CT仿真喉镜的临床应用

目的探讨ＣＴ新技术仿真内窥镜成像在喉科的临床应用价值。方法对４名健康者、９例喉癌、１例喉癌术后复发气道狭窄、１例喉内外弥漫纤维瘤样增生、１例双侧声带息肉患者行螺旋ＣＴ扫描后经软件处理获得仿真喉镜影像，并与纤维喉镜、手术所见对照分析。结果ＣＴ仿真内窥镜显示喉内正常解剖结构与纤维喉镜所见一致；显示喉内病变的位置、范围与纤维喉镜所见类似，还可从足端入路观察到喉镜所看不到的狭窄远端和声门下区情况。结论ＣＴ仿真内窥镜是纤维喉镜的很好补充手段，具有一定的发展潜力。     

CT仿真喉镜对喉癌诊断价值的探讨

目的 :探讨CT仿真喉镜 (CTVL)对喉癌的临床应用价值。方法 :对 5例健康者、3 4例喉癌患者行螺旋CT扫描 ,经软件处理获得仿真喉镜图像。所有病例均与纤维喉镜及手术所见进行对照分析。结果 :CTVL显示喉内正常解剖及肿块形态与纤维喉镜一致 ;显示肿瘤累及范围优于纤维喉镜 ;显示早期喉癌粘膜改变差于纤维喉镜。结论 :CTVL是纤维喉镜的良好补充 ,易为临床医生所接受     

严重喉狭窄支撑喉镜下麻醉插管术(附2例报告)

严重喉狭窄支撑喉镜下麻醉插管术（附２例报告）王彦，于振坤，韩德民例１男性，３９岁。左垂直半喉切除术后１０月，气管套管拔除后２月，活动后轻度呼吸困难，以喉癌术后喉狭窄收入院。纤维喉镜检查见右披裂肿胀，前联合粘连，仅见呼吸部３ｍｍ缝隙。拟行ＣＯ２激光下粘...     

ⅠⅡ期喉癌手术拔管后再发喉狭窄的原因及处理

目的：探讨Ⅰ、Ⅱ期喉癌手术拔管后再发喉狭窄的原因及处理方法。方法：对17例喉狭窄者根据病因采用不同的手术方法。经纤维喉镜导入激光治疗喉狭窄2例．支撑喉镜下喉腔内肉芽组织切除术2例，喉裂开会厌喉成形术6例，瘢痕及残留甲状软骨板切除、接力肌甲状软骨膜瓣或颈阔肌皮瓣修复术4例，全喉切除术3例。结果：除3例复发喉癌患者行全喉切除外，其余14例患者经再次手术后有13例重新恢复呼吸、发声及吞咽功能，拔管率为92．86％。结论：瘢痕及肉芽组织增生是导致Ⅰ、Ⅱ期喉癌手术拔管后再发喉狭窄的主要原因，根据不同病因采用不同的手术方法，可以使绝大多数患者再次获得满意的呼吸发声及吞咽功能。     

电视纤维喉镜下行喉显微手术196例报告

电视纤维喉镜下行喉显微手术１９６例报告孙敬武，叶非常，金自仓，刘认华，杨晓１９９２年以来，我们将纤维喉内窥镜与电视摄、录像系统结合起来，于电视纤维喉镜下行喉显微手术，治疗１９６例声带良性病变，取得满意效果。现报告如下。１资料与方法１．１临床资料１９６...     

纤维喉镜与核磁共振（MRI）在喉癌诊断中的应用

将２５例喉癌的术前纤维喉镜检查和喉部ＭＲＩ与手术、病理进行比较，结果提示：纤维喉镜是喉癌诊断的最基本和最重要手段，能对Ｔ１、Ｔ２声门癌作出准确分期；ＭＲＩ对显示粘膜面肿瘤虽然并不重要，但能准确判断肿瘤对会厌前隙、声门旁隙、喉软骨及喉外的侵犯；两者作用互补，对喉癌的诊断、术前分期及手术方法的选择具有重要意义。     

耳鼻咽喉肿瘤的纤维内窥镜检法

作者自1979年起用纤维内窥镜检查耳鼻咽喉肿瘤病例105例(年龄34～67岁)、148次。检查空腹进行,除鼻、鼻咽和口咽部患者外,均于术前30分钟给如下药物:0.1%硫酸阿托品,1%苯海拉明,2%普罗梅多尔各1ml。用5%可卡因或2%地卡因溶液麻醉粘膜,除病情需卧位的食管病例外均采坐位检查。纤维内窥镜经鼻腔、口腔或气管切开口送入。纤维内窥镜检查目的为:(1)确定诊断。喉癌47例,鼻咽肿瘤8例,否定了8例的肿瘤诊断。(2)确定病变部位,计划手术范围。Ⅰ期喉癌19例:声带切除术8例,喉前侧切除术11例;会厌喉面癌18例中距前联合10mm以上者6例,达前联合者12例,分别施行了标准水平半喉切除术和较广泛的水平半喉切除术;9例喉中、下部癌经检查后能较准确地判定其扩展范围。纤维喉镜检查资料与手术所见比较,90%病例的结果相一致。(3)术后观察、治疗。19例Ⅰ期喉癌手术后一年纤维喉镜检查无复发;广泛咽、喉、食管手术后又有食管梗阻者中3例肿瘤     

支撑喉镜下YAG激光治疗喉部疾病(摘要)

支撑喉镜下ＹＡＧ激光治疗喉部疾病（摘要）李凤琴，邵洪武本文报告在支撑喉镜下应用ＹＡＧ激光对８０例喉部疾患进行治疗的临床观察，其中声带息肉５８例、喉角化症８例、喉乳头状瘤６例、喉癌（声门型Ｔ１Ｎ０Ｍ０）３例、喉癌术后喉狭窄５例，均取得较好的临床疗效。认...     

支撑喉镜下治疗喉腔狭窄 (附7例报告)

目的探讨喉腔狭窄的微创治疗方法.方法回顾分析7例喉腔狭窄患者在支撑喉镜下治疗的临床资料.结果4例因喉癌术后喉功能不良者术后能顺利拔管;2例呼吸困难者,1例喉外伤患者呼吸困难术后均得到缓解.结论对于喉癌术后喉腔狭窄及喉支架完整的喉外伤后喉腔狭窄的患者,支撑喉镜下手术解除狭窄是一种创伤小、简单且有效的方法.     

药物诱导睡眠下纤维鼻咽喉镜和多导睡眠仪的同步检查

目的 改进既往Muller动作的纤维鼻咽喉镜检查和常规的多导睡眠描记(polysomnography，PSG)监测，观察药物诱导睡眠下纤维鼻咽喉镜和PSG监测的所见，探讨同步检查的可行性。方法 前瞻性自身对比研究。药物诱导睡眠下的纤维鼻咽喉镜检查和PSG监测，之前或之后予常规的纤维鼻咽喉镜检查和PSG监测，观察两者检测结果的差别。结果 32例阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrom，OSAHS)患者中，鼻咽狭窄17例，均伴有口咽狭窄；鼻咽、口咽伴有喉咽狭窄8例；2例为口咽狭窄，伴扁桃体肥大，5例为喉咽狭窄。其中悬雍垂腭咽成形术后3例中，2例为喉咽狭窄，1例为鼻咽狭窄。药物诱导睡眠下的PSG监测与常规PSG监测结果明显相关。但异常程度高于常规的检查。药物睡眠呼吸暂停指数的下降同步于咽部的阻塞，但恢复迟于咽部的阻塞。三部位均狭窄的睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(apnea-hypopnea index，AHI)改变最为严重，鼻咽并口咽次之，再次为单独的喉咽或口咽狭窄。结论 药物诱导睡眠下的纤维喉镜和PSG监测可以清楚的显示鼻咽、软腭、舌根在鼾声和OSAHS中的动态变化，在观察鼻咽、口咽阻塞的同时，同步记录到OSAHS的存在及程度，为从形态学和机能学的角度深入分析鼾声和OSAHS提供了可能。     

Detection of laryngeal tumors and tumoral extension by multislice computed tomography-virtual laryngoscopy (MSCT-VL)

Virtual endoscopy is becoming a widely used non-invasive clinical diagnostic tool. The present study was designed to compare the sensitivity and specificity of the conventional endoscopy and virtual laryngoscopy with respect to laryngeal masses. A total of 38 patients (20 males, 18 females, mean age 61 years) with the complaint of hoarseness were included in the study. Laryngeal mucosa, lumen and mass pathology were evaluated initially by direct endoscopy and then by virtual laryngoscopy during multislice CT of the larynx. Histopathologic evaluation of the masses was also made. The main pathology of the patients was found to be laryngeal masses (60% of patients, one mass for each patient), which were polyps (n = 8), papilloma (n = 4) and carcinoma (n = 11) according to histopathologic evaluation. Retrospective evaluation of 6 lesions detected in virtual but not in conventional laryngoscopy resulted with the finding of viscous-dense mucous secretion. On the contrary, three lesions detected by conventional laryngoscopy could not be detected by virtual evaluation. A total of six patients were evaluated and considered as normal both by conventional and virtual laryngoscopic examinations. Sensitivity of the virtual laryngoscopy was 88% (23/26) while its specificity was only 50% (6/12). Positive and negative predictive values were 79% (23/29) and 66% (6/9), respectively. Accuracy of the virtual laryngoscopy was 76% (29/38). Virtual laryngoscopy is not an alternative to conventional laryngoscopy but may assist direct endoscopy without causing additional radiation exposure or discomfort to the patient. The three-dimensional contribution to interpretation of the results and subsequent manipulation of the data can be used for educational and surgical purposes.     

The potential of virtual laryngoscopy in the assessment of vocal cord lesions

Virtual laryngoscopy is a useful adjunctive radiological tool in the assessment of laryngeal lesions. A total of 10 patients requiring direct laryngoscopy for the investigation of laryngeal lesions underwent preoperative virtual laryngoscopy using three-dimensional reconstruction of two-dimensional computerized tomography (CT) images. All lesions were correctly diagnosed on virtual laryngoscopy before direct laryngoscopy. Its main advantages are that it does not require general anaesthesia, it allows three-dimensional visualization of the airway beyond areas of narrowing and it gives a highly accurate representation of vocal cord lesions, both in terms of definition and spatial representation. Its disadvantages are that it does not provide histology, it requires an air-mucosa interface to produce an image and it cannot identify functional lesions of the vocal cords.     

CT and virtual endoscopy findings in congenital laryngeal web

Laryngeal web is a rare lesion resulting from incomplete recanalization of the primitive larynx. Because the extent of airway involvement affects surgical management, patients should be studied thoroughly before treatment. Although the diagnosis is based on the endoscopy findings in most of the cases, laryngoscopy may fail to show the subglottic extension of the disease. Virtual endoscopy may provide the information needed for surgery in such cases. Here, we report the computed tomography and virtual endoscopy findings in a 5-year-old child with a laryngeal web.     

A Pilot Study of Autofluorescent Endoscopy for the in Vivo Detection of Laryngeal Cancer

Objectives To determine the advantage of autofluorescent endoscopy for the identification of laryngeal cancer. Study Design This is a prospective, multicenter clinical study. We investigated whether autofluorescent endoscopy using the Lung Imaging Fluorescent Endoscopy (LIFE)–Lung System (Xillix, Olympus) is capable of identifying early cancer of the larynx, especially in comparison with conventional white‐light endoscopy and microscopic laryngoscopy. Benign lesions as well as microinvasive and invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx were investigated. For logistic reasons and because of the pilot character of this study, the number of patients was limited. Methods Sixteen patients having 24 laryngeal lesions of both benign or malignant character were subsequently examined by autofluorescent endoscopy, white‐light endoscopy, and microscopic laryngoscopy. Based on optical appearance, and for each method separately, the lesions were classified as malignant or not. The visual results were documented and histologically verified. Results The sensitivity of autofluorescent endoscopy for laryngeal cancer detection was more than 90% and therefore higher than that of white‐light endoscopy and microscopic laryngoscopy. However, as far as laryngeal cancer is concerned, the specificity of autofluorescent endoscopy was very low. Many of the false‐positive results were due to inflammation, hypervascularization, and edema. Conclusion Autofluorescent endoscopy is advantageous only in the hands of an experienced ENT specialist. Although it does not replace the combination of white‐light endoscopy and a critical evaluation of the clinical symptoms of the individual disease, it can profitably complement them. Autofluorescent endoscopy can help in determining whether microscopic laryngoscopy performed with general anesthesia should be recommended urgently to the patient. Microscopic laryngoscopy remains the best method for the identification of malignant lesions, if it is combined with obtaining taking multiple biopsy specimens. Confirmation of the results of this pilot study with a larger series of patients is desirable.     

Neonatal nodular fasciitis of the larynx

We want to describe a case of neonatal laryngeal nodular fasciitis. A 5-day-old female presented with stridor. Fiberoptic transnasal laryngoscopy identified a smooth ball-valving mass obstructing the glottis. Direct microlaryngoscopy demonstrated a lesion originating from the right laryngeal ventricle. Endoscopic therapeutic and diagnostic subtotal biopsies relieved the airway obstruction. Pathologic analysis established nodular fasciitis as the diagnosis. Follow-up endoscopy showed complete resolution of this reactive lesion, and normal laryngeal function. Nodular fasciitis, rarely described in children's head and neck region, has never been reported in the larynx of a neonate. This patient's successful outcome suggests that conservative resection may be both diagnostic and curative.     

Indirect fluorescence laryngoscopy in the diagnosis of precancerous and cancerous laryngeal lesions

Indirect fluorescence endoscopy of the larynx has proven to facilitate the detection and delineation of precancerous and cancerous lesion. The different methods are easy to handle and can be performed on an outpatient basis. Early diagnosis of laryngeal cancer and its precursor lesions is simplified. The aim of the present study is to compare indirect autofluorescence laryngoscopy to 5-ALA-induced PPIX fluorescence laryngoscopy. In a prospective study, 56 patients with suspected precancerous or cancerous lesions were primarily investigated by indirect autofluorescence laryngoscopy. In a second step 5-ALA-NaCl (0.6%) was topically applied to the larynx by inhalation, and indirect fluorescence laryngoscopy repeated 2 h after application. Autofluorescence as well as 5-ALA-induced fluorescence was induced by filtered light (375–440 nm) of a xenon short arc lamp and processed by a CCD camera system (D-light-AF System, Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany). White-light and fluorescence images were digitally recorded, immediately assessed for diagnosis and finally compared to pathohistological findings. Inconspicuous laryngeal mucosa presented a typical green fluorescence signal in autofluorescence endoscopy, which turned blue during 5-ALA-laryngoscopy. Precancerous and cancerous lesions displayed a loss of autofluorescence in autofluorescence endoscopy whereas increased protoporphyrin IX fluorescence could be observed in 5-ALA laryngoscopy. Both imaging techniques were suitable to distinguish benign from precancerous or cancerous lesions. In contrast PPIX fluorescence was easily recognized in scarred vocal folds. According to our results, both non-invasive fluorescence imaging techniques are useful in the early diagnosis of laryngeal cancer. Moreover autofluorescence can be used immediately without drug application and possible side effects. 5-ALA-induced fluorescence seems to be more suited for diagnostic examination of mucosal lesions in recurrent precancerous and cancerous lesions after surgery.     

Virtual laryngoscopy: a noninvasive tool for the assessment of laryngeal tumor extent

OBJECTIVES: Present a clinical application of virtual laryngoscopy (VL) in the assessment of laryngeal tumor and its extent. STUDY DESIGN: CT data from two subjects are acquired for this preliminary study. One subject is a healthy volunteer and the other is a patient with laryngeal tumor. The laryngeal framework and upper airway are reconstructed using CT data, which allows for computer-aided internal and external anatomical views and interactive fly-through. METHODS: These CT data are reconstructed into 0.5 mm slice images, resulting in a total of 200-300 image slices. An advanced commercial visualization software (AMIRA) is used for 3D image segmentation, reconstruction and surface rendering of laryngeal anatomical structures. RESULTS: The 3D laryngeal framework and upper airway are reconstructed for both the tumor patient and the healthy subject. The conventional views of the reconstructed vocal folds are compared with those obtained from fiber-optic laryngoscope. Additionally, unique views of the vocal folds obtained from retrograde visualization and fly-through are presented, which are not possible to obtain using conventional endoscope imaging. The segmented anatomical model and the tumor from the patient's CT images were displayed individually to show the distribution of the tumor and its extent as well as spatial and contextual relationships to the larynx and airway anatomical structures. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the potential application of VL as a noninvasive clinical diagnostic tool for the assessment of laryngeal tumor and its extent. Our preliminary results demonstrated that the VL may provide valuable insights for the diagnosis and treatment planning for laryngeal and airway tumors. The noninvasive VL may complement the invasive laryngoscopic examinations for the staging of tumors and follow-ups on surgical interventions.     

Evaluation of airway obstruction using virtual endoscopy

OBJECTIVES: This study examines the use of virtual endoscopy (VE) in the evaluation of patients with upper airway obstruction. The utility of VE compared with actual endoscopy was investigated with respect to accuracy of diagnosis and reproduction of endoscopic images. STUDY DESIGN: A random cohort of 30 patients with various causes of airway obstruction was examined. METHODS: The computed tomography (CT) data were reconstructed using a proprietary VE software program, FreeFlight, blind to the actual endoscopic findings. The cause of obstruction was identified and compared with actual endoscopic findings. This included 21 patients with airway stenoses, 8 patients with laryngotracheomalacia, 3 tracheal tumors, 2 glottic webs, 5 patients with innominate artery compression, 2 tracheal granulomas, and 7 patients with impaired true vocal cord mobility. RESULTS: Virtual endoscopic evaluation was accurate in assessing stenosis width and length of fixed airway lesions. Correlation of stenosis shape and contour between actual endoscopy and VE was excellent. The stenosis-to-lumen ratios were compared between VE and actual endoscopy and were found to be within 10% (SD = 8). However, virtual endoscopic evaluation could not illustrate one of the glottic webs, half of the cases of tracheomalacia, or any of the cases of impaired true vocal cord mobility. CONCLUSIONS: Virtual endoscopy was not as sensitive as actual endoscopy in detecting the cause of airway obstruction that was based on dynamic movement. However, VE was excellent for the measurement and definition of fixed airway lesions.     

Real-time, cine magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of the pediatric airway.

BACKGROUND: Standard magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomographic (CT) modalities are limited in their ability to image dynamic organs. New real-time, dynamic, cine magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) techniques have the potential to image moving structures. OBJECTIVE: We therefore investigated the feasibility of using CMRI techniques to dynamically image the human airway, to assess laryngeal and tracheal patency and function. METHODS: A cohort of 10 pediatric patients, 10 adult patients, and 10 normal volunteers underwent routine static MRI, as well as CMRI using a Siemens 1.5 T Vision system (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). Patients also underwent endoscopic evaluation. Cine axial, coronal, and sagittal sequences of the larynx and trachea were obtained during quiet respiration, as well as during a variety of provocative maneuvers. RESULTS: CMRI readily demonstrated normal vocal cord mobility and tracheal stability in normal volunteers. Abnormal vocal mobility was easily appreciated using the CMRI imaging system. Similarly, dynamic effects of tracheomalacia were clearly demonstrated using CMRI. Dynamic extrinsic tracheal compression resulting from mass lesions or anomalous vasculature was also visualized using CMRI. CONCLUSIONS: Cine MRI of the airway has the potential to provide novel data regarding laryngeal and tracheal patency and function. This evolving modality may serve as a valuable adjunct to static MR and CT imaging, as well as endoscopy, in the assessment of the airway.