Combined rhegmatogenous and traction retinal detachment in proliferative diabetic retinopathy: clinical manifestations and surgical outcome

BACKGROUND: Combined rhegmatogenous and traction retinal detachment (combined detachment) is a serious complication in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The common clinical findings and surgical results of this complication were investigated. METHODS: Forty eyes of 36 consecutive patients with combined detachment undergoing pars plana vitrectomy at a teaching hospital in a 4.5-year period were retrospectively reviewed. All cases had been followed up for at least 6 months. RESULTS: Only 10 of the 40 cases had a preoperative visual acuity better than finger counting vision. Extensive proliferation with multiple, thickened, plaque-like vitreoretinal adhesions and large areas of detachment were noted in 38 cases, 19 cases showing predominantly fibrous tissue and 19 cases presenting with predominantly active fibrovascular proliferation. Two cases had minimal fibrovascular proliferation. Retinal breaks were identified in 7 eyes (17.5%) before surgery and in 33 eyes (82.5%) during surgery. Thirty-seven eyes (92.5%) achieved long-term retinal reattachment. Silicone oil was used in 23 eyes (57.5%). Visual acuity improved in 28 eyes (70%), was unchanged in 6 (15%), and became worse in 6 (15%). In 19 eyes postoperative vision was better than 20/400. Multiple regression analysis showed preoperative visual acuity as the single factor associated with postoperative visual outcome. INTERPRETATION: Combined retinal detachment in proliferative diabetic retinopathy may occur during the stage of active fibrovascular proliferation or as a late complication. It is frequently associated with tightly adherent preretinal tissue and extensive detachment. Preoperative visual acuity best predicts visual prognosis.     

Preoperative prognostic factors in vitrectomy for severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy

PurposeTo investigate the preoperative prognostic factors contributing to extremely poor visual outcome in cases of proliferative diabetic retinopathy after a successful vitrectomy and an uneventful postoperative course.MethodsWe enrolled 28 consecutive eyes of 28 patients with poor preoperative visual acuity (VA), who underwent primary diabetic vitrectomy. The postoperative course was uneventful, and retinal attachment was achieved for at least 6 months in all cases. The cases were separated into the study group (postoperative VA < preoperative VA) and control group (postoperative VA ≥ preoperative VA). Preoperative factors including systemic diseases, demographic data, proliferative diabetic retinopathy severity, and neovascularization status were compared between the two groups. Significant risk factors for poor visual results were determined by logistic regression analysis.ResultsThe creatinine level was significantly higher in the study group (4.07 ± 4.15 mg/dL) than in the control group (1.23 ± 0.46 mg/dL; p = 0.003). Chronic macular detachment was noted in 7/10 eyes (70%) in the study group and in 1/18 eyes (5.6%) in the control group (p = 0.001). Broad fibrovascular proliferation extending to the periphery for more than two quadrants was found in 4/10 eyes (40%) in the study group and in none of the eyes in the control group (p = 0.016). Chronic macular detachment and broad fibrovascular proliferation were significantly associated with poor visual outcome in multiple logistic regression analysis.ConclusionPreoperative chronic macular detachment, broad fibrovascular proliferation, and poor renal function may indicate worse visual results after successful diabetic vitrectomy for cases with severe diabetic retinopathy.     

Reducing the incidence of early postoperative vitreous haemorrhage by preoperative intravitreal bevacizumab in vitrectomy for diabetic tractional retinal detachment

Acta Ophthalmol. 2010: 88: 635–640

Abstract.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate whether preoperative intravitreal injection of bevacizumab reduces early postoperative vitreous haemorrhage (VH) in vitrectomy for diabetic tractional retinal detachment. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of a consecutive, interventional case series. This included 29 eyes (27 patients) in the bevacizumab group and 40 eyes (37 patients) in the non‐bevacizumab group. For statistical analysis, each patient was assigned to one of four groups according to the haemostatic modalities used (group 1, none; group 2, only long‐acting gas; group 3, only preoperative intravitreal bevacizumab; group 4, both long‐acting gas and preoperative intravitreal bevacizumab). The primary outcome measure was the incidence of early postoperative VH. The secondary outcome measure was visual acuity (VA) at 1 month. Results: The incidence of early postoperative VH was highest in group 1 (63%), followed by group 2 (21%), group 3 (20%) and group 4 (5%). Group 3 showed the best visual recovery in the first month. All eyes in group 3 reached VA ≥ 1/100 at 1 month after the operation, compared with 44%, 29% and 42% in groups 1, 2 and 4, respectively. Conclusions: Preoperative intravitreal injection of bevacizumab may be useful for reducing early postoperative VH in vitrectomy for diabetic tractional retinal detachment. Eyes receiving preoperative intravitreal bevacizumab without the use of long‐acting gas achieved the best visual recovery at 1 month after the operation.     

黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离手术疗效分析

目的 探讨黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离的手术方法,以提高手术成功率和疗效。方法 采用单纯注气术、环扎加压注气术、玻璃体切割联合手术,并对手术疗效进行统计、分析。结果 １１６例黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离手术,治愈９９例,治愈率为８４．５％,其中Ⅰ级膜治愈率１００％,Ⅱ级膜治愈率９２．５％。Ⅲ级膜治愈率７６．６％。结论 依据膜形成程度选择合适的手术方法,可提高手术成功率及术后视力。     

Surgical and visual outcome following 20-gauge vitrectomy in proliferative diabetic retinopathy over a 10-year period, evidence for change in practice

Introduction

The study reports 10-year anatomical and visual outcome in patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for complications due to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).

Methods

Retrospective analysis of patients undergoing 20G PPV from January 1999 to May 2010 for tractional retinal detachment (TRD) and non-clearing vitreous hemorrhage (NCVH) secondary to PDR recorded prospectively on an electronic patient record. The primary aim was to study anatomical success and eyes with visual acuity (VA) of ≤0.3 logMAR at last follow-up.

Results

There were 346 eyes of 249 patients with mean age of 55.63 years and follow-up of 1.44 years. In all, 95.3% of eyes had a flat retina at final follow-up. Overall 136/346 (39.4%) eyes had final VA of logMAR ≤0.3 (Snellen 6/12) and 129 (37.3%) had logMAR ≥1.0 (Snellen 6/60). In all, 50/181 (27.6%) eyes with TRD and 84/165 (50.9%) with NCVH achieved final VA of ≤0.3 logMAR (Snellen 6/12). A total of 218 (63.1%) showed ≥0.3 logMAR improvement from baseline to last follow-up. Both preoperative VA and final postoperative (post-op) VA (P<0.001) improved significantly with each year from 1999 to 2010. The commonest peroperative complication was iatrogenic retinal tear formation (28.4%). This was a risk factor for the development of post-op retinal detachment, odds ratio: 3.90 (95% confidence interval: 1.91–7.97, P=0.0002). Silicone oil was used in 5.2% of patients at the primary procedure. In all, 9.2% required removal of non clearing post vitrectomy hemorrhage.

Conclusions

Outcomes from vitreoretinal surgery for complications of diabetic retinopathy have improved. In addition, the visual outcome after diabetic vitrectomy steadily improved over the 10-year period, which may in part be due to the move to operate on patients with better vision.     

黄斑孔性视网膜脱离的手术效果观察

目的探讨黄斑孔性视网膜脱离不同手术方法的效果。方法回顾分析59例（59眼）黄斑孔性视网膜脱离的手术效果。分为3组，第1组，无明显的黄斑前膜或增生性病变者行巩膜缩短联合玻璃体腔注气（C3F8或消毒空气）；第2组，有黄斑前膜或伴有增生性病变者行玻璃体切除联合C3F8填充术；第3组，黄斑孔为“白孔”者行玻璃体切除联合硅油填充术。结果第1组，巩膜缩短联合玻璃体腔注气28例中，15例黄斑孔闭合，视网膜复位，最高视力0．2；13例随访中黄斑孔再开，其中11例再行玻璃体切除联合C3F8填充或硅油填充。第2组，玻璃体切除联合C3F8填充术23例中，20例视网膜复位，最高视力0．3；2例再次手术后成功。第3组，玻璃体切除联合硅油填充术8例，在术后4～6月行硅油取出术，视网膜均复位，最高视力0．2。59例中最终手术成功56例（94．92％）。结论不同的术式对黄斑孔性视网膜脱离疗效不同。术前根据黄斑前膜形成与否及其程度，结合设备和技术条件选择合适的手术方法，可以取得较高的手术成功率。     

Development of macular holes in diabetic retinopathy with fibrovascular proliferation: Report of four cases

There are yet no reports in the literature describing the mechanism of macular hole (MH) formation associated with fibrovascular proliferation in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. We report four cases of MHs in diabetic retinopathy with fibrovascular proliferation; formation of MHs were studied using sequential pre-MH optical coherence tomography (OCT). In Case 1, initial OCT revealed tractional schisis and cysts with fovea detachment. An MH with bowl-shaped detachment was noted within 6 weeks. In Case 2, initial OCT revealed thickened posterior hyaloid membrane with vitreomacular traction. Five and a half years later, OCT showed MH formation with possible vitreomacular separation. Some epiretinal membrane was also noted in the macula area. In Case 3, initial OCT revealed tractional retinal elevation from the superonasal area to the fovea with macular thinning. An MH with detachment developed 7 weeks later. In Case 4, initial OCT revealed macula-involved retinal detachment with traction. An MH was noted 4 weeks later. The analysis of sequential OCT findings in these four cases suggests that strong vitreoretinal adhesion and traction of fibrovascular proliferation may induce an MH without going through the same evolutionary phases as those characteristic of idiopathic MHs.     

Avastin as an adjunct to vitrectomy in the management of severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a prospective case series

Purpose:  Bevacizumab (Avastin) is a monoclonal antibody which targets all isoforms of vascular endothelial growth factor A. Its potent anti-angiogenic effects have been shown to cause regression of neovascularization in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of Avastin as an adjunct to vitrectomy in the management of severe diabetic eye disease.
Methods:  Sixteen patients (18 eyes) with severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy were recruited into the study. All eyes underwent a single intravitreal injection of bevacizumab 1.25 mg in 0.05 mL prior to vitrectomy surgery for the management of tractional retinal detachment or vitreous haemorrhage due to severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
Results:  At 3 months, seven eyes had visual acuities which were better than baseline, four were unchanged and seven were worse. At 6 months, 14 eyes had visual acuities better than baseline, one was unchanged and three were worse. Seven of the 18 eyes (38.8%) had postoperative rebleeds, six of which required surgical washout.
Conclusion:  Avastin improved the ease of the surgery in these complex eyes and the early results are encouraging. We have found it to be particularly useful in diabetic eyes with traction detachments of short duration in which there is still active neovascularization.     

Encircling panretinal laser photocoagulation may prevent macular detachment after vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Macular detachment due to peripheral retinal tears that occur after pars plana vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy can result in severe visual loss despite successful retinal reattachment. The authors reviewed the records of three patients who developed peripheral sclerotomy-related rhegmatogenous retinal detachments one to six months after vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy, despite the absence of detectable sclerotomyrelated retinal tears by indirect ophthalmoscopy and scleral depression at the conclusion of surgery. All three patients had received standard panretinal laser photocoagulation in a complete encircling pattern either prior to or during the initial vitrectomy. Clinically or echographically, each patient was seen to have a partial or complete annual peripheral sclerotomy-related rhegmatogenous retinal detachment delimited to the equator. In each of these three cases, posterior extension of the peripheral retinal detachment into the macular area was prevented by the most anterior row of the photocoagulation scars. Standard panretinal laser photocoagulation applied in a complete encircling pattern may be useful in the prophylaxis of macular detachment from sclerotomy-related retinal tears that occur after vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy.     

Surgical management of diabetic tractional retinal detachments

Tractional retinal detachment is an end-stage form of diabetic retinopathy that occurs when contractile forces in the vitreous and neovascular tissue lead to the detachment of the neurosensory retina. We review the literature related to the management of this disease. Preoperative planning includes appropriate patient selection, diagnostic and prognostic imaging, and medical optimization with reduction of systemic risk factors. Use of antivascular endothelial growth factor for preoperative treatment has had significant benefits for tractional retinal detachment repair in improving surgical efficiency and outcomes. Advances in microsurgical instrumentation are discussed, with attention to small-gauge vitrectomy with improved flow dynamics, viewing strategies, and lighting allowing bimanual surgery. Special emphasis is placed on bimanual surgical technique, choice of tamponade, and the avoidance of iatrogenic damage. Complications and special considerations are further explored. Based on our compilation of relevant literature, we propose a surgical algorithm for the management of these complex patients.     

PDR及孔源性视网膜脱离玻璃体中PEDF的定量分析

目的定量测定色素上皮细胞衍生因子（PEDF）在增生型糖尿病视网膜病变（PDR）及孔源性视网膜脱离（RRD）患者玻璃体中的质量浓度，探讨其在PDR及RRD发病机制中的作用。方法采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附测定法定量检测56例PDR、11例RRD及9例对照组患者玻璃体中PEDF的质量浓度。结果PDR组、RRD组、对照组玻璃体中PEDF质量浓度分别为1．071、1.83、1.53μg／mL，PDR组玻璃体中PEDF质量浓度小于对照组（P〈0．05）及RRD组（P〈0．05）。RRD组玻璃体中PEDF质量浓度大于正常对照组（P〈0.05）。PDR组中Ⅳ期、Ⅴ期、Ⅵ期玻璃体中PEDF质量浓度分别为1．21、1．14、0．81μg／mL。Ⅵ期患者玻璃体中PEDF质量浓度小于Ⅳ期（P〈0.05）及Ⅴ期（P〈0．05）。结论PDR患者玻璃体中PEDF降低，随PDR患者眼底病变的加重，PEDF逐渐降低，PEDF降低与视网膜新生血管的形成有关，其在PDR中起着重要作用。RRD患者PEDF升高，PEDF可能在视网膜脱离的病变过程中起着神经营养作用。     

The outcomes of pars plana vitrectomy without endotamponade for tractional retinal detachment secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy

AIM: To evaluate the outcomes of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) without the use of an ocular tamponade in patients having tractional retinal detachment (TRD) secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).METHODS: It was an interventional study conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology, B.V. Hospital, Bahawalpur, Pakistan, from July 2011 to July 2012. A total of 75 patients (84 eyes) having TRD secondary to PDR were treated by PPV without using an ocular tamponade. All patients included in the study had a tractional retinal detachment secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy but didn’t have or develop retinal breaks before or during the study period. The surgical procedure included a PPV combined with the removal of the tractional retinal membranes and the application of endolaser photocoagulation to the retina. The mean follow-up period was 12 months.RESULTS:Successful retinal reattachement was observed in 78 of the operated eyes (92.8%). In these patients, the retina remained attached till the end of the one year follow-up period. Improvement in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was seen in 63 eyes (75%). The visual acuity remained unchanged in 9 eyes (10.7%). Mean improvement in BCVA was 2.00+1.24 at baseline to 1.24+1.22 (P<0.05) at the end of the follow-up period.CONCLUSION: In the absence of the retinal breaks, a TRD secondary to PDR can be successfully treated by pars plana vitrectomy without the use of an ocular tamponade.     

应用PFCL和内界膜剥离治疗黄斑裂孔伴视网膜脱离

目的：探讨在对黄斑裂孔伴视网膜脱离眼进行内界膜剥离中使用PFCL(过氟化碳液体)的手术技巧和手术效果。方法：本研究包括在2001—12／2002—108例(8眼)诊断为完全视网膜脱离伴黄斑裂孔患,年龄13～65(平均39)岁,男女比例5：3,近视组和非近视组各4眼。对患施行玻璃体切除术、ICG染色内界膜、手术中用PFCL使视网膜变平、内界膜剥离、气液交换以及在裂孔外围行眼内激光手术,并使用硅油或C3F8填充。结果：随访6～9(平均6．5)mo。非近视眼组随访结束时,3眼(75％)黄斑裂孔完全封闭,1眼(25％)裂孔变小,边缘变平。近视眼组4眼在随访结束时黄斑裂孔全部成功封闭。两组对照,在随访结束时,黄斑裂孔完全封闭为7眼(88％),未封闭但边缘变平1眼(12％)。结论：使用PFCL对于黄斑裂孔伴视网膜脱离眼行内界膜剥离非常有意义。     

硅油取出前视网膜脱离病因分析

目的；报告硅油取出前视网膜脱离发生率，并分析发生此视网膜脱离的有关病因。方法：选择增生性玻璃体视网膜病变（PVR）和增生型糖尿病视网膜病变患者行玻璃体切割联合硅油填充手术。结果：16眼中，有10眼在硅油取出前视网膜复位，6眼视网膜脱离，视网膜脱离发生率为37．5％，视力增进4眼（25％），不变8眼（50％），下降4眼（25％）。术后并发症为晶状体混浊加重（5眼，31％），继发性青光眼（2眼，13％），虹膜新生血管（1眼，6％），低眼压（2眼，13％），PVR加重（2眼，13％）。结论：硅油取出前视网膜脱离发生主要原因为原裂孔未封闭，新裂孔形成，视网膜表面增殖膜形成等。     

Advances in retinal imaging for diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema

Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema (DME) are leading causes of blindness throughout the world, and cause significant visual morbidity. Ocular imaging has played a significant role in the management of diabetic eye disease, and the advent of advanced imaging modalities will be of great value as our understanding of diabetic eye diseases increase, and the management options become increasingly varied and complex. Color fundus photography has established roles in screening for diabetic eye disease, early detection of progression, and monitoring of treatment response. Fluorescein angiography (FA) detects areas of capillary nonperfusion, as well as leakage from both microaneurysms and neovascularization. Recent advances in retinal imaging modalities complement traditional fundus photography and provide invaluable new information for clinicians. Ultra-widefield imaging, which can be used to produce both color fundus photographs and FAs, now allows unprecedented views of the posterior pole. The pathologies that are detected in the periphery of the retina have the potential to change the grading of disease severity, and may be of prognostic significance to disease progression. Studies have shown that peripheral ischemia may be related to the presence and severity of DME. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides structural detail of the retina, and the quantitative and qualitative features are useful in the monitoring of diabetic eye disease. A relatively recent innovation, OCT angiography, produces images of the fine blood vessels at the macula and optic disc, without the need for contrast agents. This paper will review the roles of each of these imaging modalities for diabetic eye disease.     

高度近视黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离的再次手术

目的 评价高度近视黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离再次手术的治疗效果。方法 对需再次手术的黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离17例17眼，其中11例是第1次经玻璃体切割联合膨胀气体填充后黄斑裂孔未闭合，6例是黄斑裂孔闭合后晚期复发的患者行玻璃体切割，彻底黄斑前膜剥离，2例行视网膜内界膜剥离，全部病例联合硅油内填充，11例术后补充氩激光光凝。结果 17例17眼黄斑裂孔闭合，视网膜全部复位，最终视力较术前提高。随访3—24个月，视网膜复位良好，无1眼复发。结论 黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离再次手术中彻底剥离黄斑前膜，剥离视网膜内界膜，硅油填充和激光光凝可有效封闭黄斑裂孔。     

增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变玻璃体手术后再出血原因分析

目的：探讨增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变(proliferative diabetic retinopathy，PDR)玻璃体视网膜手术后眼前段结构变化及再出血的原因。方法：应用超声生物显微镜(ultrasound biomicroscopic，UBM)检查PDR玻璃体视网膜手术后再出血的病例17例(17只眼)，并与非糖尿病视网膜病变玻璃体手术11例(11只眼)对比，了解眼前段结构变化的特点。结果：①PDR玻璃体手术后再次玻璃体出血者13例(13只眼)眼前段存在明显的纤维血管增生；4例(4只眼)无明显的纤维血管增生，仅表现为周边玻璃体混浊；②非糖尿病玻璃体手术无明显的纤维血管增生。结论：眼前段纤维血管增生是PDR玻璃体手术后再次发生玻璃体出血的原因之一，纤维血管增生有可能与巩膜切口处理不当有关。UBM检查是较好的诊断方法，也是再手术方法选择的依据。     

PFCL and ILM peeling in macular hole with retinal detachment

To investigate the early changes of retinal function in diabetic patients detected by multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG). ·METHODS: The first-order kernel responses of mfERG were recorded fromeyes of 33 normal control subjects, 63 diabetic patients without retinopathy and 43 diabetic patients with background retinopathy. The response densities and implicit times of N₁ and P₁ were compared among the control, diabetic patients without retinopathy and diabetic patients with retinopathy. ·RESULTS: The response densities of N1 and P1 in central 3 rings were reduced significantly in diabetic eyes with and without retinopathy. And the implicit times of N₁ and P₁ were delayed significantly only in diabetic eyes with retinopathy. ·CONCLUSION: mfERG can detect the early changes of retinal function quantitatively in diabetic patients. Analysis of response densities and implicit times of N₁ and P₁ can reflect the progress of local retinal dysfunction in diabetes     

糖尿病视网膜病变黄斑厚度及黄斑体积定量分析

目的:研究不同分期糖尿病视网膜病变患者黄斑厚度及黄斑体积的变化特点.方法:选取2016-01-01/2017-01-01于我院眼科门诊就诊的40例78眼糖尿病视网膜病变患者作为研究对象,根据糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)的国际临床分类法分为非增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变(non prolifertive dibetic retinopthy,NPDR)组20例40眼,增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变(prolifertive dibetic retinopthy,PDR)组20例38眼.全部研究对象进行光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography OCT)检查,以直径1、3、6mm ETDRS对黄斑区进行分区,分析随着糖尿病视网膜病变严重程度的增加,黄斑中心凹及其周围分区各象限视网膜厚度及体积的变化特点.结果:NPDR组及PDR组黄斑中心小凹的厚度(foveola thickness,FT)分别为252.57±31.36、362.47±20.81μm,分区中内环上方、鼻侧最厚,下方次之,颞侧最薄;外环鼻侧最厚,上方次之,颞侧、下方最薄;NPDR组黄斑中心凹厚度及分区各象限视网膜厚度数值均小于PDR组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).NPDR组及PDR组黄斑中心小凹处体积(V)分别为0.20±0.02、0.28±0.16mm3,分区中内环上方、鼻侧最大,下方次之,颞侧最小;外环鼻侧最大,上方次之,颞侧、下方最小;NPDR组黄斑中心凹体积及分区各象限视网膜体积数值均小于PDR组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:糖尿病视网膜病变患者黄斑中心凹及分区各象限视网膜厚度及体积变化与糖尿病视网膜病变的病程进展有关.利用OCT对不同分期糖尿病视网膜病变患者黄斑厚度及黄斑体积进行定量分析,了解随着糖尿病视网膜病变严重程度的增加,黄斑区及其周围分区视网膜形态学变化的特点,为更好地分析不同严重程度糖尿病视网膜病变黄斑部位结构改变提供临床研究依据.