均成活;共植入41枚种植体,除2例共4枚种植体发生种植体周围龈炎外,其余种植义齿功能及美观恢复均较理想。结论由外伤或肿瘤引起的颌骨缺损采取血管化或者非血管化自体骨移植,复合种植义齿的应用,能为患者恢复较好的外形和功能;种植体周围进行角化牙龈的移植有利于种植义齿耐受摩擦及咀嚼压力,并有利于维护种植体周围黏膜组织的健康。     

非血管化髂骨和下颌骨与钛种植体结合的比较研究

目的 :研究非血管化髂骨和下颌骨与钛种植体结合的组织学特点。方法 :12只杂种犬随机分为 6组。切取 15mm× 5mm的下颌骨骨质 ,将骨块移植于对侧下颌骨人工骨缺损区 ,然后切取同样大小的髂骨骨块 ,移植于下颌骨骨缺损区 ,同时植入 2枚钛种植体 ,用种植体固定骨块。术后不同时间点取材 ,组织学观察。结果 :髂骨移植后早期以溶解坏死为主 ,6周时开始重建 ,种植体为混合界面 ;12周时改建基本完成 ,种植体形成骨结合。而下颌骨移植后早期移植骨吸收不明显 ,只是哈佛氏管扩大 ,与种植体界面间未见新骨形成 ;12周时移植骨内出现新生骨 ,骨吸收停止 ,种植体为混合界面 ,界面有不成熟的新生骨沉积 ,新骨与原骨结合不紧。 18周 ,种植体形成骨结合。 2 4周 ,移植的髂骨和下颌骨与骨床均融为一体 ,下颌骨与髂骨相比整体致密。结论 :髂骨与下颌骨移植后的修复过程及它们与钛种植体的骨结合过程不同 ,但均能形成骨性结合。下颌骨与种植体形成骨结合的时间比髂骨长     

Tilting of posterior mandibular and maxillary implants for improved prosthesis support

Rehabilitation of atrophied edentulous arches with endosseous implants in the posterior regions is often associated with anatomic problems such as jaw shape and location of the mental loop, mandibular canal, and maxillary sinuses. The purpose of this investigation was to modify the method for implant placement in the posterior part of the jaws to extend fixed implant-connected prostheses further distally, and to reduce the length of cantilevers in complete-arch prostheses without transpositioning the mandibular nerve or performing bone grafting in the maxilla. Forty-seven consecutive patients were treated with implants (25 patients/36 mandibular implants, 22 patients/30 maxillary implants) placed in tilted positions. They were followed a mean of 40 months (mandibles) and 53 months (maxillae). In the mandible, implants close to the mental foramina were tilted posteriorly approximately 25 to 35 degrees. In the maxilla, the posterior implants were placed close to and parallel with the sinus walls and were titled anteriorly/posteriorly approximately 30 to 35 degrees. Patients gained a mean distance of 6.5 mm of prosthesis support in the mandible and 9.3 mm in the maxilla, as a result of implant tilting. There were no implant failures in mandibles. The cumulative success rates in the maxilla at 5 years were 98% for tilted implants and 93% for non-tilted implants. Paresthesias of the mental nerve were observed on 4 sides during the first 2 to 3 weeks after implant placement. Analysis of the load distribution in one mandibular case showed no significant difference between tilted and the non-tilted implants, and the improved prosthesis support was confirmed. Satisfactory medium-term results concerning osseointegration and significant extension of prosthesis support show that the method can be recommended. This technique may allow for longer implants to be placed with improved bone anchorage.     

The influence of mandibular dentition on implant failures in bone-grafted edentulous maxillae

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of mandibular dentition on the performance of maxillary implants prior to definitive prosthesis attachment in maxillae that have been reconstructed with autogenous bone grafts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of 90 consecutive patients, 31 men and 59 women, with a mean age of 57.4 years, was conducted. All patients underwent treatment planning to receive endosseous implants in the edentulous maxilla in conjunction with autogenous bone grafting. During the time from implant and/or bone graft placement until placement of the definitive restorations in the maxillae, the mandibular dentitions were recorded and categorized into 6 groups based upon the presence and distribution of teeth. RESULTS: Of 643 implants placed, 118 (18.4%) were lost between implant placement and definitive prosthesis placement. The type of mandibular dentition was significantly associated with implant failure during this time interval (P < .001). In particular, the patients with implants opposing unilateral occlusal support showed the highest rate of implant failure (43.8%, or 28 of 64 implants). Implants that opposed a mandibular implant-supported fixed prosthesis demonstrated an implant failure rate of 14.3% (10 of 70), and in patients with a removable mandibular denture, the implant failure rate was 6.2% (4 of 65 implants failed). The overall mean patient follow-up was 64.2 months. At 60 months, the cumulative implant failure rate based on the Kaplan-Meier method was 20.2%. DISCUSSION: Unfavorable concentration of forces on the maxilla may contribute to increased risk of implant failure. CONCLUSION: Effort should be made to create a favorable occlusion in the mandible, with attention being paid to broad distribution of occlusal contacts.     

功能性颌骨重建61例临床分析

目的:评价采用多种骨瓣进行功能性颌骨重建的临床效果。方法:61例颌骨缺损患者,首先应用多种骨瓣重建颌骨的连续性,然后植入骨结合种植体,利用种植义齿重建患者的咀嚼和发音功能。61例患者中,男39例,女22例,平均年龄48岁(20～61岁)。游离髂骨瓣32例,血管化腓骨瓣21例,单纯牵引成骨重建颌骨7例,其他骨瓣1例。共植入种植体247颗。种植固定义齿修复29例,种植体支持的活动义齿修复32例。结果:种植义齿修复完成后平均追踪49个月(6～114个月),种植体脱落6颗。1例患者在修复完成2年后因肿瘤复发死亡(含4颗种植体,不计入存活种植体)。至最后复查,共237颗种植体仍在行使功能,累计5年存活率为95.95%。结论:应用游离髂骨瓣、血管化腓骨瓣重建颌骨的连续性后,植入骨结合种植体,能够有效地重建患者的咀嚼、发音功能,近期效果满意。