经皮空心螺钉固定治疗骶骨骨折

目的 探讨经皮空心螺钉固定治疗骶骨骨折的疗效.方法 采用经皮空心螺钉固定治疗骶骨骨折12例.结果 12例均获随访,时间6~24个月,术后3~4个月骨折线均消失,6例骶神经损伤患者4例完全恢复,2例部分恢复.结论 经皮空心螺钉固定骶骨骨折手术有风险,对术者要求较高,但符合微创治疗的发展趋势,且效果良好.     

Reduction and fixation of displaced U-shaped sacral fractures using lumbopelvic fixation: technical recommendations

Purpose

U-shaped sacral fractures are extremely rare injuries that usually occur as a result of falls from considerable heights. Almost all treatment methods described to date aim solely at stabilizing the fracture but do not contribute to supporting the reduction of such fractures. Using existing implants the purpose of this study is to present a surgical technique that facilitates both the reduction and the stabilization of these injuries. The presented technique was evaluated in a series of three cases.

Methods

Polyaxial pedicle screws were placed through vertebral bodies L4 and L5. Two long pedicle screws were implanted in the posterior iliac spine. The lumbar pedicle screws were held with two longitudinal rods, and the pelvic screws with one transverse connecting rod. The lumbar longitudinal and pelvic transverse rods were connected via two hinge-like connecting elements. First, distraction was performed between lumbar pedicle screws L5 and the sacral transverse rod. Lordosis was then restored via the hinge joint, thereby eliminating kyphosis. After tightening all moving elements, the fracture was reduced and stabilized.

Results

Computed tomography documented anatomical reduction and fracture healing was achieved in all cases. Two of three patients could be fully mobilized immediately; mobilization of the third patient was delayed due to multiple injuries. Two patients showed neurological symptoms. In one case, complete remission was achieved within 3 weeks, while in the other patient a clear improvement was observed. In all cases, the implant was removed after 8–12 months. There were no post-operative complications, such as infections, wound-healing disorders, neurological deterioration, implant failure, or premature loosening.

Conclusions

The surgical procedure was successful, since it considerably facilitated reduction, thereby shortening surgery time. The stabilization was sufficient to fully mobilize the patients. The procedure is based on existing implant components and is thus routinely available.

     

U-shaped sacral fractures: Surgical treatment and quality of life

Background

U-shaped sacral fractures are rare and highly unstable pelvic ring fractures. They are not recognised in the standard classification systems of these fractures. The fracture pattern is associated with significant neurological injury and can lead to progressive deformity and chronic pain if not diagnosed and treated properly. In recent years a variety of surgical strategies have been shown to facilitate early mobilisation and reduce early mortality as compared to non-operative strategies. Poor evidence, however, has hampered the development of a standard treatment algorithm. As for the long-term morbidity, the influence of operative treatment may be difficult to assess due to associated injury. However, evidence exists that there is a significant effect on the long-term morbidity.

Objective

To assess the injury characteristics, choice of treatment and quality of life of U-shaped sacral fractures.

Methods

Eight polytraumatised patients with U-shaped sacral fractures were identified over a 7-year period and evaluated retrospectively. They were analysed for fracture classification, associated injury, and injury severity. Clinical and Radiological results were evaluated. Neurological outcome was retrospectively classified by Gibbons’ criteria. Long-term quality of life outcome was evaluated using the EuroQoL-6D questionnaire.

Results

The study population consists of five women and three men; with a median age of 29 years. All patients sustained severe associated injury. The Injury Severity Score ranged from 17 to 45 (median 23). The median time between trauma and definitive internal fixation was 4 days (range, 2-22 days). Definitive fixation included either percutaneous iliosacral screws (n = 2), transsacral plate osteosynthesis (n = 1) or triangular osteosynthesis with (n = 4) or without transsacral plating (n = 1). Early postoperative mobilisation and early partial weight-bearing were encouraged when possible. Follow-up ranged from 5 to 65 months (median, 36 months). Pain, mood disorders and mobility problems mainly influenced patients’ present general health status.

Conclusion

U-shaped sacral fractures present a rare and heterogeneous injury. Operative treatment depended mainly on fracture type, associated spinal fractures, and the surgeon's preference. Long-term quality of life is dominated by pain, mood disorders and moderate mobility problems.     

Open reduction internal fixation of displaced sacral fractures: technique and results

Pelvic ring disruption with an associated sacral fracture is typically a result of high-energy injury. Due to significant local soft tissue trauma and the complex neurovascular anatomy in the region, exposure and reduction of sacral fractures has proven to be difficult, hazardous, and fraught with complications. We describe a modified reduction technique to address displacement in sacral fractures to show that it can be safe and effective through evaluation of radiographic, clinical, and functional outcomes. We retrospectively reviewed the radiographic and clinical results of consecutive patients treated at a single institution by the senior surgeon (K.F.D.) with open reduction for displaced sacral fractures. Radiographic follow-up was available on all patients. Complete clinical follow-up was available on 19 of 20 patients. The average duration of follow-up was 3.7 years. All fractures united with no additional surgery. There were no infections or additional neurologic deficits or vascular injuries. There was 1 asymptomatic hardware failure 2 years postoperatively with no further displacement. Average preoperative displacement on the anteroposterior (AP) radiograph was 14.72 mm with a long-term follow-up displacement of 3.25 mm. Iowa Pelvic Score questionnaires demonstrated an average score of 92.2. Eighty-nine percent of patients returned to full time work or their previous activity level. The technique of open reduction and fixation of displaced sacral fractures described in this review is safe and effective with a low complication rate and clinical results comparable to or exceeding that of previously published series.     

The effect of sacral fracture malreduction on the safe placement of iliosacral screws

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of cranial displacement on the safe placement of iliosacral screws for zone II sacral fractures. DESIGN: Computer imaging and dimensional analysis of a human cadaveric sacral fracture model. SETTING: Cadaveric dissection, Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Newark, New Jersey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Six cadaveric pelves with simulated zone II sacral fractures were imaged with computed tomography at controlled cranial displacements of 5, 10, 15, and 20 mm. The area of contact at the fracture site and volume of bone available for iliosacral screw placement was graphically measured using both two- and three-dimensional computer modeling. Areas of contact were also represented in terms of the maximal number of 7.0-mm screws that could be simultaneously implanted. RESULTS: Cross-sectional contact area was decreased by 30%, 56%, 81%, and 90% at 5, 10, 15 and 20 mm of displacement, respectively. Volume of bone was decreased by 21%, 25%, 26%, and 34% for 5, 10, 15 and 20 mm of displacement, respectively. In 50% of the specimens at 15 mm and 66% of the specimens with 20 mm displacement, two iliosacral screws could not be contained simultaneously within bone. In 17% of the specimens displaced 15 mm and 50% of the specimens displaced 20 mm, the cross-sectional area was insufficient to contain a single iliosacral screw. CONCLUSIONS: Although previous authors have accepted up to 15 mm of cranial displacement, the data demonstrate substantial compromise of available screw space with displacements greater than 1 cm. Fracture reduction is mandatory, as screw placement with residual displacement of 10 mm or more can endanger adjacent neural and vascular structures.     

Posterior stabilization of cervical spine fractures and subluxations using plates and screws

Posterior stabilization of cervical spine fractures and subluxations with metal plates and screws is commonly used in Europe, but has rarely been employed by neurosurgeons in North America, where stabilization has usually been achieved with wires supplemented by bone grafts or acrylic. The limitations of the more commonly used stabilization techniques include the failure to achieve rotational stability, the necessity for intact laminae, and the requirement for bone grafting. We therefore examined the efficacy of posterior cervical plating in 19 patients who had posttraumatic instability of the cervical spine between C3 and C7 without residual spinal cord compression and 1 patient who had a subluxation as a result of osteomyelitis. Two patients had no neurological deficit, 4 had partial deficits, and 14 had no neurological function below the level of injury. Operation was performed after patients were medically stable and maximal reduction of fractures was achieved (usually within 48 hours). The plates are made of vitallium and contain two or three holes 13 mm apart through which 16-mm screws are placed bilaterally into the center of the articular masses of two or three adjacent vertebrae to stabilize one or two motion segments. Bone grafting is not performed. Patients are mobilized on the day after operation in a Philadelphia collar, which is worn for 3 months. Fourteen patients had stabilization of one motion segment and 6 had stabilization over two motion segments. The mean follow-up is 9.2 months. In a single patient with ankylosing spondylitis, plate fixation failed when screws pulled out. No patient experienced neurological deterioration as a result of the operative procedure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Current management of U-shaped sacral fractures or spino-pelvic dissociation

We present a series of four U-shaped sacral fractures, a fracture pattern that is poorly recognised and not included in the standard classifications of these fractures. These fractures are significant as they represent spino-pelvic dissociation, have a high incidence of neurological complications and information regarding current treatment options is sparse. Our four patients underwent early operative stabilisation. Three had ilio-sacral screws inserted, supplemented in one with instrumentation from the lumbar spine to the iliac crest following sacral laminectomy. The other patient had sacral laminectomy with bony stabilisation by instrumentation from the lumbar spine to the iliac crest without ilio-sacral screw fixation. No complications were encountered as a result of fixation and it contributed to the prompt skeletal stabilisation of polytraumatised patients allowing early mobilisation.     

Ankle stabilization with hamstring autograft: a new technique using interference screws

Many techniques have been advocated for the late surgical reconstruction of the lateral ankle ligament complex, including the use of hamstring tendon autografts. A new technique is described which attempts to restore anatomically the anterior talofibular ligament using hamstring autograft. The distal end of the graft is secured in a blind-ended tunnel in the talus without the need for transosseous tensioning. This is achieved with the use of the Bio-Tenodesis Screw System.     

Removal of iliosacral screws: the washer problem

Iliosacral screw removal is an infrequent surgery, and when needed, removal of the washer can be surprisingly difficult. Different forceps, clamps and other non-specific instruments are frequently used to this end, many a time without success, or at the expense of tissue damage, blood loss and radiation exposure. After trying all the tricks in the book, we devised this neat little surgical tactic that ensures easy and reliable retrieval of the washer when removing iliosacral screws percutaneously, with no increased morbidity.     

Percutaneous transpedicular vertebroplasty with PMMA: operative technique and early results

Vertebroplasty-percutaneous cement augmentation of osteoporotic vertebrae is an efficient procedure for the treatment of painful vertebral fractures. From a prospectively monitored series of 70 patients with 193 augmented vertebrae for osteoporotic and metastatic lesions, we analysed a group of 17 patients suffering from back pain due to osteoporotic fractures. The reinforcement of 45 vertebral bodies in these patients led to a significant and lasting pain reduction (P < 0.01). The presented technique is useful, as, in one session, at least four injections can be performed when required, allowing the prophylactic reinforcement of adjacent vertebrae as well. The use of a low-viscosity polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) in combination with a non-ionic liquid contrast dye provides a reliable and safe procedure. Extraosseous cement leakage was seen in 20% of the interventions; however, none of them had clinical sequelae. Received: 31 January 2000/Revised: 18 May 2000/Accepted: 22 May 2000     

Cross-sectional geometry of the sacral ala for safe insertion of iliosacral lag screws: a computed tomography model

OBJECTIVE: To measure the dimensions of the narrowest portion of the sacral ala for safe insertion of iliosacral lag screws. DESIGN: Computed tomography (CT) model. SETTING: Level One trauma center. PATIENTS: Thirteen adult patients underwent pelvic CT imaging. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Axial CT scans of intact pelves were reformatted in the sagittal plane at three-millimeter intervals from the first sacral body (S1 body) to the sacroiliac (SI) joint. Computer analysis and measurements of sacral geometry were used to determine the narrowest portion of the bony sacral ala. The maximum height, maximum width, and slope of the sacral ala through its geometric center in cross-section were measured. RESULTS: The narrowest portion of the sacral ala in all patients was consistently located at the junction between the sacral body and the alar wings, termed the sacral pedicle, directly cephalad to the first sacral foramen. The average slope of the sacral ala at the sacral pedicle was 45.08 degrees (range 25 to 65 degrees). The average maximum height at the geometric center in cross-section was 27.76 millimeters, and the average width was 28.05 millimeters. However, outside the geometric center there was a sharp decrease in height and width of the sacral ala that was in large part determined by its relative slope. CONCLUSION: Although the cross-sectional geometry of the sacral ala is highly variable among patients, there is ample space for iliosacral screws. To ensure safe insertion, iliosacral lag screws must be positioned in the geometric center of the sacral ala to avoid extraosseous placement.     

Treatment of proximal tibia fractures using the less invasive stabilization system: surgical experience and early clinical results in 77 fractures

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the surgical experience and clinical results of the first 89 fractures of the proximal tibia treated with the Less Invasive Stabilization System (LISS; Synthes, Paoli, PA). DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of prospectively enrolled patients into a database. SETTING: Academic level I trauma center. SUBJECTS/PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-seven consecutive patients with 89 proximal tibia fractures (AO/OTA type 41 and proximal type 42 fractures) treated by 2 surgeons. Seventy-five patients with 77 fractures were followed until union. The mean follow-up was 14 months (range: 3-35 months). There were 55 closed fractures and 22 open fractures. INTERVENTION: Surgical reduction and fixation of fractures, followed by rehabilitation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Perioperative and postoperative complications, postoperative alignment, loss of fixation, time to full weight bearing, radiographic union, and range of motion. RESULTS: Seventy of 77 fractures healed without major complications (91%). There were 2 early losses of proximal fixation, 2 nonunions, 2 deep delayed infections, and 1 deep peroneal nerve palsy. Other complications included a superficial wound infection and 3 seromas. Postoperative malalignment occurred in 7 patients with 6 degrees to 10 degrees of angular deformity (6 flexion/extension and 1 varus/valgus malalignments), and an eighth patient had a 15 degrees flexion deformity. In 4 patients, the hardware was removed at an average of 13 months because of irritation (5%). The mean time for allowance of full weight bearing was 12.6 weeks (range: 6-21 weeks), and the mean range of final knee motion was 1 degrees to 122 degrees . CONCLUSIONS: The LISS provides stable fixation (97%), a high rate of union (97%), and a low (4%) rate of infection for proximal tibial fractures. The technique requires the successful use of new and unfamiliar surgical principles to effect an accurate reduction and acceptable rate of malalignment.     

Treatment of distal femur fractures using the less invasive stabilization system: surgical experience and early clinical results in 103 fractures

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the complications and early clinical results of 123 distal femur fractures treated with the Less Invasive Stabilization System (LISS; Synthes, Paoli, PA). DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of prospectively enrolled patients. SETTING: Two academic level I trauma centers. SUBJECTS AND PARTICIPANTS: One hundred nineteen consecutive patients with 123 distal femur fractures (OTA type 33 and distal type 32 fractures) treated by 3 surgeons. One hundred three fractures (68 closed fractures and 35 open fractures) in 99 patients were followed up at least until union (mean follow-up = 14 months, range: 3-50 months). INTERVENTION: Surgical reduction and fixation of distal femur fractures. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Perioperative complications, radiographic union, infection rate, loss of fixation, alignment, and range of motion. RESULTS: Ninety-six (93%) of 103 fractures healed without bone grafting. All fractures eventually healed with secondary procedures, including bone grafting (1 of 68 closed fractures and 6 of 35 open fractures). There were 5 losses of proximal fixation, 2 nonunions, and 3 acute infections. No cases of varus collapse or screw loosening in the distal femoral fragment were observed. Malreductions of the femoral fracture were seen in 6 fractures (6%). The mean range of knee motion was 1 degrees to 109 degrees . CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of distal femur fractures with the LISS is associated with high union rates without autogenous bone grafting (93%), a low incidence of infection (3%), and maintenance of distal femoral fixation (100%). No loss of fixation in the distal femoral condyles was observed despite the treatment of 30 patients older than 65 years. The LISS is an acceptable surgical option for treatment of distal femoral fractures.     

Surgical management of U-shaped sacral fractures: a systematic review of current treatment strategies

Purpose  

U-shaped sacral fractures usually result from axial loading of the spine with simultaneous sacral pivoting due to a horizontal fracture which leads to a highly unstable spino-pelvic dissociation. Due to the rarity of these fractures, there is lack of an agreed treatment strategy.     

肠道准备对经皮横向骶髂关节螺钉固定的影响

[目的]探讨肠道准备对经皮横向骶髂螺钉固定的影响。[方法]2015年8月~2018年12月,30例骶骨骨折行经皮横向S1骶髂关节螺钉置入治疗的患者纳入本研究,采用随机数字表法将患者分为两组,每组15例,准备组患者术前接受肠道准备,无准备组患者术前未接受肠道准备。比较两组手术时间、术中透视次数和曝光时间,以及影像测量的置钉偏差。[结果]准备组的手术时间显著短于无准备组,差异有统计学意义[(32.31±4.92)min vs(40.54±5.83)min,P<0.05)];准备组的术中X线暴露时间显著短于无准备组,差异有统计学意义[(62.59±5.79)s vs(83.19±6.41)s,P<0.05];准备组的术中透视次数显著少于无准备组,差异有统计学意义[(3.71±0.58)次vs(5.21±1.11)次,P<0.05]。术后CT三维重建测量螺钉与术前测量偏移方面,准备组的水平偏移小于无准备组,但差异无统计学意义[(5.53±2.21)°vs(5.63±1.97)°,P>0.05];准备组矢状位偏移小于无准备组,但差异无统计学意义[(4.32±2.08)°vs(4.52±1.91)°,P>0.05]。术后随访6~12个月,所有患者均未发生骶髂关节螺钉松动及断裂等并发症。[结论]肠道准备虽不能提高置钉准确率,但能够缩短手术时间和术中X线暴露时间。     

髂腰固定术治疗U型骶骨骨折的疗效分析

目的:评价应用髂腰固定术治疗U型骶骨骨折的手术疗效.方法:回顾分析2014年1月至2019年12月采用髂腰固定术治疗14例U型骶骨骨折,其中男10例,女4例;年龄24～48(35.4±6.5)岁.术后对获得随访的患者分别进行骨愈合、神经功能、临床功能评价及并发症分析.结果:所有患者术后获随访,时间16～36(26.0±...     

腰骶椎弓根螺钉翻修及强化固定后稳定性比较

[目的]从生物力学角度评价腰骶椎弓根螺钉翻修及强化固定的稳定性。[方法]采用7具新鲜成人尸体L5S1椎体标本,于L5椎体首先置入5.5mm/45mm椎弓根螺钉,然后再置入7.0mm/55mm螺钉翻修,最后应用骨水泥强化固定;S1椎弓根置入初始螺钉为6.25mm/35mm、翻修螺钉为8.0mm/45mm、最后同样行骨水泥强化固定。在858MiniMTS生物力学实验机上分别测试各状态轴向最大拔出力及最大扭力矩。[结果](1)在L5,初始、翻修及骨水泥强化固定状态的最大把持力分别为(1680.7±242.8)N、(2410.3±366.1)N、(3273.0±688.5)N(P<0.05),最大扭力矩分别为(1006.1±205.3)N·mm、(1432.6±213.7)N·mm、(590.7±83.5)N·m(P<0.05);(2)在S1,初始、翻修及骨水泥强化的把持力分别为(926.3±274.2)N、(957.5±336.3)N、(1825.3±199.9)N,最大扭力矩分别为(667.6±88.3)N·mm、(681.4±79.4)N·mm、(558.8±97.2)N·mm;其中初始及翻修状态把持力及扭力矩均无明显差别(P>0.05),骨水泥强化固定后把持力明显增加、扭力矩明显减小(P<0.05)。[结论](1)L5椎弓根螺钉翻修时,螺钉直径增加1.5mm、长度增加10mm或骨水泥强化均可达到翻修固定的生物力学要求,增加脊椎稳定性,以骨水泥强化固定更为明显;(2)S1椎弓根螺钉翻修时,单纯增加螺钉直径和长度不能获得理想的稳定性,而骨水泥强化螺钉固定效果明显。     

Percutaneous plate stabilization of proximal tibial fractures

BACKGROUND: Despite various treatment methods, proximal tibial fractures are common injuries associated with poor outcomes and high rates of complications. To improve this, a percutaneous plating technique was performed to treat proximal tibial fractures. METHODS: Twenty-four proximal tibial fractures (17 proximal fractures [AO 41] and 7 proximal shaft fractures [AO 42]) were treated using percutaneous plating with either or both sides without bone graft. One was an open fracture. RESULTS: All fractures healed. The average time for fracture healing was 16.5 weeks (range, 8-24 weeks). Complications included one case of shortening (1 cm) and two cases of malalignments; one valgus of 6 degrees and one varus of 5 degrees. There was one case of superficial infection that was healed after removal, but no patient showed deep infection. Results were evaluated by the modified Rasmussen scoring system. Most patients had excellent or good results; only one patient had fair results. CONCLUSION: Minimally invasive percutaneous plating can provide favorable results in the treatment of proximal tibial fractures.