羟基喜树碱对甲状腺相关眼病球后成纤维细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的观察羟基喜树碱对体外培养的球后成纤维细胞增殖和凋亡的影响。方法甲状腺相关眼病患者球后成纤维细胞体外培养。免疫组织化学染色检测波形蛋白在球后成纤维细胞中的表达。将不同浓度的HCPT(1、5、10、50、100mg/L组)作用于球后成纤维细胞48h,用MTT法检测各组药物对细胞增生的抑制率。流式细胞仪检测各组细胞的凋亡率。提取细胞内总蛋白、采用Western blotting法检测活化型caspase-3和caspase-3、bax和bcl-2、p-JNK和JNK、p-AKT和Akt在HCPT中的表达。结果 MTT法显示不同浓度的HCPT(1、5、10、50、100mg/L组)能降低成纤维细胞细胞的A值(P<0.05),细胞生长抑制率随药物浓度的增加而增加。流式细胞仪检测凋亡率随着浓度的增加而增高;Western blotting法检测结果证明,活化型caspase-3、bax、p-JNK表达的灰度值明显增加,差异均有统计学意义。结论羟基喜树碱能诱导体外培养球后成纤维细胞,其作用呈剂量依赖性。     

二烯丙基二硫诱导人白血病HL-60细胞凋亡及机制

目的　探讨二烯丙基二硫 (DADS)诱导人白血病HL 6 0细胞凋亡的生物学效应及抗肿瘤机制。方法　通过MTT还原法检测DADS对该细胞系生长的影响 ;用电镜、荧光显微镜、流式细胞仪和细胞凋亡原位检测 (TUNEL)研究DADS诱导的细胞凋亡。SP免疫组化法检测细胞内Bcl 2、Bax蛋白的表达。结果　DADS能抑制HL 6 0细胞的生长 ,DADS处理HL 6 0细胞后 ,电镜下细胞呈凋亡特征性改变 :体积变小 ,核浓缩 ,凋亡小体形成 ,流式细胞仪示不同浓度DADS作用于HL 6 0细胞 ,亚G1期细胞明显增多 ,TUNEL测凋亡指数增加。SP免疫组化结果表明 10mg·L-1DADS处理细胞 2 4h后 ,Bax蛋白表达升高 ,Bcl 2蛋白表达下降。结论　DADS有诱导人白血病HL 6 0细胞凋亡的作用 ,其机制与Bcl 2 /Bax比例下降有关。     

白藜芦醇对人胚肺成纤维细胞株MRC-5生长的抑制作用

目的探讨白藜芦醇(Res)对人胚肺成纤维细胞生长的抑制作用及相关机制。方法以人胚肺成纤维细胞MRC-5为研究对象,分别予20μL二甲基亚砜(DMSO)及0、12.5、25、50、100、200μmol·L-1Res处理细胞24、48、72 h,通过MTT法分析细胞增殖抑制率。另外,以20μL DMSO(溶媒组)及50、100μmol·L-1Res孵育细胞48 h,采用流式细胞术检测细胞周期和凋亡率,行原位缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)测定细胞凋亡指数(AI),应用荧光实时定量PCR和Western blot分别检测细胞周期蛋白D1(cell cycle protein D1,Cyclin D1)、细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶4(cyclin-dependent kinase 4,CDK4)mRNA与蛋白表达,Western blot检测Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达。结果随着Res浓度的升高和处理时间的延长,细胞增殖抑制率逐渐增加(P<0.01)。在共同培养48h后,50、100μmol·L-1Res处理组S、G2/M期DNA比例及Cyclin D1、CDK4 mRNA与蛋白表达水平、Bcl-2蛋白表达水平降低,而G0/G1期DNA比例、AI、凋亡率及Bax蛋白表达水平增加,与溶媒组比较,差异均有显著性(P<0.01),并且100μmol·L-1Res效果强于50μmol·L-1(P<0.01)。结论Res能抑制MRC-5细胞增殖,其机制可能与阻碍细胞周期进展及促进细胞凋亡有关。     

5-氟脲嘧啶诱导人结直肠癌Lovo细胞凋亡的分子机制

目的：研究5-氟脲嘧啶（5-FTU）对体外培养人结直肠癌Lovo细胞增殖的抑制作用及诱导凋亡的分子机制。方法：分别采用MTT法检测细胞活力．用光镜、电镜观察凋亡细胞的组织形态学和超微结构变化，流式细胞术（FCM）分析诱导细胞凋亡的细胞周期阻滞点，免疫组化SP法检测对Lovo细胞增殖核抗原（PCNA）及凋亡相关基因蛋白P53、Bax表达的影响。结果：5-FU能抑制Lovo细胞生长，光镜与电镜结果均显示凋亡细胞明显增多。FCM分析Lovo细胞经5-FU诱导后凋亡百分率显著增加，并具有剂量和时间的效应。免疫组化显示5-FU组细胞PCNA表达明显低于对照组、Bax表达明显升高（P〈0．01），而P53在诱导前后均无表达。结论：5-FU能抑制Lovo细胞增殖并通过诱导该细胞系凋亡发挥抗肿瘤效应，激活bax基因和G2／M期阻滞是其诱导Lovo细胞凋亡的重要机制。     

毒胡萝卜素对人胚肺成纤维细胞凋亡影响及部分机制的初步探讨

目的研究内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)标识物葡萄糖调节蛋白(glucose regulated protein,GRP)和CCAAT增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白(CCAAT/enhancerbinding protein homologous protein,CHOP)在人胚肺成纤维细胞凋亡过程中的表达变化,初步探讨毒胡萝卜素对人胚肺成纤维细胞凋亡的作用及部分机制。方法体外用毒胡萝卜素(TG)诱导人胚肺成纤维细胞(MRC-5)后,采用流式细胞仪检测细胞的凋亡变化,RT-PCR检测细胞中GRP78、CHOPmRNA的表达变化,Western blot检测GRP、CHOP及Caspase-3蛋白的表达情况。结果与对照组比较,经TG作用24 h后,细胞凋亡率增加,并呈浓度依赖性,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。TG组在24 h的GRP、CHOP表达均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01);同时不同刺激组中Caspase-3的表达高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论毒胡萝卜素可诱导人胚肺成纤维细胞发生凋亡,该凋亡可能与ERS有关。     

CDK9抑制剂F200对乳腺癌细胞MCF7凋亡的影响

目的研究细胞周期依赖性激酶（cell cycle dependent kinase,CDK）CDK9抑制剂F200对乳腺癌细胞MCF7凋亡的影响。方法 MCF7细胞培养于含0.01 mg·mL^-1人重组胰岛素及10%胎牛血清的RPMI 1640培养液中,待对数生长期时接种细胞进行实验,24 h贴壁后给药：分为阴性对照组（0.5%DMSO）、阳性对照组（R-Roscovitine 5.66μM）及药物组（F200 0.1μM,0.71μM）,给药48 h后利用TUNEL法染色观察细胞凋亡DNA断裂情况及细胞凋亡形态学变化、流式细胞技术检测细胞的凋亡比率、免疫印迹法检测凋亡标志蛋白PARP的表达情况。结果 TUNEL结果显示,随着F200浓度增加,细胞出现明显的固缩变圆,细胞核可见深染致密颗粒,细胞核质分界明显等凋亡表现;流式细胞仪结果显示,0.71μM的F200能够诱导32.6%的细胞凋亡;Western Blot结果显示,随着F200浓度增加,PARP蛋白剪切水平明显增加。结论 F200能有效促进乳腺癌细胞MCF7的凋亡。     

异鼠李素诱导A549细胞凋亡的研究

目的观察异鼠李素是否能诱导人肺腺癌细胞株A549细胞凋亡及相关基因的变化。方法20μg/ml异鼠李素处理A549细胞,光镜电镜下观察细胞形态;进行集落形成实验,MTT法测细胞生长抑制率;流式细胞仪检测凋亡峰及bax,bcl-2等凋亡相关基因的表达。结果10～640μg/ml异鼠李素可抑制A549细胞生长,抑制率有剂量依赖性。流式细胞仪检测20μg/ml异鼠李素处理后出现明显凋亡峰;药物可使bax表达上调,bcl-2表达明显下降,表达改变有浓度依赖性。结论异鼠李素可抑制A549细胞生长,诱导其凋亡,其诱导凋亡的作用与凋亡相关基因抗凋亡基因bcl-2表达明显下调,bax表达上调有关。     

金喜素诱导肺癌细胞凋亡与抑制Bcl-2和PKC活性的关系

目的　研究金喜素诱导人肺癌SPC -A - 1细胞凋亡的作用及可能的机制。方法　体外培养肺癌细胞 ,以 2 0mg·L-1金喜素处理后 ,TUNEL法观察肺癌细胞凋亡形态学特征 ;流式细胞仪检测肺癌细胞凋亡率和肺癌细胞Bcl- 2蛋白的表达 ;放射性同位素法检测肺癌细胞蛋白激酶C(PKC)活性。结果　金喜素处理细胞 2 4h后 ,TUNEL法观察到典型的凋亡细胞形态学特征 ,流式细胞仪检测肺癌细胞凋亡率为 11 5 %± 2 8%,显著高于对照组细胞 (P<0 .0 1) ;Bcl- 2蛋白阳性表达细胞率为 7 8%± 1 1%,较对照组显著降低 (P <0 .0 1) ;肺癌细胞膜PKC活性较对照组显著降低 (P <0 0 1)。结论　金喜素可诱导肺癌细胞凋亡而发挥抗瘤作用 ,其作用机制可能为抑制凋亡蛋白Bcl- 2表达及PKC活性。     

RXRγ、RARβ在9-cis-RA抑制人胃癌SGC7901细胞生长中的作用

目的:探讨维甲类X受体(RXR)γ、RARβ在RXR激动剂9-顺维甲酸(9-cis-RA)抑制人胃癌SGC7901细胞生长中的作用.方法:体外培养SGC7901细胞给予9-cis-RA干预,四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)法、流式细胞术、HE染色、免疫组化染色、Western-blot检测9-cis-RA作用后SGC7901细胞生长情况、凋亡率、细胞周期的改变、RXRγ及RARβ表达情况.结果:SGC7901细胞与9-cis-RA共同培养48 h后,肿瘤细胞生长受到抑制,其作用具有浓度及时间依赖性.流式细胞仪检测显示处于G0/G1期的细胞增多,凋亡率增高,免疫组化及Western-blot 检测显示20 μmol/L 的9-cis-RA 作用72 h后,RXRγ、RARβ蛋白表达增加.结论:9-cis-RA可通过上调RXRγ、RARβ蛋白表达诱导细胞凋亡从而抑制人胃癌SGC7901细胞生长.     

BMH-21诱导人肝癌BEL-7402细胞凋亡的研究

目的探讨核仁应激对人肝癌BEL-7402细胞的凋亡诱导作用。方法以人肝癌BEL-7402细胞为研究对象,依据给药剂量实验分为4组:对照组(0μmol/L),1、2和4μmol/L组。MTT检测BEL-7402细胞生存率,共聚焦显微镜观察核仁应激标志蛋白变化,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率,蛋白印迹检测凋亡相关蛋白表达。结果 MTT结果表明BMH-21对BEL-7402细胞生长抑制作用呈剂量依赖性,共聚焦显微镜观察发现BMH-21诱导BEL-7402细胞核仁应激标志蛋白发生变化,流式细胞仪检测结果表明BMH-21以剂量依赖性的方式诱导细胞凋亡,蛋白印迹结果显示凋亡相关蛋白表达明显增加(P0.05)。结论 BMH-21诱导人肝癌BEL-7402细胞核仁应激,导致细胞凋亡的发生。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Hyperkalaemia in patients in hospital

A survey of all laboratory blood specimens with a plasma potassium concentration greater than or equal to 5.5 mmol/L was conducted over a three month period. Of 331 specimens with hyperkalaemia, 71 were excluded because the specimens was haemolysed, old or contaminated. The laboratory served a population of 348,561 and during this time measured the plasma potassium on 25,016 occasions. Sixty-six outpatients and 20 neonates were not evaluated. The survey was undertaken on 86 of 102 inpatients (46 males), 48 of whom were over 66 years of age. Fifty-seven patients were admitted under a medical service and 29 under a surgical service. Fifty-nine had a single episode of hyperkalaemia. Thirty-two underwent a surgical procedure. The commonest contributing factor was impaired renal function which was present in 71 (83%) patients. Although a definitive causative role for drugs could be identified in only five patients, in 52 (60%) patients drugs were a contributing factor (potassium supplements 24, ACE inhibitors 16, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs 12). Thirty-five of the 86 (41%) patients died during their hospital admission. Nineteen of the 35 deaths occurred within three days of the hyperkalaemia being recorded. A normal plasma potassium was eventually documented in 50 of the 86 patients. Of the remaining 36 patients, 25 (69%) subsequently died. In general the treatment of patients with hyperkalaemia focused on identifying and treating the underlying cause. Hyperkalaemia must always be considered seriously and regard given to the overall clinical status of the patient, with particular attention to drug therapy, renal and cardiac function, acid base status and the possibility of sepsis.