ICU危重症患者下呼吸道感染菌群及影响因素分析

摘要:目的　探讨研究ICU危重症患者下呼吸道感染后致病菌的分离情况、菌株的药敏试验结果以及相关影响因素,为指导临床治疗提供基础资料。方法　对某院收治的114例危重症ICU患者下呼吸道感染的标本进行细菌学培养,并对分离出的菌株进行药物敏感试验,同时收集患者的临床治疗资料进行分析。结果　114例危重症ICU患者下呼吸道感染患者中,共培养出细菌102株,真菌2株,病原菌总体分离率为91.23%。其中革兰阴性菌为68株,占66.67%,以肺炎克雷伯菌为主;革兰阳性菌为34株,以表皮葡萄球菌和粪肠球菌为主。药敏试验结果显示,大多数革兰阴性菌对β-内酰胺类抗生素、四环素和复方新诺明耐药,对氨基糖苷类和喹诺酮类等抗生素敏感;而绝大多数革兰阳性菌则对β-内酰胺类和碳氢霉稀类抗生素耐药,对万古霉素等敏感。同时,患者的住院时间、是否进行创伤性操作以及意识障碍等因素是出现下呼吸道感染的危险因素。结论　ICU危重症患者下呼吸道感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主要病原体,并且分离出的菌株抗生素敏感性各有不同,在具体临床救治过程中应根据实际情况酌情选择抗生素进行合理治疗。患者的住院时间以及意识障碍等因素是感染发生的危险因素。     

急腹症腹腔感染致病菌分布及药敏试验结果分析

摘要:目的　探讨研究急腹症患者腹腔感染后致病菌的分离情况以及菌株的药敏试验结果,为指导临床用药提供资料。方法　对某院收治的114例急腹症合并腹腔感染患者的腹水进行细菌学培养,并对分离出的菌株进行药物敏感试验。结果　114例急腹症合并腹腔感染患者中,共培养出细菌102株,真菌2株,病原菌总体分离率为91.23%。其中革兰阴性菌为68株,占66.67%,以大肠埃希菌为主;革兰阳性菌为34株,以表皮葡萄球菌和粪肠球菌为主。药敏试验结果显示,大多数革兰阴性菌对β-内酰胺类抗生素、四环素和复方新诺明耐药,对氨基糖苷类和喹诺酮类等抗生素敏感;而绝大多数革兰阳性菌则对β-内酰胺类和碳氢霉稀类抗生素耐药,对万古霉素等敏感。结论　急腹症合并腹腔感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主要病原体,并且分离出的菌株抗生素敏感性各有不同,在具体临床救治过程中应根据实际情况酌情选择抗生素进行合理治疗。     

骨科患者术后院内感染病原菌及耐药性分析

摘要:目的　探讨研究骨科患者手术后院内感染致病菌的分离情况、菌株的药敏试验结果,为指导临床治疗提供基础资料。方法　对某院收治的120例骨科患者手术后院内感染的标本进行细菌学培养,并对分离出的菌株进行药物敏感试验。结果　120例骨科患者手术后出现院内感染者中,共培养出细菌104株,真菌4株,病原菌总体分离率为90.00%。其中革兰阴性菌为70株,占64.81%,以铜绿假单胞菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为主;革兰阳性菌为34株,以金黄色葡萄球菌和粪肠球菌为主。药敏试验结果显示,大多数革兰阴性菌对β-内酰胺类抗生素、四环素和复方新诺明耐药,对氨基糖苷类和喹诺酮类等抗生素敏感;而绝大多数革兰阳性菌则对β-内酰胺类和碳氢霉稀类抗生素耐药,对万古霉素等敏感。多重耐药菌株则较少出现。结论　骨科患者手术后出现院内感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主要病原体,并且分离出的菌株抗生素敏感性各有不同,在具体临床救治过程中应根据实际情况酌情选择抗生素进行合理治疗。     

医院感染的病原菌分析及治疗选药建议

目的了解我院近两年来医院感染的病原菌分布及对常用抗生素的耐药情况。方法收集从2005年8月～2007年7月门诊及临床各科室送检的各类样本,进行病原微生物检测及药物敏感试验。结果共分离出病原菌2913株,革兰阴性杆菌、革兰阳性球菌、革兰阳性杆菌、革兰阴性球菌及真菌分别占24.30%、22.35%、14.45%、13.59%及25.30%,感染部位主要是呼吸道。MRSA及耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌(MRSE)分别占同类细菌的37.93%和44.24%,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)的大肠杆菌及肺炎克雷伯菌分别占同类细菌的28.68%及20.31%,对阿米卡星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感。高耐氨基糖苷类肠球菌(HLAR)的检出率为27.96%,对氨基糖苷类、β-内酰胺类、头孢菌素类及喹诺酮类抗生素的耐药率均>60%。所有病原菌未检出对万古霉素耐药者。结论我院感染的病原菌主要是条件致病菌,且耐药严重,应加强监测,参照药敏结果,合理选用抗菌素。     

呼吸内科下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 分析医院呼吸内科下呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及其耐药特点,评估临床初始经验性抗感染治疗与实验室药敏试验结果的符合率.方法 收集2009-2010年医院呼吸内科下呼吸道感染患者2630例,送检合格痰及支气管灌洗液标本1498份,分离鉴定病原菌并进行药敏试验,统计所分离菌株的分布及耐药性特点.结果 呼吸科住院下呼吸道感染患者病原学送检率为57.0％,检出率为28.6％,ICU送检率为91.3％,检出率为54.2％;共分离出革兰阴性杆菌266株,革兰阳性球菌11株,真菌1 52株;对革兰阴性杆菌敏感性最高的抗菌药物为碳青霉烯类及β-内酰胺类/酶抑制剂复合制剂、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦;利奈唑胺及万古霉素对革兰阳性球菌保持良好的抗菌活性;临床初始经验治疗与体外药敏试验的符合率为40.4％.结论 革兰阴性菌是下呼吸道感染的主要致病菌,不同菌种对抗菌药物的耐药性存在差异,应结合患者病原学检查结果及初始治疗后病情转归等因素综合考虑,合理选择抗感染治疗药物.     

54例呼吸机相关肺炎临床分析

目的 通过对呼吸机相关肺炎的发病原因、病原菌的分析,以期找到有效的防治措施.方法 对我院54例呼吸机相关肺炎患者进行病原菌培养和耐药性试验,并对结果进行分析.结果 试验分离出革兰阳性球菌15株,革兰阴性杆菌43株,真菌6株,共64株病原体.耐药性试验中,病原菌对喹诺酮类抗生素和一代、二代头孢类抗生素的耐药性较高,而对β-内酰胺类抗生素耐药性低,其治疗呼吸机相关肺炎效果较好.结论 患者因采用气管插管、气管切开,机械通气时间长或广谱抗生素的不合理应用导致呼吸机相关肺炎高发,而革兰氏阴性杆菌是呼吸机相关肺炎患者出现耐药现象的主要构成菌,因此在临床治疗中正确选择抗菌类药物,并尽可能采用无创机械通气或尽量缩短机械通气时间,做好呼吸机相关肺炎的防治.     

下呼吸道感染病原菌变迁分析

目的 了解下呼吸道感染患者病原菌变迁情况,为临床经验性使用抗生素提供线索.方法 对下呼吸道感染住院患者234例痰菌或纤维支气管镜吸取分泌物培养阳性标本结果进行回顾性分析.结果 分离出细菌249株,其中革兰阴性杆菌占67.87%,主要为肺炎克雷门杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和大肠埃希菌;革兰阳性球菌占19.68%,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌和粪肠球菌;真菌占12.45%.2004年3月至2005年12月分离的革兰阴性杆菌、革兰阳性球菌及真菌分别占76.40%、16.77%及6.83%,2006年1-12月分别占52.27%、25.00%及22.73%.两个时期比较,革兰阴性杆菌有所减少,革兰阳性球菌有所增加,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),真菌有明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 下呼吸道感染中革兰阳性球菌及真菌感染呈明显上升趋势,其对临床经验性选择抗生素具有一定的指导作用.     

血液肿瘤化疗后粒缺伴发热患者一线经验性抗感染治疗的临床疗效及治疗费用

 目的 评价血液肿瘤化疗后中性粒细胞缺乏（粒缺）伴发热患者两种一线经验性抗感染治疗策略的优劣。方法 回顾性分析2017年8月—2018年12月某院血液肿瘤化疗后粒缺伴发热病例的感染部位及病原菌分布情况,按一线抗感染治疗方案分为以碳青霉烯类药物为主治疗组（碳青霉烯类组）和以含酶β-内酰胺类抗生素为主治疗组（含酶β-内酰胺类组）,对两组病例治疗疗效、住院总费用以及住院日数进行比较。结果 共收集粒缺伴发热的病例103例,其中碳青霉烯类组为71例,含酶β-内酰胺类组32例。最常见的感染部位是呼吸道,其次为血液、胃肠道。检出病原菌47株,革兰阴性菌、革兰阳性菌、真菌分别占68.1%、12.8%、19.1%,以肺炎克雷伯菌占比最高为（25.5%）,其次为大肠埃希菌（21.3%）和铜绿假单胞菌（8.5%）。碳青霉烯类组、含酶β-内酰胺类组患者治疗有效率分别为90.1%、71.9%,住院总费用分别为（59 529.7±39 771.3）、（49 546.9±31 641.1）元,住院日数分别为（28.7±7.9）、（26.2±6.3）d,两组治疗有效率比较,差异有统计学意义（P=0.038）,两组患者住院总费用、住院日数比较,差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。结论 对血液肿瘤化疗后粒缺伴发热的患者,一线经验性应用碳青霉烯类为主的药物抗感染治疗的疗效优于应用含酶β-内酰胺类为主的药物,两组住院总费用以及住院日数差异不明显。     

替加环素治疗严重腹腔感染的疗效观察

目的评价替加环素经验性治疗严重腹腔感染(sIAI)的疗效及不良反应,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法回顾性分析32例sIAI患者的临床资料,均入住SICU并应用替加环素经验性治疗,评估其临床及微生物学疗效,并观察其不良反应;应用SPSS 17.0统计软件进行数据分析,计数资料采用χ2检验。结果共分离出病原菌95株,分布在腹腔、下呼吸道和血液,革兰阴性杆菌和革兰阳性球菌分别占71.6%和25.3%,真菌占3.1%;腹腔的病原菌中革兰阴性杆菌占67.1%,以大肠埃希菌为主;革兰阳性球菌占30.0%,以屎肠球菌为主;32例中混合致病菌感染占87.5%,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs菌株检出率分别为85.7%和71.4%;替加环素治疗时间5~18d,中位疗程12d,临床总有效率为71.8%,其中单用22例,有效率72.7%;联用10例,有效率70.0%;替加环素对腹腔革兰阴性杆菌和革兰阳性球菌的清除率分别为85.0%和95.2%,差异无统计学意义,总清除率为88.5%;其主要不良反应为胃肠道症状。结论替加环素治疗sIAI安全有效,可作为SICU中治疗sIAI的经验性用药。     

口腔科病房感染的病原体调查及耐药性分析

目的　了解我院口腔科病房感染的病原体及细菌的耐药情况 ,为临床治疗提供依据。方法　对我院 1995～ 2 0 0 2年口腔科所有分离的细菌、真菌及药敏进行回顾性分析。结果　感染的病原体以革兰阳性球菌为主6 0 .6 % ,革兰阴性杆菌 31.3%、真菌 8.0 % ;在细菌感染中革兰阳性球菌占 6 5 .9% ,革兰阴性杆菌 34.1% ;革兰阳性球菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主 5 2 .9% ,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌 (MRSA) 6 5 % ,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌 (MRCNS)占 78% ;革兰阴性杆菌以铜绿假单胞菌为主 ,占 33.6 % ,真菌以白色念珠菌为主 6 5 .6 % ;细菌的耐药性除万古霉素无变化外 ,其他抗生素的耐药性均有不同程度的升高 (P<0 .0 1)。结论口腔科病房感染的病原体虽以革兰阳性球菌为主 ,但革兰阴性杆菌和真菌已逐渐成为重要致病菌 ,抗生素的耐药率逐渐升高 ,应及时作细菌学检测 ,合理使用抗生素。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.