季铵盐壳聚糖三维支架复合GNDF载间充质干细胞向神经样细胞分化

背景：壳聚糖类水凝胶因其良好的生物相容性、可降解性及对药物的缓释作用,作为支架材料近年来在组织损伤修复领域逐渐成为研究热点。 目的：探索大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞在季铵盐壳聚糖温敏凝胶支架上生长、向神经样细胞定向分化的可行性,为治疗神经系统损伤寻找理想的组织工程材料。 方法：季铵盐壳聚糖与β-甘油磷酸钠复合制成温敏凝胶,扫描电镜观察凝胶的三维结构,MTT法评价凝胶浸提液对骨髓间充质干细胞活力的影响;将牛血清白蛋白加载于凝胶支架,紫外光谱吸收法分析凝胶支架对牛血清白蛋白的缓释效果。接种大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞于凝胶支架,扫描电镜观察在支架缓释胶质细胞源性神经营养因子作用下,骨髓间充质干细胞的生长、分化情况,免疫荧光技术检测神经元烯醇化酶的表达。 结果与结论：季铵盐化壳聚糖与甘油磷酸钠复合所得凝胶支架,其多孔性特点明显,有温敏特性,对蛋白的缓释效果良好,承载大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞后,对其增殖无明显不利影响。在凝胶支架缓释的胶质细胞源性神经营养因子作用下,骨髓间充质干细胞呈现神经样细胞形态,表达神经元特异性标记物神经元烯醇化酶。说明季铵盐壳聚糖温敏凝胶对胶质细胞源性神经营养因子的缓释效果良好,其凝胶支架具有多孔径、良好生物相容性特点,可承载大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞体外生长和向神经元定向分化。     

甲基丙烯酰化透明质酸/脱细胞华通胶水凝胶支架的制备与表征

背景:随着组织工程为关节软骨损伤修复这一世界难题带来了新的希望,构建成分仿生的光固化3D打印水凝胶支架对软骨组织工程具有重要意义。目的:通过数字光处理3D打印技术构建成分仿生的甲基丙烯酰化透明质酸/脱细胞华通胶水凝胶支架,评价其生物相容性。方法:从人脐带中分离提取华通胶组织后进行脱细胞处理,冷冻干燥后磨成粉末,溶于PBS中制备50 g/L的脱细胞华通胶溶液。制备甲基丙烯酰化透明质酸,冻干后溶于PBS中制备50 g/L的甲基丙烯酰化透明质酸溶液。将脱细胞华通胶溶液与甲基丙烯酰化透明质酸溶液以体积比1∶1混合,加入光引发剂后作为生物墨水。通过数字光处理3D打印技术分别制备甲基丙烯酰化透明质酸水凝胶支架(记为HAMA水凝胶支架)与甲基丙烯酰化透明质酸/脱细胞华通胶水凝胶支架(记为HAMA/WJ水凝胶支架),表征支架的微观结构、溶胀性能、生物相容性与促软骨分化性能。结果与结论:①扫描电镜下见两组支架均呈三维立体的网状结构,其中HAMA/WJ水凝胶支架纤维连接更加均匀;两组支架均在10 h内达到溶胀平衡,HAMA/WJ水凝胶支架的平衡溶胀比低于HAMA水凝胶支架(P<0.05)。②CCK-8实验显示相较于HAMA水凝胶支架,HAMA/WJ水凝胶支架可促进骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖;死活染色显示骨髓间充质干细胞在两组支架上生长良好,并且HAMA/WJ水凝胶支架上的细胞立体分布均匀、细胞数量更多;鬼笔环肽染色显示相较于HAMA水凝胶支架,HAMA/WJ水凝胶支架上的骨髓间充质干细胞黏附与铺展更佳。③将骨髓间充质干细胞接种于两组支架后进行成软骨诱导培养,qRT-PCR检测结果显示,HAMA/WJ水凝胶支架组聚集蛋白聚糖、SOX9、Ⅱ型胶原mRNA表达量均高于HAMA水凝胶支架组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。④结果表明,数字光处理3D生物打印HAMA/WJ水凝胶支架可促进骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖、黏附及成软骨分化。     

丝素蛋白-壳聚糖支架复合骨髓间充质干细胞体内构建组织工程化软骨的生物相容性

文题释义： 生物相容性：是指生命体组织对非活性材料产生的一种性能,一般是指材料与宿主之间的相容性,包括组织相容性和血液相容性。 检测相容性的方法：是将支架材料与种子细胞在体外共培养,检测支架毒性、细胞活性、细胞增殖及细胞与支架的黏附情况等指标,该方法具有客观性强、可重复性强、影响因素相对简单及敏感性高等特点。 背景：课题组前期的研究中发现,丝素蛋白-壳聚糖支架材料复合诱导后骨髓间充质干细胞在兔体内能修复缺损的软骨组织,但对于该组织工程化软骨组织的生物相容性还未进一步研究。 目的：研究丝素蛋白-壳聚糖支架材料复合骨髓间充质干细胞在体内构建组织工程化软骨的生物相容性。 方法：使用丝素蛋白-壳聚糖按1∶1比例混合制备三维支架材料,提取兔骨髓间充质干细胞,将诱导后的骨髓间充质干细胞与丝素蛋白-壳聚糖支架构建修复体,再将修复体移植到兔关节软骨缺损模型中修复软骨组织。实验分为3组,实验组植入诱导后骨髓间充质干细胞+丝素蛋白-壳聚糖支架,对照组植入丝素蛋白-壳聚糖支架干预,空白组未植入修复体。 结果与结论：①实验成功制备丝素蛋白-壳聚糖三维支架材料及提取骨髓间充质干细胞,并构建软骨缺损的修复体,将修复体植入兔体内能成功修复缺损的软骨组织;②建模后2,4,8,12周,3组血常规、降钙素原、血沉、C-反应蛋白结果提示无明显的全身感染征象,3组血常规及肝肾功能各时间段比较差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);③一般观察、苏木精-伊红染色及扫描电镜观察：建模后12周,相比其他两组,实验组软骨缺损已修复,支架材料已吸收,修复组织周围未见炎性细胞,修复组织已正常组织整合良好;④结果证实,丝素蛋白-壳聚糖支架复合骨髓间充质干细胞在体内构建的组织工程化软骨具有良好的生物相容性。 ORCID: 0000-0002-8139-1175(佘荣峰) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程     

骨髓间充质干细胞复合温敏水凝胶支架的制备

背景：壳聚糖及其衍生物制备的支架对细胞迁移和神经轴突再生有重要作用。壳聚糖及其衍生物的组织相容性好,易使干细胞在其表面附着生长,在神经组织工程具有较为广阔的应用前景。 目的：制备适宜骨髓间充质干细胞生长的壳聚糖/壳聚糖季铵盐/甘油磷酸钠温敏性水凝胶细胞支架,观察骨髓间充质干细胞在细胞支架中的生长情况。 方法：将壳聚糖进行季铵盐化改性处理,通过傅里叶变换红外光谱分析谱检测确定其生成。实验以壳聚糖与壳聚糖季铵盐配比为8∶1成功制备出较为稳定的壳聚糖/壳聚糖季铵盐/甘油磷酸钠温敏性温敏水凝胶细胞支架,观察成胶情况,并进行生物安全性检测。 结果与结论：实验在傅里叶变换红外光图谱上发现了季铵基基团的特征峰。细胞毒性实验显示,水凝胶浸提液干预的大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞无毒性。急性全身毒性实验显示,浸提液对大鼠体质量增加无明显影响,支架生物安全性较好。扫描电镜观察显示,骨髓间充质干细胞在细胞支架中能正常的生长和增殖。结果证实,实验成功制备了壳聚糖/壳聚糖季铵盐/甘油磷酸钠温敏性水凝胶细胞支架,适合骨髓间充质干细胞生长和增殖。     

透明质酸水凝胶包裹骨髓间充质干细胞改善心肌梗死大鼠的心功能(Ⅱ)

文题释义：透明质酸：是一种线性的糖胺聚糖,在多种天然组织细胞外基质中含量丰富,参与细胞黏附、迁移、增殖及分化,在机体组织水分保持、关节润滑和损伤修复过程中发挥重要作用。透明质酸通过化学交联方法能形成具备一定特性和机械性能的水凝胶。可注射水凝胶修复梗死心肌的机制：①作为细胞移植的载体,通过其本身的黏滞性阻止因心脏跳动和静脉回流导致的细胞逃逸,提高移植细胞的滞留,并能为移植的细胞提供合适的三维立体生长环境,防止细胞的失巢凋亡,提高细胞的存活率;②作为蛋白或者生长因子的控制释放载体,防止这些生物活性分子被体内的酶降解,阻止其一过性释放,延长生物活性分子在体内的作用时间,并实现局部用药;③水凝胶通过材料堆积增加梗死区室壁厚度,提供力学支撑;④性能优良的水凝胶能为内源性修复创造条件,为干细胞植入提供附着支架;⑤水凝胶降解的活性生物片段招募内源性干细胞,促进心肌再生。背景：作者前期的研究结果显示透明质酸水凝胶包裹骨髓间充质干细胞可以改善大鼠心肌梗死后心功能。目的：探索透明质酸水凝胶包裹骨髓间充质干细胞对心肌梗死大鼠心肌组织学的影响。方法：分离培养雄性SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,然后用透明质酸水凝胶包裹骨髓间充质干细胞在培养皿中进行体外三维培养。结扎雌性SD大鼠左冠状动脉前降支制作心肌梗死模型,1周后行超声检测,将符合条件的大鼠随机分为4组：①PBS组(n=8);②水凝胶组(n=8);③细胞组(n=29);④细胞+水凝胶组(n=29)。造模1周后将模型鼠行二次开胸,按照分组将PBS、透明质酸水凝胶、骨髓间充质干细胞、透明质酸水凝胶包裹骨髓间充质干细胞注射到梗死边缘区及梗死区。移植后4周,苏木精-伊红染色、Masson染色及免疫组化染色评价心脏的血管再生、心肌保护以及心室重塑。结果与结论：①移植后4周,与PBS组相比,水凝胶组的梗死区室壁较厚,细胞组的心肌细胞肥大减轻及血管密度增高,水凝胶+细胞组的心室重塑减轻、存活心肌增多以及血管密度增高;②结果表明,在组织学水平,透明质酸水凝胶包裹骨髓间充质干细胞取得修复梗死心肌的最大效应。ORCID:0000-0002-3332-2642(商青青) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程     

去细胞肌肉生物支架与人脐带间充质干细胞的相容性

背景：去细胞肌肉生物支架联合人脐带间充质干细胞移植将是治疗脊髓损伤的一项重要措施。但两者是否具有良好的相容性,人脐带间充质干细胞能否在去细胞肌肉生物支架中长期存活并均匀分布,尚未得到证实。 目的：观察大鼠去细胞肌肉生物支架与人脐带间充质干细胞的相容性。 方法：改良化学法制备大鼠去细胞肌肉生物支架,将第3代人脐带间充质干细胞Hoechest33342荧光标记后分为3组进行实验,细胞+支架组、细胞+支架大鼠体内组和单纯细胞组。分别应用苏木精-伊红、Masson染色方法观察去细胞肌肉生物支架的组织形态,以荧光倒置相差显微镜和扫描电镜观察人脐带间充质干细胞的吸附和生长情况。 结果与结论：人脐带间充质干细胞与去细胞肌肉生物支架充分附着,生长增殖活跃,细胞在支架内分布均匀。细胞+支架体内组与细胞+支架组相比在移植后1-7 d人脐带间充质干细胞数量差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05),在移植14 d细胞+支架体内组人脐带间充质干细胞数量大于细胞+支架组(P < 0.05)。提示去细胞肌肉生物支架与人脐带间充质干细胞有较好的相容性,体内环境更有利于细胞增殖和两者融合。     

京尼平交联Ⅰ型胶原蛋白材料与人脂肪间充质干细胞的生物相容性

背景:京尼平的低毒性具有一定的种属和细胞特异性,人脂肪间充质干细胞与京尼平交联的Ⅰ型胶原蛋白支架材料的生物相容性对于应用两者构建组织工程脂肪至关重要。目的:评估人脂肪间充质干细胞与京尼平交联的Ⅰ型胶原蛋白支架材料的生物相容性。方法:分离培养人脂肪间充质干细胞,传代培养至第3代,接种于京尼平交联的Ⅰ型胶原蛋白支架材料上。MTT法评估人脂肪间充质干细胞在支架材料上的黏附和增殖情况,支架材料对细胞的毒性作用;光镜和电镜分别观察人脂肪间充质干细胞在支架材料上的黏附和生长过程,以及细胞形态学变化。结果与结论:人脂肪间充质干细胞接种于支架材料后,能够迅速在材料上黏附、增殖,其黏附率平均为86.5%;光镜和扫描电镜显示人脂肪间充质干细胞在支架材料上黏附性良好,随着时间的推移,细胞逐渐增多,可以迁移进入支架内部并均匀分布。结果表明京尼平对细胞的毒性低,交联后的支架材料与人脂肪间充质干细胞具有良好的体外生物相容性。     

骨髓间充质干细胞在纳米晶胶原基骨内生长以及成骨潜能

背景：纳米晶胶原基骨修复材料是根据仿生原理制备的纳米骨框架材料,其微结构和成分两方面都与天然骨有相似性 ,具有良好的生物相容性。 目的：研究兔骨髓间充质干细胞与纳米晶胶原基骨修复材料体外复合培养的结合程度,以及构建组织工程骨的可行性。 方法：分离兔骨髓间充质干细胞,体外培养、纯化,取第3代骨髓间充质干细胞与纳米晶胶原基骨修复材料体外复合培养,第3,7,20天后激光共聚焦和扫描电镜观察二者复合程度。 结果与结论：骨髓间充质干细胞和纳米晶胶原基骨修复材料复合良好,共聚焦显微镜和环境扫描电镜观察均可见细胞生长;纳米晶胶原基骨修复材料能够作为良好的支架,它能使骨髓间充质干细胞在其内稳定生长。提示骨髓间充质干细胞在纳米晶胶原基骨修复材料内能很好的生长,并且具有成骨潜能。     

胶原-壳聚糖支架材料与间充质干细胞的组织相容性

背景：近年来一些研究发现胶原蛋白-壳聚糖复合支架材料可作为神经组织工程的支架材料,但相关细胞相容性研究较少。 目的：观察兔骨髓间充质干细胞在胶原蛋白-壳聚糖复合支架材料表面生长及分化情况。 方法：分离培养兔骨髓间充质干细胞,无血清培养液培养,流式细胞仪检查细胞表型;然后,将其接种到凝胶支架材料表面(实验组)及多聚赖氨酸包被的盖玻片表面(对照组),神经诱导培养基内培养,倒置相差显微镜观察干细胞的生长及分化情况。 结果与结论：细胞表型为CD29⁺、CD44⁺、CD166⁺。倒置相差显微镜观察：实验组中,接种的骨髓间充质干细胞生长良好,7 d后可见有突起神经细胞,细胞生长情况与对照组未见有明显差别。证实胶原蛋白-壳聚糖复合支架材料对骨髓间充质干细胞有良好细胞相容性。     

人脐血间充质干细胞与β-磷酸三钙的生物相容性

背景：体内实验显示,β-磷酸三钙多孔陶瓷是较为理想的骨组织工程支架材料,但由于体内植入实验受多种因素的影响,不能很好反映细胞的生长、增殖和表型变化。 目的：观察体外人脐血间充质干细胞与β-磷酸三钙多孔陶瓷的生物相容性。 方法：将培养的第6代人脐血间充质干细胞悬液滴注入β-磷酸三钙内部进行复合,然后将干细胞-支架材料复合物置入含体积分数为10%胎牛血清的α-MEM培养体系中培养,于培养第4,8,12天电镜下观察人脐血间充质干细胞在材料表面及内部生长情况,采用MTT测试法绘制细胞生长曲线,并进行DNA含量、蛋白质含量测定。 结果与结论：人脐血间充质干细胞与β-磷酸三钙体外复合后能够在β-磷酸三钙支架材料表面及内部的孔隙内贴附,且生长良好,其DNA复制和蛋白合成功能不受β-磷酸三钙的影响。说明人脐血间充质干细胞和β-磷酸三钙支架材料生物相容性良好,二者可作为种子细胞和支架材料用于组织工程化骨与软骨的构建。     

Biomimetic macroporous PEG hydrogels as 3D scaffolds for the multiplication of human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells

Multiplication of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in vitro with current standard methods is limited and mostly insufficient for clinical applications of these cells. They quickly lose their multipotency in culture because of the fast onset of differentiation. In contrast, HSCs efficiently self-renew in their natural microenvironment (their niche) in the bone marrow. Therefore, engineering artificial bone marrow analogs is a promising biomaterial-based approach for culturing these cells. In the current study, a straight-forward, easy-to-use method for the production of biofunctionalized, macroporous hydrogel scaffolds that mimic the spongy architecture of trabecular bones was developed. As surrogates for cellular components of the niche, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from different sources (bone marrow and umbilical cord) and osteoblast-like cells were tested. MSCs from bone marrow had the strongest pro-proliferative effect on freshly isolated human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from umbilical cord blood. Co-culture in the pores of the three-dimensional hydrogel scaffold showed that the positive effect of MSCs on preservation of HSPC stemness was more pronounced in 3D than in standard 2D cell culture systems. Thus, the presented biomimetic scaffolds revealed to meet the basic requirements for creating artificial HSC niches.     

组织工程材料在修复心肌损伤中的应用研究进展

心肌梗死(MI)严重危及人类的健康,在治疗心血管疾病研究领域中,心肌组织缺乏自我修复能力是当前面临的挑战之一。现有的临床治疗手段无法恢复MI后病灶的心脏功能。心肌组织工程是修复受损心肌组织的重要潜在途径,组织工程材料可用于干细胞(骨髓间充质干细胞、胚胎干细胞等)、生长因子(VEGF、IL-7等)的递送以及模拟细胞外基质。该领域的主要研究包括支架材料、干细胞及生长因子等递送修复心肌,目前已取得显著进展。对近年来心肌组织工程材料作为递送载体修复受损心肌的不同应用形式进行综述,主要包括心脏补片、可注射水凝胶、三维多孔支架、心脏芯片和聚合物微胶囊等热点研究内容,并对组织工程材料的发展进行展望。     

Engineered pullulan-collagen composite dermal hydrogels improve early cutaneous wound healing

New strategies for skin regeneration are needed to address the significant medical burden caused by cutaneous wounds and disease. In this study, pullulan-collagen composite hydrogel matrices were fabricated using a salt-induced phase inversion technique, resulting in a structured yet soft scaffold for skin engineering. Salt crystallization induced interconnected pore formation, and modification of collagen concentration permitted regulation of scaffold pore size. Hydrogel architecture recapitulated the reticular distribution of human dermal matrix while maintaining flexible properties essential for skin applications. In vitro, collagen hydrogel scaffolds retained their open porous architecture and viably sustained human fibroblasts and murine mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial cells. In vivo, hydrogel-treated murine excisional wounds demonstrated improved wound closure, which was associated with increased recruitment of stromal cells and formation of vascularized granulation tissue. In conclusion, salt-induced phase inversion techniques can be used to create modifiable pullulan-collagen composite dermal scaffolds that augment early wound healing. These novel biomatrices can potentially serve as a structured delivery template for cells and biomolecules in regenerative skin applications.     

Bone tissue engineering with human mesenchymal stem cell sheets constructed using magnetite nanoparticles and magnetic force

An in vitro reconstruction of three-dimensional (3D) tissues without the use of scaffolds may be an alternative strategy for tissue engineering. We have developed a novel tissue engineering strategy, termed magnetic force-based tissue engineering (Mag-TE), in which magnetite cationic liposomes (MCLs) with a positive charge at the liposomal surface, and magnetic force were used to construct 3D tissue without scaffolds. In this study, human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) magnetically labeled with MCLs were seeded onto an ultra-low attachment culture surface, and a magnet (4000 G) was placed on the reverse side. The MSCs formed multilayered sheet-like structures after a 24-h culture period. MSCs in the sheets constructed by Mag-TE maintained an in vitro ability to differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, or chondrocytes after a 21-day culture period using each induction medium. Using an electromagnet, MSC sheets constructed by Mag-TE were harvested and transplanted into the bone defect in the crania of nude rats. Histological observation revealed that new bone surrounded by osteoblast-like cells was formed in the defect area 14 days after transplantation with MSC sheets, whereas no bone formation was observed in control rats without the transplant. These results indicated that Mag-TE could be used for the transplantation of MSC sheets using magnetite nanoparticles and magnetic force, providing novel methodology for bone tissue engineering.     

Review: mesenchymal stem cells: cell-based reconstructive therapy in orthopedics

Adult stem cells provide replacement and repair descendants for normal turnover or injured tissues. These cells have been isolated and expanded in culture, and their use for therapeutic strategies requires technologies not yet perfected. In the 1970s, the embryonic chick limb bud mesenchymal cell culture system provided data on the differentiation of cartilage, bone, and muscle. In the 1980s, we used this limb bud cell system as an assay for the purification of inductive factors in bone. In the 1990s, we used the expertise gained with embryonic mesenchymal progenitor cells in culture to develop the technology for isolating, expanding, and preserving the stem cell capacity of adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The 1990s brought us into the new field of tissue engineering, where we used MSCs with site-specific delivery vehicles to repair cartilage, bone, tendon, marrow stroma, muscle, and other connective tissues. In the beginning of the 21st century, we have made substantial advances: the most important is the development of a cell-coating technology, called painting, that allows us to introduce informational proteins to the outer surface of cells. These paints can serve as targeting addresses to specifically dock MSCs or other reparative cells to unique tissue addresses. The scientific and clinical challenge remains: to perfect cell-based tissue-engineering protocols to utilize the body's own rejuvenation capabilities by managing surgical implantations of scaffolds, bioactive factors, and reparative cells to regenerate damaged or diseased skeletal tissues.     

Engineering of extensor tendon complex by an ex vivo approach

Engineering of extensor tendon complex remains an unexplored area in tendon engineering research. In addition, less is known about the mechanism of mechanical loading in human tendon development and maturation. In the current study, an ex vivo approach was developed to investigate these issues. Human fetal extensor tenocytes were isolated, expanded and seeded on polyglycolic acid (PGA) fibers that formed a scaffold with a shape mimicking human extensor tendon complex. After in vitro culture for 6 weeks, 7 cell-scaffold constructs were further in vitro cultured with dynamic mechanical loading for another 6 weeks in a bioreactor. The other 14 constructs were in vivo implanted subcutaneously to nude mice for another 14 weeks. Seven of them were implanted without loading, whereas the other 7 were sutured to mouse fascia and animal movement provided a natural dynamic loading in vivo. The results demonstrated that human fetal cells could form an extensor tendon complex structure in vitro and become further matured in vivo by mechanical stimulation. In contrast to in vitro loaded and in vivo non-loaded tendons, in vivo loaded tendons exhibited bigger tissue volume, better aligned collagen fibers, more mature collagen fibril structure with D-band periodicity, and stronger mechanical properties. These findings indicate that an extensor tendon complex like structure is possible to generate by an ex vivo approach and in vivo mechanical loading might be an optimal niche for engineering functional extensor tendon.     

Effect of scaffold design on bone morphology in vitro

Silk fibroin is an important polymer for scaffold designs, forming biocompatible and mechanically robust biomaterials for bone, cartilage, and ligament tissue engineering. In the present work, 3D biomaterial matrices were fabricated from silk fibroin with controlled pore diameter and pore interconnectivity, and utilized to engineer bone starting from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). Osteogenic differentiation of hMSC seeded on these scaffolds resulted in extensive mineralization, alkaline phosphatase activity, and the formation of interconnected trabecular- or cortical-like mineralized networks as a function of the scaffold design utilized; allowing mineralized features of the tissue engineered bone to be dictated by the scaffold features used initially in the cell culture process. This approach to scaffold predictors of tissue structure expands the window of applications for silk fibroin-based biomaterials into the realm of directing the formation of complex tissue architecture. As a result of slow degradation inherent to silk fibroin, scaffolds preserved their initial morphology and provided a stable template during the mineralization phase of stem cells progressing through osteogenic differentiation and new extracellular matrix formation. The slow degradation feature also facilitated transport throughout the 3D scaffolds to foster improved homogeneity of new tissue, avoiding regions with decreased cellular density. The ability to direct bone morphology via scaffold design suggests new options in the use of biodegradable scaffolds to control in vitro engineered bone tissue outcomes.     

体外构建组织工程骨-软骨复合组织

背景：设计一体化、具有过渡结构的双层支架材料,复合软骨细胞、骨髓间充质细胞,有利于新生的骨与软骨组织之间形成良好界面。 目的：模仿自然骨-软骨基质构建复合支架,以软骨细胞和骨髓间充质干细胞为种子细胞,体外观察复合组织的成软骨及成骨能力。 方法：制备明胶-硫酸软骨素-透明质酸及明胶-陶瓷化骨多孔复合支架,构建自然骨-软骨基质复合支架,复合兔软骨细胞与骨髓间充质干细胞,分未成骨诱导与成骨诱导两组培养,并进行MTT、糖胺多糖含量、碱性磷酸酶活性检测,以及苏木精-伊红染色检测。 结果与结论：未成骨诱导与成骨诱导两组骨髓间充质干细胞增殖及糖胺多糖含量差异无显著性意义。未成骨诱导组碱性磷酸酶活性缓慢上升,成骨诱导组诱导后碱性磷酸酶活性迅速上升,14 d时达到稳定状态。两组苏木精-伊红染色结果无明显区别,均已形成含有双层组织的类似骨-软骨样组织,其间可见未降解支架形态,但由于基质形成不完善及支架未完全降解,此种结构不成熟,细胞分布不均匀,支架内部可见散在无细胞区域。证实采用两种细胞与双层结构的支架经体外分层复合能够形成组织工程骨软骨复合组织。     

Chondrogenic derivatives of embryonic stem cells seeded into 3D polycaprolactone scaffolds generated cartilage tissue in vivo

In spite of recent scientific advances, treatment and repair of cartilage using tissue engineering techniques remains challenging. The major constraint is the limited proliferative capacity of mature autologous chondrocytes used in the tissue engineering approach. This problem can be addressed by using stem cells, which can self-renew with greater proliferative potential. Cartilage tissue engineering using adult mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrows has met with limited success. In this study we explored cartilage tissue generation from embryonic stem cells (ESCs). ESCs were induced to differentiate into chondroprogenitors, capable of proliferating and subsequently differentiating into cartilage-producing cells. The chondrogenic cells expressed chondrocyte-specific markers and deposited extracellular matrix proteins, proteoglycans. ESC-derived chondrogenic cells and polycaprolactone scaffolds seeded with these cells implanted in mice (129 SvImJ) generated cartilage tissue in vivo. Postimplant analysis of the retrieved tissues demonstrated cartilage-like tissue formation in 3-4 weeks. The cells of retrieved tissues also expressed the chondrocyte-specific marker collagen II. These findings suggest that ESCs can be used for tissue engineering and cultivation of cartilage tissues.