妊娠对糖尿病视网膜病变影响的研究进展

妊娠对糖尿病性视网膜病变的影响与孕前视网膜病变状况有很大关系。妊娠被认为是糖尿病性视网膜病变恶化的一个主要危险因素。目前已经明确了妊娠期糖尿病性视网膜病变的一些危险因素，但是，对其发生机制却不甚明了。本研究就妊娠对糖尿病性视网膜影响的危险因素、妊娠与糖尿病性视网膜病变的相互关系以及妊娠期糖尿病视网膜病变的治疗作一综述。     

Developmental aspects of diabetic retinopathy during pregnancy]

The course of diabetic retinopathy (DR) was studied in 93 pregnant patients. Results were compared with data from 98 diabetic non pregnant women. Worsening of initial retinal lesions was observed in 16% of the pregnant group whereas only 6% of the control group showed a similar aggravation. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Argon laser panretinal photocoagulation of pre-proliferative and proliferative DR resulted in no subsequent DR-induced complications. On the other hand, the risk of appearance of DR and/or its worsening during pregnancy depends on initial network but mostly on the duration of diabetes mellitus. In conclusion, regular ophthalmologic examination of diabetic patients especially during pregnancy seems crucial for the early screening of any worsening. Furthermore, the importance of pregnancy planning is emphasized.     

Early worsening of diabetic retinopathy due to intensive glycaemic control

The prevalence of diabetes and diabetic retinopathy is increasing around the world. Glycaemic control is important in reducing the long‐term risk of complications of diabetes, however intensive glycaemic control, particularly in patients with longstanding and poorly controlled diabetes, is associated with the risk of early worsening of diabetic retinopathy and vision loss. We present two clinical cases to illustrate the presentation of early worsening and to highlight a role for intravitreal anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor therapies in ameliorating this phenomenon, as well as a review of the current understanding of this phenomenon. We emphasise the importance of identifying individuals at risk of early worsening of diabetic retinopathy and recommend regular ophthalmological review during the period of intensive glycaemic control to ensure optimal visual outcomes.     

2型糖尿病强化治疗中视网膜变坏的危险因素分析

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者强化治疗过程中视网膜变坏的相关危险因素.方法 对空腹血糖＞11.1 mmol/1或随机血糖＞13mmol/l的50例2型糖尿病患者进行强化治疗,强化治疗前和治疗后血糖达标进行眼科检查,糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathyDR)程度采用Wisconsin scale分级,DR加重2级及以上定义为糖尿病视网膜病变变坏,分析比较视网膜变坏组和无视网膜变坏组相关临床指标.结果 强化治疗显示出快速稳定的降血糖效果.与无视网膜变坏组比较,视网膜变坏组糖尿病病程长,合并糖尿病肾病和糖尿病视网膜病变严重.多因素Logistic回归分析显示强化治疗前糖尿病视网膜病变与视网膜变坏的发生呈正相关.结论 强化治疗前存在糖尿病视网膜病变是强化治疗过程中发生视网膜变坏的独立危险因素,其严重程度与视网膜变坏呈正相关.     

Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in self-reported diabetics among various ethnic groups and associated risk factors in North-East India: A hospital-based study

Purpose:To describe the prevalence and severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) among different ethnic groups of North-East India and to study the associated risk factors.Methods:In this hospital based cross sectional study 7,133 individuals among the age group of 20-79 years, attending the OPD, were screened for presence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) (HbA1c >7% or previously diagnosed). Among them, 780 (10.94%) had diabetes; they were evaluated for presence of any retinopathy (based on fundus photograph and fluorescein angiography), its grade (based on International DR severity scale), and risk factors. DR patients were further grouped into different ethnicities (Assamese, Bengali, minor tribes, and other immigrants).Results:Of the 780 patients with diabetes, 58 patients had type 1 DM and 722 patients had type 2 DM. The overall prevalence of DR was 30.0% with vision-threatening retinopathy and maculopathy being 10.00% and 4.49%, respectively. The prevalence of retinopathy range was the highest in the immigrants’ group (50.00% among type 1 DM and 44.93% among type 2 DM) and lowest in the tribal''s groups (16.67% among type 1 DM and 22.35% among type 2 DM). The risk factors showing significant association with DR were longer diabetes duration, older age, family history of diabetes, higher HbA1c level, associated hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and pregnancy state (P value <0.05).Conclusion:Every third patient with diabetes had some form of DR with Vision Threatening DR (VTDR) affecting every tenth patient. There was also a wide variation in the prevalence of DR among ethnic groups and this difference could not be attributed to variation in the known measurable risk factors among different ethnic groups, thus signifying the role of ethnicity in occurrence and severity of DR.     

糖尿病患者盲与低视力的流行病学调查

目的通过对上海市北新泾社区糖尿病患者眼部病变的流行病学调查,了解糖尿病患者盲与低视力的情况。方法对上海市长宁区北新泾社区糖尿病患者进行视力损伤眼病的流行病学调查,内容包括:问卷调查询问一般状况和生活习惯;全身情况的检查:血压、血糖;眼部检查:日常生活视力、小孔镜视力、裂隙灯检查、眼底镜检查、自动验光仪验光、免散瞳眼底照相机眼底照相。结果应有590人进行调查,实际调查共535人,其中盲的患病率为1．12％,低视力的患病率为9．91％。导致盲的首要病因是糖尿病视网膜病变,其次是白内障和其他视网膜病变,导致低视力首要病因是白内障,其次是屈光不正和糖尿病视网膜病变。结论北新泾地区糖尿病患者防盲工作重点是糖尿病视网膜病变、白内障以及屈光不正的防治。     

水通道蛋白1和4在糖尿病视网膜病变中的研究进展

糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy, DR)是最常见的视网膜血管病,是50岁以上人群主要致盲眼病之一.DR早期微血管细胞受到损害,微血管扩张、渗漏,形成微血管瘤,随后微血管闭塞,形成无灌注区,最终视网膜缺血缺氧形成新生血管,进入糖尿病视网膜病变增殖期(proliferative diabetic retinopathy, PDR).随着病情加重,将造成纤维血管膜的形成、视网膜前膜的纤维化加重,最终将造成牵拉性视网膜脱离.新近研究发现水通道蛋白1(aquaporin-1, AQP1)、水通道蛋白4(aquaporin-4, AQP4)在DR发生发展过程中起重要作用,导致视网膜内外屏障破坏,诱发视网膜水肿,参与新生血管形成,是视网膜新生血管形成过程中不可缺少的因子.     

玻璃体内注射bevacizumab治疗糖尿病视网膜病变

血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）在糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）的发生发展中起重要作用。通过一种特异的中和性抗VEGF抗体抑制VEGF的活性是治疗DR是一种有效的方法。就全长的人源化鼠单克隆抗VEGF中和抗体bevacizumab的生物学特性,玻璃体内注射该药的安全性、生物学效应,及其目前在DR治疗中的作用及应用情况进行综述。     

2型糖尿病住院患者糖尿病视网膜病变患病率及危险因素分析

目的调查40岁以上2型糖尿病(diabetic mellitus,DM)住院患者中糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)的患病率及危险因素,为DR的临床防治提供依据。方法选取2009年3月至7月广东省人民医院内分泌科住院的40岁以上的2型DM患者240例进行调查,内容包括患者的基本情况、相关病史资料、实验室检查以及眼部检查等,调查DR、增生性糖尿病视网膜病变、糖尿病黄斑水肿的患病率,分析并探讨影响DR发生、发展的危险因素。结果 DR、增生性糖尿病视网膜病变、糖尿病黄斑水肿患病率分别为35.00%、9.17%、7.92%。DM病程、收缩压、胆固醇、肌酐、尿素氮、24h尿白蛋白量、24h尿白蛋白浓度、尿微量蛋白浓度、胰岛素使用、合并周围神经病变、合并肾脏病变与DR的发生、发展有关。Logistic回归分析发现病程、24h尿白蛋白量、合并周围神经病变是DR发生、发展的独立危险因素。结论病程、24h尿白蛋白量、合并周围神经病变是DR发生、发展的独立危险因素。     

Complications of Intravitreal Injections in Patients with Diabetes

Abstract

Intravitreal injections for the treatment of retinal disorders and intraocular infection have become a common ophthalmic procedure, and injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents or steroids are frequently performed for the treatment of diabetic macular edema or other diabetic vascular pathology. Diabetic patients may be at higher risk of adverse events than non-diabetic individuals given frequent systemic co-morbidities, such as cardiovascular and renal disease, susceptibility to infection, and unique ocular pathology that includes fibrovascular proliferation. Fortunately, many associated complications, including endophthalmitis, are related to the injection procedure and can therefore be circumvented by careful attention to injection techniques. This review highlights the safety profile of intravitreal injections in patients with diabetes. Although diabetic patients may theoretically be at higher risk than non-diabetic patients for complications, a comprehensive review of the literature does not demonstrate substantial increased risk of intravitreal injections in patients with diabetes.     

Nationale Versorgungsleitlinie (NVL) Diabetische Retinopathie

The updated German clinical practice guidelines (second edition) describe the consensus recommendations for prevention and treatment of retinal complications secondary to diabetes. According to the updated numbers on epidemiology a further increase of persons affected is expected. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy is estimated to be 9–16?% in type 2 diabetes and 24–27?% in type 1 diabetes. A prolongation of the screening interval from 1 to 2 years is recommended for those patients with a lower risk of progression, when retinopathy has not already occurred and no increased systemic risk factors are present. Standardized documentation forms are the foundation for improved communication between the disciplines. If diabetic retinopathy is present, control examinations follow the stipulations of the ophthalmologist. The guidelines define scenarios when the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) is necessary, e.?g. diagnosis and follow-up of macular edema. Besides focal and panretinal laser therapy, the efficacy and risks of intravitreal operative pharmacotherapy are discussed. Focal laser coagulation is recommended for therapy of macular edema without foveal involvement and for macular edema with foveal involvement patients should be informed about the effective alternative forms of treatment. Panretinal laser coagulation is recommended for first line treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy and is optional for severe non-proliferative retinopathy.     

Diabetic retinopathy and pregnancy

Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy have reciprocal influences between them, therefore diabetes mellitus may complicate the course of pregnancy as well as pregnancy can worsen the performance of diabetes especially at the fundus oculi. Several factors seem to play a role in retinal neovascularization. Actually it’s not possible to understand the mechanisms underlying this progression. Moreover chronic hyperglycemia leads to several events such as: the activation of aldose reductase metabolic pathway, the activation of the diacylglycerol-protein kinase C, the non-enzymatic glycation of proteins with formation of advanced glycation endproducts and the increase of hexosamines pathway. Although every structure of the eye can be affected by diabetes, retinal tissue, with all its vessels, is particularly susceptible. Pregnancy may promote the onset of diabetic retinopathy, in about 10 % of cases, as well as contribute to its worsening when already present. The proliferative retinopathy must always be treated; treatment should be earlier in pregnant women compared to non-pregnant women. Pregnancy can also cause macular edema; it spontaneously regresses during the postpartum and therefore does not require immediate treatment. In summary, collaboration between the various specialists is primary to ensure the best outcomes for both mother’s health and sight, and fetus’ health.     

抗血管内皮生长因子药物治疗糖尿病视网膜病变的研究现状

糖尿病可引起眼内血管内皮生长因子（vascularendothelialgrowthfactor,VEGF）水平病理性升高,导致眼内新生血管形成、黄斑水肿的发生。抗VEGF药物最早被用于湿性年龄相关性黄斑变性,现也被试验性地用于糖尿病视网膜病变（diabeticretinopathy,DR）。VEGFl65选择性拮抗剂Pe—gaptanib与VEGF—A单抗Ranibizumab被批准玻璃体内注射,且对DR有较好的疗效;VEGF．A全长抗体Bevacizumab被标示外用于玻璃体内注射治疗DR,也能达到较好的效果;重组融合蛋白Aflibercept针对DR的疗效也得到一些试验的支持。玻璃体内注射抗VEGF药物治疗DR已被证实短期有效且安全,但其长期的疗效与安全性有待更多的大规模临床试验来验证。     

Cataract Surgery and its Complications in Diabetic Patients

Abstract

Diabetic patients are known to have an increased risk of cataract development and cataract surgery is a common surgical procedure for diabetic individuals. Cataract extraction (CE) in diabetic patients as compared to non-diabetic patients is associated with higher risks of reported complications such as capsular contraction and opacification as well as post-surgical worsening of macular edema (ME) and diabetic retinopathy (DR). In this paper, we review the pathogenesis of diabetic cataract, the risk factors contributing to cataract complications as well as DR progression, and assess preventive measures and treatment options for DR and ME following CE.     

Asymmetric diabetic retinopathy

Increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus warrants recognition of factors related to asymmetric diabetic retinopathy (DR). This thematic synthesis based on an iterative literature review conducted in Medline and Google Scholar pertaining to diabetes with coexistent asymmetry of retinopathy included 45 original articles, 21 case reports and series, and 18 review articles from 1965 to 2020. Asymmetric DR is defined as proliferative DR (PDR) in one eye and nonproliferative, preproliferative, background, or no DR in the other eye lasting for at least 2 years. It is observed in 5%–10% of patients with PDR. Associated factors can be divided into (i) vascular: carotid obstructive disease, ocular ischemic syndrome, and retinal vascular diseases; (ii) Inflammatory: uveitis, endophthalmitis, and Fuchs’ heterochromic cyclitis; (iii) degenerative: posterior vitreous detachment, high myopia and anisometropia, uveal coloboma, retinal detachment, retinitis pigmentosa, and chorioretinal atrophy and scarring; (iv) cataract surgery and vitrectomy; and (v) miscellaneous: elevated intraocular pressure, glaucoma, amblyopia, retinal detachment, and optic atrophy. The gamut of diagnostic modalities for asymmetric DR includes thorough ocular examination, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, fundus photography, fundus fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography, and newer modalities such as ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography angiography, along with a complete systemic evaluation and carotid Doppler studies. The differential diagnosis includes other causes of retinal neovascularization that may present in an asymmetric manner, such as sickle cell retinopathy, retinal vein occlusions, and featureless retina. This review discusses in detail the aforementioned considerations and draws a comprehensive picture of asymmetric DR in order to sensitize ophthalmologists to this important condition.     

Systemic considerations in the management of diabetic retinopathy.

PURPOSE: To highlight the systemic factors which affect onset and/or progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and to emphasize the role and responsibilities of ophthalmologists and other eye care providers to ensure that appropriate systemic medical evaluation of the patient with diabetes is being pursued. DESIGN: Literature review of publications relevant to diabetic retinopathy, blood glucose control, diabetes mellitus type, hypertension, renal disease, elevated serum lipids, exercise, pregnancy, anticoagulation, thrombolysis, smoking, anemia and antioxidant ingestion. FINDINGS: Intensive blood glucose control and control of systemic hypertension reduce the risk of new onset DR and slow the progression of existing DR. Severe DR may be an indicator of renal disease while severe renal disease and its treatment can affect the progression of DR. Elevated serum lipids are associated with macular exudate and moderate visual loss. Certain types of excessive exercise in patients with advanced stages of retinopathy may aggravate vitreous hemorrhage. During pregnancy, DR should be monitored closely as transient progression of DR can occur. Therapeutic anticoagulation and thrombolysis are not contraindicated at any stage of DR. Anemia can result in progression of DR, smoking in general should be discouraged, and the role of antioxidant therapy requires further study. CONCLUSIONS: Blindness from diabetic retinopathy is now largely preventable with timely detection and appropriate interventional therapy. Routine, repetitive, lifelong, expert clinical retinal examination is essential for the fundamental ophthalmic care of the patient with diabetes. However, diabetes mellitus is a systemic disease and thus optimal ophthalmic care must include diligent evaluation and treatment of concomitant systemic disorders that influence the development, progression and ultimate outcome of diabetic retinopathy. Optimization of these systemic considerations through an intensive, multi-disciplinary, healthcare team-based approach will maximize the ophthalmic and general health of these patients. Ophthalmologists and other eye care providers are critical members of this team with unique responsibilities to ensure that appropriate systemic medical evaluation is being pursued.     

精确评估和控制糖尿病视网膜病变的进展

我国成人糖尿病患病率已达到12.8%。糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）患者约占糖尿病人群的1/4~1/3。而重度非增生型DR、增生型DR和糖尿病黄斑水肿（DME）等威胁视力的晚期病变患者数量估计各在数百万之多。在系统性防控糖尿病及其并发症的基础上,控制中度和高危的非增生型病变向晚期病变发展是避免糖尿病盲的重要关口。应用DR严重...     

Progression of retinopathy during pregnancy in type 1 diabetes mellitus

PURPOSE: The incidence and risk factors for progression of retinopathy during pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus were retrospectively evaluated. METHODS: Fifty-four insulin-dependent diabetic patients at a teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia were followed throughout the pregnancy/puerperium with serial ophthalmic examination. Dilated fundus examination was performed in each trimester and puerperium. RESULTS: Progression of diabetic retinopathy in the study occurred in 13/54 (24%) patients--2/22 (9.1%) patients had no diabetic retinopathy initially, 4/20 (20%) had non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and 7/12 (58.3%) had proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Of the eight patients with PDR who had no laser treatment before pregnancy, six (75%) showed progression but only one of the four patients who had PDR and laser treatment prior to pregnancy experienced progression of retinopathy. Eight patients in total received panretinal photocoagulation to arrest the progression of retinal disease during pregnancy and only one of them had laser treatment prior to pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Laser photocoagulation for severe NPDR or early PDR prior to pregnancy may protect against rapid progression of PDR. Visual impairment resulting from progression of PDR can be prevented by aggressive laser treatment during pregnancy. Duration of diabetes>15 years, poor glycaemic control and hypertension are high-risk factors in the progression of diabetic retinopathy in pregnancy.     

γ-谷氨酰转肽酶水平与糖尿病视网膜病变的关系

目的：探讨血清γ-谷氨酰转肽酶（ GGT）与2型糖尿病合并视网膜病变（ DR）的相关性方法回顾性分析2型糖尿病住院患者406例的临床资料，根据GGT水平，采用四分位法由低到高分为ABCD四组，比较4组常规临床参数生化指标及GGT水平以及DR的发生率之间的差异，并行Logistic回归分析DR的独立危险因素。结果随着2型糖尿病患者血清GGT水平的不断升高，其DR的患病率也明显升高，差异有统计学意义（ P ＜0．05），且GGT水平与不同程度DR均有相关性（ P ＜0．05），多因素的Logistic回归分析表明血清GGT水平与甘油三酯（TG）、糖尿病病程、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）均是DR发生的独立危险因素。结论正常范围内血清GGT水平的升高与DR的发生明显相关，也是DR的一个独立危险因素。     

糖尿病视网膜病变发生危险因素的病例对照分析

目的探讨糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)发生的相关危险因素。方法收集107例糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)患者和不伴有视网膜病变的糖尿病(NDR)患者102例,分别就其可能诱发DR的危险因素如病程、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血压、血脂、纤维蛋白原水平和尿白蛋白等因素进行病例对照研究。结果通过单因素方差分析发现,糖尿病患者的病程长、空腹血糖升高、血中糖化血红蛋白升高、高血压病、尿白蛋白升高和血浆纤维蛋白原升高与DR的发病呈显著正相关,血清甘油三酯、胆固醇与DR发病无显显相关关系。结论糖尿病视网膜病变的发生和发展与患者的病程、血糖水平、糖化血红蛋白、合并高血压病、尿蛋白以及血浆纤维蛋白原水平升高有关,预防上述危险因素,可减少DR的发生发展。