卒中后失语症类型及其影响因素分析

目的 通过探讨性别、年龄、病变部位及卒中病因等与失语症类型之间的关系，探索影响卒中后失
语类型的因素。
方法 回顾性分析2004年1月-2018年12月于首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院就诊、因语言障碍进行
西部失语成套测验（western aphasia battery，WAB）的卒中后失语症患者临床资料。分析失语症类型与
性别、年龄、卒中类型、卒中病因及发病机制之间的关系。
结果 共纳入失语症患者681例，按照失语症类型分为完全性失语（global aphasia，GA）（n =185）、
运动性失语（broca’s aphasia，BA）（n =148）、经皮质混合性失语（mixed transcortical aphasia，MTCA）
（n =30）、经皮质运动性失语（transcortical motor aphasia，TCMA）（n =67）、感觉性失语（werni cke’s
aphasia，WA）（n =69）、经皮质感觉性失语（transcortical sensor aphasia，TCSA）（n =21）、传导性失
语（conduction aphasia，CA）（n =32）和命名性失语（anomic aphasia，NA）（n =129）。将患者分为青年组
（18～44岁）、中年组（45～59岁）、老年组（≥60岁），校正其他因素影响后，三组人群间失语症类型
无统计学差异。男性和女性患者的失语症类型也无统计学差异。各类型失语症患者的病变部位具有
异质性，除合并经典语言区损伤外，还可合并左侧基底节及丘脑损伤。在脑出血所致的各类型失语
症患者中，最常见的病因均为高血压（77.8%～100.0%）。脑梗死后GA患者中，最常见的卒中发病机制
是混合型（42.4%）和动脉-动脉栓塞（27.3%），而BA、WA及CA患者以动脉-动脉栓塞（分别占51.5%，
71.4%和40.0%）最常见，TCMA、TCSA及NA以低灌注/栓子清除能力下降（分别占65.9%，58.3%和
38.4%）最常见。
结论 年龄及性别对失语症类型均无明显影响。男性和女性患者均以GA、BA和NA最为常见。病变
部位对失语症类型具有重要影响，卒中病因及发病机制对失语症类型的影响可能与特定血管及血管
供血区损伤有关。     

性别、年龄、卒中类型与卒中后失语症类型的相关性分析

【摘要】
目的 本文旨在探讨性别、年龄、卒中类型和卒中后失语症分类间的关系。
方法 回顾性分析2005年7月～2012年7月首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院收治的符合病例入排标准的421例急性卒中患者,应用北京大学第一医院神经内科汉语失语检查法中的利手评定标准进行利手判定、西部失语成套测验进行失语症的分类及失语指数（Aphasia Quotient,AQ）评分,按照年龄不同分为青、中、老年三组,按卒中类型分为脑梗死及脑出血,结合不同性别观察失语症类型的分布情况,比较不同年龄、性别以及卒中类型间失语症类型分布有无差异。
结果 入选患者均为右利手,男性占69.60%,女性占30.40%。失语症类型如下：运动性失语116例（男85例,女31例）,感觉性失语35例（男20例,女15例）,传导性失语15例（男10例,女5例）,经皮质运动性失语63例（男50例,女13例）,经皮质感觉性失语11例（男8例,女3例）,经皮质混合性失语27例（男13例,女14例）,命名性失语73例（男47例,女26例）,完全性失语81例（男60例,女21例）,经统计学分析,男性卒中后失语症发生率（69.60%）明显高于女性（30.40%）（χ2=11.57,P=0.003）,尤以青中年（≤65岁）为主（73.38%）,老年期（>65岁）女性发生率逐渐升高（42.97%）,与男性差异逐渐缩小（26.28%）;性别对失语症类型无明显影响（χ2=13.84,P=0.054）,男女患者均以运动性失语最常见（分别为29.01%、24.22%）;各年龄组患者失语类型分布无明显差异（χ2=14.94,P=0.382）。脑梗死所致失语症患者较脑出血所致者更为多见（分别为306例和115例）,但在失语症类型分布上差异无显著性（χ2=13.23,P=0.067）,除女性脑出血患者外,均以运动性失语最为常见（分别为29.82%,29.55%,26.67%）。
结论 年龄、性别及卒中类型对卒中后失语症类型分布均无明显影响,男性卒中后失语发生率明显高于女性且患病平均年龄小于女性,两性中均以运动性失语最常见;除去女性脑出血患者外,均以运动性、完全性及命名性失语最常见。     

脑卒中后运动性失语症的研究进展

正运动性失语又称Broca失语(Broca’s aphasia,BA)是脑卒中后常见的失语症类型之一,是由Paul Broca于1865年首次提出且被广泛公认的一种失语症类型。临床特征以听理解能力相对良好、口语表达障碍为突出特点,一直以来为国内外学者热衷研究的课题。1运动性失语症的发病机制目前,运动性失语症的发病机制尚不完全清楚,多数学者认为可能为病变本身直接破坏Broca区或由于远隔效应     

卒中后失语患者非语言认知功能损害特点的临床研究

目的 探讨卒中后失语患者非语言认知功能损害的特点，并分析卒中后失语患者语言障碍与非语言 性认知功能损害之间的关系。 方法 选择2017年5月-2018年6月就诊的卒中患者共32例，经西方失语症成套测验（western aphasia battery，WAB）评估语言功能，分为失语组和无失语组，其中失语组15例，无失语组17例。洛文斯顿成 套测验中文版（Loewenstein occupational therapy cognitive assessment，LOTCA）第2版评估患者非语言认 知功能。对失语组与非失语组的LOTCA各分项分值及总分分别进行非参数检验；对WAB中各分项得 分及失语商与LOTCA各认知分项得分及总分进行偏相关分析，并行多元逐步回归分析。 结果 失语组的LOTCA总分低于无失语组，差异有统计学意义[85.0（69.0～92.0）分 vs 99.0 （86.0～102.5）分，P <0.05]；失语患者LOTCA总分与WAB各分项及失语商呈正相关（r =0.587～0.883， 均P <0.05），WAB分项中的各分项与LOTCA中各分项之间呈正相关（r =0.521～0.843，均P <0.05）；多 元逐步回归分析显示，影响患者失语商的主要因素为LOTCA总分（β=0.707，P =0.003）。 结论 卒中后失语患者存在非语言认知功能障碍，失语程度越重其非语言认知功能受损程度越重。     

170例急性脑梗死CISS分型及相关危险因素分析

目的 按照中国缺血性卒中分型（China Ischemic Stroke Subclassification,CISS）标准,观察各类型脑梗死在住院患者中的分布,探讨常见危险因素在各类型脑梗死中分布的差异性。方法 2011年3月至2011年7月住我院急性脑梗死患者完成超声、影像学及相关实验室检查,按照CISS进行病因和病理机制分型,回顾性分析住院患者不同病因脑梗死的比例,分析高血压、糖尿病、脂代谢紊乱、心脏病、吸烟等常见危险因素在不同脑梗死类型中分布差异性。结果 入组病例170例。经CISS病因分型,大动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死128例（75.3%）,心源性脑梗死25例（14.7%）,穿支动脉病变14例（8.2%）,其他原因1例（0.6%）,不明原因2例（1.2%）。大动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死病理机制分型：载体动脉阻塞穿支87例、动脉-动脉栓塞24例、低灌注/栓子清除障碍17例、多种机制0例。在病因分型中各组患者合并高血压的比例最高,平均为81.1%,但在各组之间分布差异无统计学意义;大动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死患者合并脂代谢紊乱比例高于心源性卒中组（58.6% vs 32.0%,P=0.015)和穿支动脉疾病组（58.6% vs 28.6%,P=0.032）,后二者比较差异无统计学意义（32.0% vs 28.6%,P=1.000）;另外,大动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死患者吸烟史的比例明显高于心源性卒中组（47.7% vs 20.0%,P=0.011）及其他各组;心源性脑梗死合并心脏病比例高于大动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死组（100% vs 32.0%,P=0.000）及其他各组;穿支动脉病变患者合并糖尿病比例显著高于心源性卒中组（57.1% vs 12.0%,P=0.007）,但与大动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死组相比差异无统计学意义（57.1% vs 29.7%,P=0.067）,而后二者比较差异也无统计学意义（P=0.068）。而上述危险因素在大动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死病理机制分型各亚组中的分布差异无统计学意义。结论 CISS分型中大动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死是急性脑梗死最常见的病因类型,其中以载体动脉阻塞穿支为最常见的病理机制。脂代谢紊乱、吸烟与大动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死关系密切,而糖代谢异常与穿支动脉病变关系密切。     

失语患者听理解中的特殊范畴语义障碍

目的：探讨失语患者听理解中特殊范畴语义障碍的特点。方法：（1）用汉语失语检查法（ABC）检查42例卒中后失语患者，其中，Broca失语（BA）8例，Wernicke失语9WA）5例，传导性失语（CA）11例，经皮质运动性失语（TCM）8例，经皮质感觉性失语（TCS）7例，命名性失语（AA）3例；（2）分别统计各型失语患者ABC中听辨认9项的得分，并用SPSS软件处理数据。结果：（1）BA、TCM和AA患者听辨认9项间差异无显著性意义（P＞0．05）。（2）WA、CA、TCS患者对9个项目的听辨认存在不同程度困难；物品和动作听理解障碍的程度较轻，而颜色和（或）身体部位的听理解障碍较重。差异有显著意义的（P＜0．05）是：WA患者在物品（M＝4分）、物品图（M＝6分）、动作图（M＝4分）与颜色（M＝0）分、家具（M＝0分）及身体部位（高、低频和左／右）（M＝2，0，0分）间，几何图（M＝2分）与物品图及身体部位（低频）间；CA患者在物品（M＝10分）、物品图（M＝10分）、动作图（M＝10分）与身体部位（高、低频和左／右）（M＝9，8，4分）间，几何图（M＝9分）与物品图间，颜色（M＝10分）、家具（M＝10分）与身体部位（低频）间；TCS患者在物品（M＝10分）与家具（M＝5分）和身体部位（低频）（M＝6分）间，动作图（M＝10分）、家具和身体部位（低频）间。结论：（1）失语患者听理解中特殊范畴语义障碍主要见于有明显听理解障碍者，（2）不同型失语患者的听辨认中有相似的特殊范畴语义障碍。     

急性脑梗死后失语症的MRI影像学研究

目的:应用MRI检查确定急性脑梗死后失语症类型与脑梗死部位之间的关系。方法:对68例急性脑梗死后具有失语症表现患者应用汉语失语成套测验中的利手评定标准进行利手判定和汉语失语症检查进行失语症的分类,用头颅MRI确定患者的脑梗死部位及病灶体积。结果:68例急性脑梗死失语症患者均为右利手,失语症类型分别为完全性失语18例,运动性失语25例,感觉性失语7例,传导性失语7例,经皮质运动性失语7例,命名性失语4例。累及经典语言中枢的有32例,36例为非语言中枢受累。结论:急性脑梗死失语症类型与传统的失语症解剖定位不完全符合,非语言中枢梗死也可引起失语症。     

急性缺血性脑卒中CISS分型与危险因素相关性分析

目的探讨急性缺血性卒中中国缺血性卒中亚型（CISS）分型与不同危险因素的关系。方法回顾性分析连续登记的急性缺血性脑梗死患者,记录其危险因素,并按CISS分型标准将急性缺血性卒中分为5种类型并分析相关因素对其发生风险的影响。结果在纳入标准的212例急性缺血性卒中患者中,大动脉粥样硬化型99例（46.7%）、心源性卒中型35例（16.5%）、穿支动脉疾病45例（21.2%）、其他病因型5例（2.4%）、病因不确定型28例（13.2%）。吸烟者、高血压病、冠心病、心房颤动者在5亚型间比例差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。相关和回归分析显示冠心病、心房颤动与心源性卒中亚型有正相关性（β=1.34、2.206,P〈0.05）,高血压病与穿支动脉疾病亚型有相关性,为正相关性（β=1.074,P〈0.05）。结论不同类型缺血性脑卒中与不同的危险因素有关,心房颤动、冠心病是心源性卒中亚型的危险因素,高血压病是穿支动脉疾病亚型的危险因素。     

卒中与失语症

失语症是由多种疾病引起的常见的临床症状,突出的原因是卒中,Davydova(1977)报告卒中患者25～30%产生失语,Benson(1980)报告大约有40%的半球卒中患者产生失语症.由于语言与思维密切相关,使失语症成为神经病学领域中一个复杂而困难的课题.长久以来,各家对失语症的观点与解释不一,创用了各种不同的名称和分类,     

维吾尔语失语症与脑卒中病变部位关系的临床研究

目的 分析脑卒中后维吾尔语失语症类型与病变部位的关系.方法 选择符合入选标准的脑卒中后维吾尔语失语症患者52例,应用改良的失语检查法进行失语症的评定,并在入院后1w内完成头部CT或MRI检查.结果 52例患者中,运动性失语24例,完全性失语12例,命名性失语4例,基底节性失语4例,经皮质运动性失语4例,感觉性失语2例,混合性失语1例,经皮质感觉性失语1例.病变部位位于经典语言中枢的30例,占57.69％.结论 脑卒中后维吾尔语失语症类型与病变部位有一定关系,部分与经典的语言中枢一致.     

Aphasia after stroke: type, severity and prognosis. The Copenhagen aphasia study

AIM: To determine the types, severity and evolution of aphasia in unselected, acute stroke patients and evaluate potential predictors for language outcome 1 year after stroke. METHODS: 270 acute stroke patients with aphasia (203 with first-ever strokes) were included consecutively and prospectively from three hospitals in Copenhagen, Denmark, and assessed with the Western Aphasia Battery. The assessment was repeated 1 year after stroke. RESULTS: The frequencies of the different types of aphasia in acute first-ever stroke were: global 32%, Broca's 12%, isolation 2%, transcortical motor 2%, Wernicke's 16%, transcortical sensory 7%, conduction 5% and anomic 25%. These figures are not substantially different from what has been found in previous studies of more or less selected populations. The type of aphasia always changed to a less severe form during the first year. Nonfluent aphasia could evolve into fluent aphasia (e.g., global to Wernicke's and Broca's to anomic), whereas a fluent aphasia never evolved into a nonfluent aphasia. One year after stroke, the following frequencies were found: global 7%, Broca's 13%, isolation 0%, transcortical motor 1%, Wernicke's 5%, transcortical sensory 0%, conduction 6% and anomic 29%. The distribution of aphasia types in acute and chronic aphasia is, thus, quite different. The outcome for language function was predicted by initial severity of the aphasia and by the initial stroke severity (assessed by the Scandinavian Stroke Scale), but not by age, sex or type of aphasia. Thus, a scoring of general stroke severity helps to improve the accuracy of the prognosis for the language function. One year after stroke, fluent aphasics were older than nonfluent aphasics, whereas such a difference was not found in the acute phase.     

Anatomic basis of transcortical motor aphasia

Analysis of language profiles and CT anatomy in transcortical motor aphasia (TCMA) suggests that the essential lesion is disruption of connections at sites between the supplementary motor area and the frontal perisylvian speech zone. If the lesion is extended, there may also be poor articulation (lesion deep to motor strip for face), impaired auditory comprehension (lesion in anterior head of caudate, anterior limb internal capsule, anterior putamen, and anterior portion of external capsule, claustrum, extreme capsule, and insula), or stuttering (lesion in pars opercularis and lower third of premotor region). This concept unifies disparate anatomic and psychophysiologic observations about three syndromes: classical TCMA, aphasia after left medial frontal infarction, and TCMA during recovery from Broca's aphasia.     

Clinicoanatomical correlation in stroke related aphasia

Context:

With advances in neuroimaging, traditional views regarding the clinicoanatomic correlation in stroke patients with aphasia are being challenged and it has been observed that lesions at a given cortical or subcortical site may manifest with different aphasia profiles.

Aims:

To study as to whether there is a strict clinicoanatomical correlation between the type of aphasia and lesion site in patients with first ever stroke.

Settings and Design:

Observational study, based in a tertiary care center.

Materials and Methods:

Stroke patient''s ≥18 years of age were screened and those with first ever stroke and aphasia were subjected to a detailed stroke workup and language assessment using the Hindi version of Western Aphasia Battery (WAB). Statistical analysis was done with χ² test with Yates correction and Kruskal-Wallis test. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05.

Results:

Overall aphasia was detected in 27.9% of the 260 screened cases with stroke. Amongst 60 cases with first ever stroke and aphasia, the aphasia type was: Global (33.33%), Broca''s (28.3%), transcortical motor (13.33%), transcortical sensory (10%), Wernicke''s (8.33%), anomic (5%), and conduction (1.67%) aphasia. A definite correlation between the lesion site and the type of aphasia as per the traditional classification was observed in 35% cases only.

Conclusions:

No absolute correlation exists between the lesion site and the type of clinical aphasia syndrome in majority of the patients with cortical and subcortical stroke.     

Young adult stroke: neuropsychological dysfunction and recovery

Etiology, neuropsychological deficits, aphasia type, and recovery were retrospectively studied in 254 young adults with stroke. Cardiac embolism was the most common cause of stroke in patients younger than 40, while atherosclerosis was the most frequent etiology among those aged 41-50 years. In 166 aphasic patients, Broca's aphasia was the most common while Wernicke's and transcortical aphasias were rare. Compared with an older aphasic population, young patients had significantly more nonfluent aphasias and fewer comprehension deficits. These differences were related to stroke localization: the majority of infarcts localized by computed tomography in 37 patients involved either the entire middle cerebral artery territory or its superior or deep branches, explaining the preponderance of nonfluent aphasia. Prognosis of aphasia in our patients was better than has been reported for non-age-selected aphasia populations. Roughly one third of our patients recovered completely, one third improved, and one third had an unresolved language deficit. Complete recovery and significant improvement were observed even greater than 6 months after stroke. In some patients, recovery was much better than might have been predicted from lesion site and size depicted on computed tomograms.     

Association between aphasia and risk of dementia after stroke

Background and purposeAlthough findings from published studies suggest post-stroke aphasia is associated with an increased risk of dementia, few studies have evaluated its association in a nationally representative cohort with long-term follow-up. No studies have reported data by type of stroke. Therefore, we examined the association between post-stroke aphasia and the risk of developing dementia.MethodsUsing claims data from Taiwan's universal health insurance program, a cohort of patients ≥18 years old with an initial hospitalization for stroke in 2002–2005 were identified and followed up until December 31, 2016. Patients with newly diagnosed aphasia during stroke hospitalization or within 6 months of discharge were defined as the aphasia group. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for developing overall, vascular, and non-vascular dementia in patients with and without post-stroke aphasia.ResultsDuring a median follow-up period of 7.9 and 8.6 years for the aphasia (n=17063) and non-aphasia groups (n=105940), respectively, overall dementia incidence was similar, whereas vascular dementia incidence was higher in the aphasia group (7.52 vs. 5.52 per 1000 person-years). The adjusted HRs (95% confidence intervals) were 1.11 (1.06–1.17), 1.42 (1.31–1.53), and 0.94 (0.88–1.01) for overall, vascular, and non-vascular dementia, respectively. The association between aphasia and the risk of vascular dementia did not differ by stroke type (P for interaction=0.43). The analysis of 16856 propensity score-matched pairs revealed similar results.ConclusionPatients with post-stroke aphasia have an increased risk of developing vascular dementia irrespective of the type of stroke.     

Neuroanatomic correlation of the post-stroke aphasias studied with imaging

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Stroke is the leading cause of disability in many countries. Aphasia is a common sign of stroke that is observed in about one-third of stroke patients and contributes to disease morbidity. However, the relationship between anatomy and different forms of aphasia remains poorly understood. We intend to study the characteristics of aphasia in the acute stage of stroke and to identify neuroanatomical correlates using MRI. METHODS: Lesion sites were selected from 1198 patients with cerebral infarction, who were hospitalized in the stroke unit of our hospital between March 2002 and March 2006. We enrolled 325 patients who fulfilled our criteria. All patients received an MRI examination within 1 week after admission and were evaluated with the Western battery aphasia (WAB) test, in order to determine what type of aphasia they had. The severity of their language deficit was further classified using the Boston diagnostic aphasia examination (BDAE) severity grading standard. RESULTS: Among 1198 cases, five cases with Broca's areas and four cases with Wernicke's areas lesions on MRI works were free of language deficits. Within the 325 patients who demonstrated clinical signs of aphasia, the results of WAB showed that there were 83 Broca' aphasia cases, 48 Wernicke's aphasia cases, 12 conduction aphasia cases, 36 transcortical motor aphasia cases, 17 transcortical sensory aphasia cases, 19 transcortical mixed aphasia cases, 58 global aphasia cases and 52 anomic aphasia cases. Two hundred and eighty-eight cases were located within classical language centers while 37 cases were located at other sites. In 325 aphasia patients with grade criteria of BDAE of grades 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, there were 84, 79, 77, 63 and 22 cases respectively. Many of cases with grades 0 and 1 were distributed within classical language centers. CONCLUSION: This study showed that it is possible to draw a neuroanatomical map of aphasia that encompasses the 95% of aphasia cases. It also demonstrates that the main determinant of aphasic disorders is the neuroanatomical location of the lesion. Furthermore, this study shows that most lesion locations associated with specific aphasic disorders fit classical data associated with previous aphasia research. More importantly, the language disorders of patients whose lesions were located at classical language centers were more serious. Consequently, this paper demonstrates the power of MRI in prognosticating the potential for a patient to recover from aphasia due to stroke.