免气囊分离器完全腹膜外腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术的初步体会(附21例报告)

目的：探讨免气囊分离器完全腹膜外腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术（totally extraperitoneal repair,TEP）的可行性、手术技巧和临床经验。方法：2005年6月至2007年5月为21例患者（23侧）行腹股沟疝免气囊分离器TEP,其中斜疝21侧,直疝、股疝各1侧。结果：所有患者均顺利完成手术,平均手术时间70min,术中平均出血16ml,术后平均住院5d。发生腹壁下血管游离5例次,腹壁气肿5例次,血肿或血清肿4例次,腹膜破损与神经感觉异常各3例次,膀胱损伤1例次。随访2—24个月,无复发。结论：免气囊分离器TEP安全可行,手术难点是正确分离腹膜外置入网片的腔隙。     

改良腹腔镜TEP与TAPP治疗腹股沟疝的有效性和安全性

目的探讨改良腹腔镜完全腹膜外疝修补术（TEP）和腹腔镜经腹腹膜前疝修补术（TAPP）治疗腹股沟疝的有效性和安全性。 方法回顾性分析2017年1月至2019年1月,肇庆市第一人民医院行改良腹腔镜TEP术治疗的55例腹股沟疝患者作为改良TEP组,同时收集同期行TAPP术治疗的55例腹股沟疝患者作为TAPP组。观察并比较2组的手术指标、住院指标、术中情况以及并发症发生情况。 结果改良TEP组患者的手术时间、恢复正常活动时间、住院时间均短于TAPP组,术中出血量、术后VAS评分、住院费用均低于TAPP组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。2组患者术中情况比较,其大出血、分破腹膜、分破疝囊、肠道损伤、损伤神经、损伤血管、游离腹壁下血管发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。改良TEP组近期及远期并发症发生率与TAPP组比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论TAPP,改良TEP治疗腹股沟疝,安全性良好,相较于TAPP,改良TEP可缩短手术时间,降低出血量,同时减轻术后疼痛,促进腹股沟疝患者术后恢复,降低住院费用,但其对术者要求较高,临床应根据实际情况进行选择。     

腹腔镜全腹膜外腹股沟疝修补术精索壁化的 解剖学观察及临床意义

目的:探索腹腔镜全腹膜外疝修补术(TEP)精索壁化正确的外科操作平面。方法:回顾分析为63例成人男性患者行TEP的临床资料,复习、再认识精索壁化的解剖学特点及意义。结果:手术均获成功,并发症少;腹横筋膜表面有网状或树枝状的微小血管分布;腹直肌后鞘连续性覆盖在腹膜下筋膜浅层表面;输精管及生殖血管位于腹膜下筋膜深浅层之间,腹膜与输精管、生殖血管表面的筋膜之间有天然的间隙,腹膜及腹膜下筋膜深层表面均有呈网状或树枝状的微小血管。结论:精索壁化的外科平面在腹膜与腹膜下筋膜深层之间;辨认这些重要的解剖标志——腹膜及筋膜结构表面的微小血管,以其为导向,可进行精准的外科操作,是TEP成功、降低术后并发症发生率的关键。     

腹腔镜TAPP和TEP治疗腹股沟嵌顿疝的临床应用研究

目的探讨腹腔镜腹膜前修补术(TAPP)和腹腔镜完全腹膜外修补术(TEP)治疗腹股沟嵌顿疝的安全性及临床效果。方法各选择2017年7月至2019年7月两年间采用TAPP和TEP术式治疗的腹股沟嵌顿疝病人50例,分为TAPP组(25例)和TEP组(25例),对比两组手术时间、出血量、膀胱损伤、精索血管损伤、输精管损伤情况,对比术后血清肿、术野感染、术后慢性疼痛、复发、术后尿潴留情况。结果两组在手术时间、术中出血量、术后血清肿发生相当,组间差异没有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组均无膀胱、精索及其血管损伤,无感染发生。平均随访10.4月无复发。结论相对于开放腹股沟嵌顿疝手术腹腔镜手术在探查嵌顿内容物血运情况可能更有优势,TAPP相对于TEP在游离腹膜前间隙,处理腹膜更有优势,适合初学者采用。     

免气囊分离器全腹膜外腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术(附44例报告)

目的：探讨免气囊分离器完全腹膜外腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术(TEP）的可行性，分析免气囊分离器TEP中常见的操作难点与失误及其对策。方法：自2003年11月～2005年1月，完成44例病人共51例次腹股沟疝的免气囊分离器TEP，其中斜疝37例次，直疝14例次。按斜、直疝分为两组．观察记录病人一般资料、体重指数(BMI)、分型、手术时间、术中出血量、术后出血量、术后住院时间、恢复日常活动时间、手术操作失误及并发症。结果：斜疝与直疝比较，除了斜疝组腹膜撕裂8例次显著大于直疝组3例次外(x^2=10．37．P=0.001)，两组年龄、BMI、手术时间、术中出血、术后出血、住院天数及恢复天数间的差异均无统计学意义。斜疝组发生腹壁下血管游离3例次，鞘膜积液4例次。两组广泛皮下气肿各有1例次。两组均未见术后神经性疼痛、腹股沟血肿和切口感染。全组随访时间1～14个月，无一例疝复发。结论：免气囊分离器TEP是安全、可行的，主要的操作失误和手术并发症有腹膜撕裂、腹壁下血管游离、皮下气肿以及鞘膜积液。     

腹腔镜完全腹膜外腹股沟疝修补术的临床体会(附68例次报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜完全腹膜外疝修补术(totally extraperitoneal,TEP)的手术方法及临床体会。方法:回顾分析2013年8月至2014年8月行68例次TEP的手术经验,回顾总结手术方法、术中关键点、难点及并发症情况。结果:67例次手术获得成功,1例中转腹腔镜经腹腹膜前疝修补术(transabdominal preperitoneal,TAPP)。单侧手术时间40~65 min,平均(48.8±5.25)min,双侧60~115 min,平均(76.3±6.45)min;腹膜破损6例,无腹壁下血管、精索血管、输精管损伤,无一例使用止痛剂及尿潴留发生。术后1~3 d出院,平均(2.7±0.63)d,患者术后第1、3、6个月均获电话随访,2例出现术后远端疝囊血清肿,经穿刺抽吸治疗后好转;无一例复发及发生切口感染、慢性疼痛、内脏损伤、感觉异常等并发症。结论:TEP是目前成人腹股沟疝修补术中较理想的术式,手术操作的要点与难点主要为腹膜外前间隙的建立、镜下解剖标记的辨认与合理应用、疝囊的处理及补片的放置。     

完全腹膜外疝修补术与经腹腹膜前疝修补术的临床疗效对比

目的：探讨完全腹膜外疝修补术（TEP）与经腹腹膜前疝修补术（TAPP）的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2013年5月,成都军区昆明总医院收治的腹股沟疝患者216例,均行TAPP或TEP。比较二组患者的手术后疼痛持续时间、并发症及复发情况、住院时间及住院费用。结果 TAPP和TEP组术后疼痛持续时间（｜Z｜＝0．563,P＝0．574）、术后住院时间（｜Z｜＝0．497,P＝0．619）的比较差异均无统计学意义,术后TAPP组复发（对侧复发）1例,TEP组无复发,差异无统计学意义（χ2＝0．718,P＝0．397）;TEP组并发皮下气肿1例,占全部TEP患者总数的1．11％,TAPP组无气肿发生;TAPP组住院费用（8908±611元）低于 TEP组（9123±580元）,差异有统计学意义（F＝24．266,P＝0．003）。结论 TAPP与TEP在临床疗效上无差别,但在住院费用上,TAPP相较比TEP稍少,可依据患者经济水平、意愿以及术者水平等综合选择不同的手术方式。     

疝囊主动切开技术在腹股沟斜疝腹腔镜完全腹膜外疝修补术中的应用

目的探讨疝囊主动切开技术在成人腹股沟斜疝腹腔镜完全腹膜外疝修补术（TEP）中的应用价值及临床效果。 方法回顾性分析2018年3月至2020年7月在洪湖市人民医院行腹股沟斜疝TEP手术的225例患者的临床资料,按照疝囊分离方式不同分为2组。观察组患者103例,采取疝囊主动切开分离技术;对照组患者122例,采取疝囊剥离技术。对比分析2组患者手术时间、术后住院时间、术后12 h疼痛评分、手术室费用、术中副损伤（输精管、精索血管、肠管）、并发症发生率（血清肿、切口感染、慢性疼痛）等临床指标。 结果2组患者手术均顺利完成,无中转开放。观察组手术时间[（50.2±12.6）min]较对照组[（65.6±18.1）min]显著缩短,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05);2组患者术后住院时间、术后12 h疼痛评分、手术室费用比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;观察组较对照组术中副损伤明显减少,但是血清肿发生率明显增加,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。术后均随访6个月,2组患者均无肠梗阻、复发、慢性疼痛及补片感染等严重并发症发生。 结论TEP术中主动切开疝囊缩短了手术时间,其操作简单、安全可行,不会影响手术空间,尤其适用于病程较长或粘连严重的疝囊分离困难患者。     

腹腔镜完全腹膜外疝修补术中手指引导下逆向穿刺法建立腹膜前间隙临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜完全腹膜外疝修补术（TEP）中采用手指引导下逆向穿刺法建立腹膜前间隙方法的实用性、安全性。 方法回顾性分析2016年10月至2019年10月,北部战区总医院261例TEP手术治疗腹股沟疝患者临床资料,术中均采用手指引导下逆向穿刺法建立腹膜前间隙。 结果261例手术均成功完成,无中转开放手术,单侧建立腹膜前间隙时间（6.5±2.5）min。3例在逆向穿刺过程中出现肌肉出血,经压迫止血后出血停止;无腹壁下血管损伤、腹膜损伤及腹腔脏器损伤;无术后腹壁局部血肿。 结论TEP术中手指引导下建立腹膜前间隙可有效地避免损伤腹壁下血管、腹膜及腹腔内组织,操作安全、可靠、便于掌握。逆向穿刺法建立腹膜前间隙便于进入正确的层次进行操作。     

腹腔镜完全腹膜外疝修补术与改良Kugel疝修补术的临床对比分析

目的：比较腹腔镜完全腹膜外疝修补术（TEP）和改良Kugel疝修补术（Modify-Ku-gel）治疗腹股沟疝的安全性与有效性。方法回顾性分析我院2009年6月至2011年6月行腹膜前腹股沟疝修补术284例（312例次）患者的临床资料,其中TEP134例（152例次）,改良Kugel疝修补术150例（160例次）。比较两组平均手术时间、术后平均住院时间、术后并发症及术后复发。结果平均手术时间TEP组（48．75±12．14）min,改良Kugel组（51．46±24．76）min,两组间差异无统计学意义（P＝0．248）。术后平均住院时间 TEP 组为（5．23±1．85）d,改良 Kugel 组为（5．84±1．52）d,两者差异无统计学意义（P＝0．126）。术后并发症TEP组5例（3．3％）,改良Kugel组8例（5．0％）,两者差异无统计学意义（P＝0．598）,TEP组复发1例（0．7％）,改良Kugel组复发2例（1．3％）,两者差异无统计学意义（P＝1．00）。结论 TEP与改良Kugel术均为腹膜前疝修补手术,能完全修补腹股沟区耻骨肌孔的缺损,并且安全,有效,值得在临床推广。     

基于膜解剖的开放前入路腹膜前腹股沟疝修补术

目的通过对腹股沟区膜解剖的了解，辨认开放腹膜前入路手术的正确层面，减少术后复发率和并发症。 方法对2006年1月至2018年3月东莞茶山医院450例原发性腹股沟疝患者进行术中观察、组织学分析和术后长期随访。 结果腹股沟管有两个内环（中间环和内环）。进入Bogros间隙的"门户"是腹膜和腹膜前筋膜深层之间，而进入Retzius间隙的层面则是腹横筋膜和腹膜前筋膜浅层之间，这两个不连续的膜层面通过切开腹壁下血管处间隙韧带而贯通为一体的腹膜前间隙。术后随访平均53个月，慢性疼痛发生率和复发率均低于1%。 结论熟悉腹股沟区膜结构的解剖有助于提高开放腹膜前疝修补术的安全性和可靠性，减少手术并发症和复发率。     

腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术的初期应用体会

目的:探讨初期开展腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术的注意事项,术中、术后常见并发症及其处理措施。方法:回顾分析2012年10月至2013年5月为21例患者行腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术的临床资料,其中19例行全腹膜外疝修补术(totally extraperitoneal,TEP),2例行经腹腹膜前疝修补术(transabdominal preperitoneal,TAPP)。结果:1例TEP患者中转行TAPP。手术时间TEP平均(92±41.38)min,TAPP平均(122±26.38)min,术中腹壁下血管损伤1例,腹膜撕裂5例,均无血清肿、内脏损伤、尿潴留及输精管损伤,未见切口及深部创面感染,术后未使用止痛剂。患者均于术后第1天恢复正常饮食并下床活动。患者术后第1、3、6个月获得电话随访,无腹股沟区慢性疼痛及复发。结论:熟悉、掌握腹腔镜下腹膜前间隙及其重要结构、选择合适的手术方式是避免腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术中、术后并发症发生的关键。     

腹腔镜经腹腔腹膜前疝修补术218例报告

目的：探讨成人腹股沟疝行腹腔镜经腹腔腹膜前疝修补术（transabdominal preperitoneal,TAPP）的安全性、实用性及简便性。方法：为218例成人腹股沟疝患者行TAPP,术中将操作加以改良。环形切开内环口周围腹膜并向头侧方向分离腹膜瓣,常规游离腹壁下血管、精索血管及输精管,将补片一侧剪开后穿过并包绕腹壁下血管、精索血管及输精管,钉夹固定补片,用扳直的圆针1-0可吸收线外荷包缝合内环口周围腹膜瓣一周后收紧打结。结果：218例手术均获成功,手术时间平均（50±15）min,术后2-4 d出院,出血量5-10 ml。术后8例发生外环口皮下积液或积血,经穿刺抽液、抽血后痊愈;2例肠麻痹,经对症处理后痊愈;无疝复发及其他并发症发生。结论：此术式治疗成人腹股沟疝操作更简便,更美观,分离腹股沟管后内侧壁间隙更容易,便于置入足够大的补片,利于防止术后复发,更符合腹股沟管缺损的解剖要求,修补更牢固,可显著降低术后复发率。     

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??Surgical management strategy of young inguinal hernia patients YANG Fu-quan. Department of Colorectum & Hernia Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
Abstract The treatment of young inguinal hernia should not only consider the choice of surgical repair methods, reducing the recurrence rate and the complications of operation, but also pay attention to the influence of the operation on the fertility function of the patients. Bassinni or Shouldice hernia repair method is good choice for tape??or ?? inguinal hernia. Tape ?? or recurrence hernia repair recommends tension-free hernia repair. It is best for all tension-free hernia repair method to choose biological mesh. Lichtenstein repair may choose biological mesh and light large pole mesh. Totally extraperatoneal (TEP) or transabdominal preperatoneal (TAPP) in young patients may also choose biological mesh. Huge hernia sac might be traversed and ligated to avoid injuring the spermatic cord vessels and vas deferens.     

腹股沟疝修补术中生殖功能损伤对策

不育、不孕及性功能障碍等生殖功能损伤是腹股沟疝修补术后的一种罕见并发症。男性腹股沟疝与精索解剖关系密切,精索血管损伤可以导致缺血性睾丸炎、睾丸萎缩以及内分泌功能障碍,输精管损伤可以导致梗阻性无精症,均可能引起不育。因此,各类腹股沟疝手术对于精索完整性的保护操作一直是强调的重点。此外,睾丸缺血、输精管损伤或梗阻还可能造成血睾屏障破坏,使机体产生抗精子抗体而导致免疫性不育,这也需要外科医生予以重视。     

Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair

Background: Despite numerous attempts to improve the techniques used for hernia repair, current published series show that recurrence rates are as high as 5-20%. The complexity of inguinal anatomy, combined with multiple potential areas of weakness, has contributed to the difficulty in preventing recurrences. However, the laparoscopic approach to inguinal herniorrhaphy has allowed clear visualization of all preperitoneal fascial planes and anatomic landmarks, as well as the hernia defect(s) and the peritoneal reflection. In the course of our performance of a series of 1,224 laparoscopic inguinal hernia repairs, we have developed a total extraperitoneal approach that yields excellent results with a low initial recurrence rate. Herein we describe our experience. Methods: After our initial 300 transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) hernia repairs, which resulted in six recurrences, two bowel injuries, one bladder injury, and six cutaneous nerve injuries, the total extraperitoneal approach (TEP) was adopted. Results: The first 300 TEP repairs resulted in one recurrence, two bowel injuries, one bladder injury, and two cutaneous nerve injuries. All major complications occurred in patients who had had previous lower abdominal surgery. In the last 624 TEP herniorrhaphies we implemented some modifications to the technique, especially for patients with previous lower abdominal surgery. In this group we recorded one bladder injury, no cutaneous nerve injuries, and one recurrence. Conclusions: The total extraperitoneal approach for laparoscopic herniorrhaphy allows for a safe and effective repair with low rates of complication and recurrence. A thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the extraperitoneal space and especially the two- and three-dimensional inguinal anatomy of this space contributed greatly to the evolution of our technique.     

Totally extraperitoneal repair of recurrent inguinal hernia

Background: A variety of procedures with substantial differences in results are employed to treat recurrent inguinal hernia. The advantages of totally extraperitoneal patch repair (TEP) are even more evident when it is applied to recurrent compared to primary hernias. To investigate the superiority of this method more closely, we reviewed our results obtained for recurrent inguinal hernias over a period of 2 years. Methods: We performed a prospective single-center study using data obtained in consecutive patients with recurrent inguinal hernia who were operated on in 1997 and 1998. Results: A total of 179 patients with recurrent inguinal hernia were recruited. Overall, 1329 patients with inguinal hernia were treated in the 2-year period, of whom 1270 underwent TEP. The percentage of recurrent hernias was 14%. The average age of the patients was 56 years. The follow-up rate was 87.5%, and the mean follow-up period was 2.3 years. The 154 patients who were followed up underwent a total of 225 hernia repairs, of which 181 were for recurrent hernias. The average operating time was 57 min. In 68% (104/154) of the patients, adhesions, adherent epigastric vessels, or cicatricial changes were found, which resulted in the inadvertant opening of the peritoneum in 26.3% of the patients. All the openings in the peritoneum were closed by endoscopic suturing. Intraoperative complications developed in 4 patients (2.3%), including one injury to the bladder and three cases of bleeding from side branches of the epigastric vessels. The conversion rate was 0%. The sole postoperative complication was treatment requiring hematomas in 7 patients, in 2 of whom reoperation became necessary. In both cases, a diffuse hemorrhage due to a preoperatively undiagnosed coagulation disorder was found. No cases of wound or patch infection were observed. In a patient undergoing both primary and recurrent hernia repair, displacement of a mesh led to a recurrence on the primary hernia side (recurrence rate, 0.4%; re-recurrence rate, 0%). Conclusions: Although for its definitive management, recurrent hernia requires a reliable operative technique, current data do not support the recommendation of any of the currently available procedures as the gold standard. In a representative patient population with recurrent hernia, we were able to demonstrate that TEP achieves very good results in terms of re-recurrence rate, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and rehabilitation. Prerequisites for the reliable and low-complication application of the method are a high level of standardization of the procedure and an advanced learning curve. Presented at the 8th World Congress of Endoscopic Surgery SAGES, New York, NY, USA, 13–16 March 2002     

Total endoskopische präperitoneale Netzplastik bei primären und Rezidivleistenhernien Gibt es Unterschiede?

INTRODUCTION: Since 1994 we perform laparoscopic total extraperitoneal hernia repair (TEP) for primary and recurrent inguinal hernias at our institution. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the results of TEP in primary inguinal hernias and recurrent inguinal hernias and to determine whether there are differences in patient data, complication rates and outcome between these two groups. METHODS: In a prospective trial 338 patients were analyzed who underwent 500 laparoscopic TEP repairs. In all, 431 TEP repairs were performed for primary inguinal hernias, and 69 for recurrent inguinal hernias. For data acquisition the SALTC study protocol was used. All patients were clinically examined 3 and 12 months after the operation. RESULTS: The mean operation time was 67.3 min for TEP repair of primary hernias and 68.1 min for TEP repair of recurrent hernias, respectively. The conversion rate to an open procedure was 0%. Conversion from TEP into TAPP was required in 0.5% of patients with primary inguinal hernias and 1.4% of patients with recurrent inguinal hernias. As the sole difference between the two groups the intraoperative complication rate could be identified. In the TEP repair group of recurrent inguinal hernias a higher incidence of injury to the peritoneum and a higher occurrence of bleeding from the epigastric vessels was found (P = 0.03). The postoperative complication rate was identical in the two groups, amounting to 5.1% and 5.7%, respectively. No differences were found in the 1 year follow-up between the two groups. The 1-year recurrence rate was 0.5% for primary hernias. However, in the group of recurrent hernias there have been no recurrences to date. CONCLUSIONS: The use of laparoscopic TEP repair has proven to be a safe and effective treatment in patients with primary and recurrent inguinal hernias. Because of scar tissue with possible adhesions a higher intraoperative complication rate was observed in the TEP repair of recurrent hernias than in TEP repair of primary inguinal hernias. However, no single recurrence was observed in the TEP repair group of recurrent hernias. In our opinion TEP is the optimal hernia repair for recurrent and bilateral inguinal hernias.