人剪切修复基因D介导ox-LDL促进HUVEC凋亡作用

目的探讨人剪切修复基因D(XPD)是否介导氧化型低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)促进人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)凋亡。方法以ox-LDL建立HUVEC凋亡模型。用脂质体将XPD-siRNA转染HUVEC,给予ox-LDL处理。实验分6组:空白对照组;阴性对照siRNA组;XPD-siRNA组;ox-LDL组;ox-LDL+阴性对照siRNA组;ox-LDL+XPDsiRNA组。MTT测定细胞活力;流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率和细胞周期;用RT-PCR和Western blot检测XPD、Bax和Bcl-2的表达。结果建立HUVEC凋亡模型ox-LDL的最佳浓度为100 mg/L。与阴性对照siRNA组相比,XPDsiRNA组的细胞凋亡率明显下降(P0.05),存活率明显增加(P0.01),G0/G1期细胞减少(P0.05)、S期细胞增加(P0.05),XPD、Bax表达降低(P均0.05),Bcl-2表达增高(P0.05);与空白对照组相比,ox-LDL组细胞凋亡率明显增加(P0.01),细胞存活率下降(P0.05),G0/G1期细胞增加(P0.05)、S期细胞明显减少(P0.01),XPD、Bax表达升高(P均0.05),Bcl-2表达降低(P0.05);与ox-LDL+阴性对照siRNA组相比,ox-LDL+XPD-siRNA组细胞凋亡率下降(P0.05),细胞存活率明显增加(P0.01),G0/G1期细胞减少(P0.05)、S期细胞增加(P0.05),XPD、Bax表达降低(P均0.05),Bcl-2表达增高(P0.05)。结论 XPD能介导ox-LDL促进HUVEC凋亡作用。     

Gli-1 siRNA induced apoptosis in Huh7 cells

AIM： To investigate the effects of Gli-1 small interference RNA （siRNA） on Huh7 cells, and the change of Bcl-2 expression in Huh7 cells. METHODS： Human hepatocellular carcinoma cells Huh7 were used. Cell viability was analyzed by 3-（4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide （MTT） assay. The expressions of Gli-1 and Bcl-2 family members were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot. Apoptosis was detected by Flow cytometry using propidium iodide, measured by Hoechst 33258 staining using Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy and caspase-3 enzymatic assay. Cell growth was analyzed after treatment with Gli-1 siRNA and 5-fluorouracil （5-Fu）. RESULTS： Inhibition of Gli-1 mRNA in Huh7 cells through Gli-1 siRNA reduced cell viability. Gli-1 siRNA treatment also induced apoptosis by three criteria, increase in the sub-G1 cell cycle fraction, nuclear condensation, a morphologic change typical of apoptosis, and activation of caspase-3. Gli-1 siRNA was also able to down-regulate Bcl-2. However, Gli-1 siRNA resulted in no significant changes in Bcl-xl, Bax, Bad, and Bid. Furthermore, Gli-1 siRNA increased the cytotoxic effect of 5-Fu on Huh7 cell. CONCLUSION： Down-regulation of Bcl-2 plays an important role in apoptosis induced by Gli-1 siRNA in HCC cells. Combination Gli-1 siRNA with chemotherapeutic drug could represent a more promising strategy against HCC. The effects of the strategies need further investigation in vivo and may have potential clinical application.     

Overexpression of Bcl-2 protects human hepatoma cells from Fas-antibody-mediated apoptosis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Fas is a cell surface antigen, that triggers apoptosis upon specific ligand or antibody binding. The proto-oncogene bcl-2 prevents apoptosis induced by various treatments. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether Bcl-2 protects hepatoma cells from Fas-mediated apoptosis. METHODS: Two human cell lines, HCC-T and HepG2 were used. Expression of Fas antigen and Bcl-2 was detected by flow cytometry and Western blotting. Cell viability and apoptotic change were examined after anti-Fas- and antisense oligodeoxynucleotide treatments. Apoptotic cells were detected by nick-end labelling and the TUNEL method. To test if Bcl-2 expression can protect HepG2 cells from Fas-mediated apoptosis, the cells were transduced using retroviral vector, LZBC, designed to coexpress E. coli beta-galactosidase and human Bcl-2. To further confirm the protective effect of Bcl-2 expression against Fas-mediated apoptosis in HepG2, Bcl-2 expressing plasmid vector was produced and a cell line stably expressing Bcl-2 was cloned. RESULTS: Western blot analysis showed constitutive Bcl-2 expression in HCC-T cells, but not in HepG2 cells. HCC-T was resistant to apoptosis after treatment with an agonist anti-Fas antibody (1 microg/ml for 3 days), whereas 33% of the HepG2 cells were killed by this treatment. Inhibition of Bcl-2 expression by transfection of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides caused spontaneous apoptosis in HCC-T, but not in HepG2 cells, suggesting that Bcl-2 is essential for survival of HCC-T cells, whereas other proteins may substitute for it in HepG2 cells. Following LZBC infection, 10% HepG2 cells were beta-galactosidase-positive by X-gal staining and Bcl-2-positive. In cells surviving after anti-Fas treatment, the proportion of beta-galactosidase-positive cells increased to 50% and the beta-galactosidase activity increased 6-fold, indicating that Bcl-2 expression protected the cells from Fas-mediated apoptosis. In the cloned HepG2 cells stably expressing Bcl-2, the extent of Fas-mediated apoptosis was inversely related to the level of Bcl-2 expression. CONCLUSION: Bcl-2 confers protection to human hepatoma cells against Fas-mediated apoptosis, and is essential for survival of some, but not all, hepatoma cells.     

干扰Sestrin2表达对ox-LDL诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞凋亡的影响

目的观察干扰Sestrin2表达对氧化型低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)凋亡的影响。方法用ox-LDL处理HUVEC复制内皮细胞损伤模型。Western blot检测不同浓度ox-LDL处理HUVEC不同时间Sestrin2的蛋白表达水平及转染Sestrin2 siRNA后Sestrin2的蛋白表达水平;流式细胞术检测干扰Sestrin2表达后对ox-LDL诱导的HUVEC凋亡率的影响;Western blot检测干扰Sestrin2表达后对ox-LDL诱导的HUVEC中Caspase-3表达的影响及ox-LDL对HUVEC中JNK通路的影响。结果不同浓度(20、50和100 mg/L)的ox-LDL处理HUVEC 24 h均能明显上调Sestrin2表达;50 mg/L ox-LDL处理HUVEC不同时间(24 h和48 h)均能明显上调Sestrin2表达,24 h达高峰;转染Sestrin2 siRNA能明显抑制Sestrin2的表达;ox-LDL能明显诱导HUVEC凋亡,转染Sestrin2 siRNA能明显促进由ox-LDL诱导的HUVEC凋亡;ox-LDL能明显诱导p-JNK和p-c-Jun的表达,且SP600125能明显抑制由ox-LDL诱导的Sestrin2表达。结论 ox-LDL通过JNK/c-Jun信号通路诱导Sestrin2表达,干扰Sestrin2表达能明显促进ox-LDL诱导的HUVEC凋亡。     

Ghrelin对棕榈酸诱导的大鼠主动脉内皮细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨Ghrelin能否抑制棕榈酸诱导的大鼠主动脉内皮细胞凋亡。方法大鼠主动脉内皮细胞分别在含0.3 mmol/L棕榈酸的脂性培养基中孵育24 h,培养基中加或不加Ghrelin,应用MTT法检测细胞活性,Ho-echst 33258及流式细胞仪AnnexinⅤ-FITC/PI双染法检测细胞凋亡,分光光度计检测Caspase-3活性,Western Blot检测Bcl-2和Bax表达。结果棕榈酸降低细胞活性,使细胞凋亡增加至30.03%,与对照组(5.01%)相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),棕榈酸增加Caspase-3活性,使Bcl-2/Bax比率下降。Ghrelin能够浓度依赖性增加细胞活性,10 nmol/L是最低有效浓度,100 nmol/L时作用最显著。Ghrelin能抑制棕榈酸诱导的内皮细胞凋亡,使凋亡率降至10.03%(P<0.05)。同时Ghrelin降低Caspase-3活性并增加Bcl-2/Bax比率。结论 Ghrelin可以抑制棕榈酸诱导的血管内皮细胞凋亡,可能在棕榈酸诱导的内皮细胞损伤中发挥保护作用。     

Cloning of human Bcl-2 homologue: inflammatory cytokines induce human A1 in cultured endothelial cells

Bcl-2 is an intracellular membrane-associated protein that functions to block programmed cell death. Despite recurrent exposure to cellular toxins from the circulation and tissue, endothelial cells are remarkably resistant to cell death. Because Bcl-2 protein levels are low or undetectable in endothelial cells, we postulated that other members of the growing Bcl-2 family would be present in endothelial cells to provide protection against apoptosis. Degenerate primers to two conserved regions of the Bcl-2 family were used to amplify potential homologues in endothelial cells. This strategy resulted in the isolation of a human Bcl-2 homologue related to murine Al, a recently identified member of this family. We show here that, in endothelial cells, human Al is rapidly inducible by phorbol ester and the inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin- 1beta, but not by the growth factors, basic fibroblast growth factor or vascular endothelial growth factor. Al is the only known Bcl-2 family member that is inducible by inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that it may play a protective role during inflammation. Additionally, vascular smooth muscle cells and various nonhematopoietic tissues express human Al, indicating that human Al is a widely expressed Bcl-2 homologue.     

吡格列酮对高脂血症大鼠主动脉内皮细胞凋亡的作用

目的观察吡格列酮对高脂血症大鼠主动脉内皮细胞凋亡的影响,并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法清洁型SD大鼠26只,随机分为健康对照组(9只)、高脂饮食组(17只),高脂饮食组喂养12周后再随机分为模型组(8只)和吡格列酮组(9只),4周后,检测各组血脂水平,通过免疫组织化学法检测主动脉Bcl-2、Bax的表达,TUNEL染色法观察主动脉内皮细胞凋亡情况,计算细胞凋亡指数。结果 (1)高脂饮食组喂养12周后,血脂明显升高;给药4周后,与模型组比较,吡格列酮组TG、TC水平明显降低(P=0.000);(2)与健康对照组相比,模型组主动脉Bax蛋白表达明显增高(P=0.003),Bcl-2蛋白表达和Bcl-2/Bax比值明显降低(P=0.000);与模型组相比,吡格列酮组主动脉Bax蛋白表达明显降低(P=0.000),Bcl-2蛋白表达(P=0.001)和Bcl-2/Bax比值明显升高(P=0.000),且吡格列酮组主动脉内皮细胞凋亡指数较模型组明显降低,差异有统计学意义(17.5633±7.0584比6.0475±2.2370,P=0.000)。结论吡格列酮可改善高脂血症大鼠血脂水平,调节凋亡蛋白表达,减少主动脉内皮细胞凋亡。     

Beneficial vasoactive endothelial effects of fluvastatin: focus on prostacyclin and nitric oxide

Statins are believed to exert beneficial effects against cardiovascular disease beyond correction of dyslipidemia. There are however still very sparse data on how individual statins interact with the production of vasoactive eicosanoids and nitric oxide (NO) in human vascular endothelial cells. Here we have determined how fluvastatin affects the mRNA expression of genes associated with vascular reactivity as well as the formation of two major vasodilators, prostacyclin (PGI₂) and NO, in human endothelial cells. Also, the influence of fluvastatin on arterial resistance was assessed in isolated small arteries. We show that the promoter activity of prostacyclin synthase (PTGIS), the mRNA expression of PTGIS and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and the production of PGI₂ and NO are significantly induced by fluvastatin. Also, strong rapid dilatation ex vivo was observed, with the equal contribution of PGI₂ and NO. Our findings in cell culture experiments and in isolated human arteries indicate that fluvastatin-evoked endothelium-derived vasodilator production may confer protection of the endothelial cells via both acute and long-term effects of fluvastatin treatment. If these effects take place in vivo, we suggest a protective pleiotropic role of fluvastatin on the cardiovascular system, particularly at the level of the vascular endothelium, to ameliorate the process of atherogenesis and in the acute manner to reduce vascular tone.     

Ox-LDL induces endothelial cell apoptosis via the LOX-1-dependent endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway

Objective

To investigate the effect of lectin-like ox-LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) on oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced apoptosis and the involvement of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response pathway.

Methods and results

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with 50, 100, or 200 μg/ml ox-LDL and cultured for 12, 24, or 48 h for concentration- and time-dependent studies. Cells were transfected with LOX-1 or Nox-4 shRNAs, and target proteins were inhibited with the corresponding antibodies for mechanistic studies. Active proteins and mRNAs were analyzed by Western blotting and RT-PCR, respectively. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by Annexin and Hoechst staining assays. Ox-LDL induced both apoptosis and protein expression of LOX-1 and Nox-4 through activation of ER stress sensors IRE1 and PERK, and nuclear translocation of ATF6 and their subsequent pathways were indicated by JNK, eukaryotic initiation factor 2 phosphorylation, XBP-1, and chaperone GRP78 expression; up-regulation of proapoptotic proteins CHOP and Bcl-2; and caspase-12 activity. LOX-1 gene silencing and treatment with an anti-LOX-1 antibody attenuated the effects of ox-LDL. Pretreatment with irestatin 9389, salubrinal, or AEBSF also blocked ox-LDL-induced expression of CHOP and Bcl-2 and activation of caspase-12 activity, leading to an attenuation of endothelial cell apoptosis. Furthermore, Nox-4 siRNA attenuated the up-regulated expression of GRP78, PERK, IRE1, and XBP-1 to reduce ox-LDL-induced endothelial cell apoptosis.

Conclusions

LOX-1 plays a critical role in ox-LDL-induced endothelial cell apoptosis via the ER stress pathway.     

Isoflavone genistein protects high glucose-induced human aortic endothelial cell apoptosis through estrogen receptor-mediated pathway

Objective The aim of this study was to determine if isoflavone genistien has protective effects against high glucose-induced cell apoptosis in human aortic endlthelial cells,and investigate the possible mechanism for this protection.Methods Human aortic endothelial cells subjected to normal (5mmol/L) or high glucose (25mmol/L) were treated with genistein at 0,50,100nmol/L.Parallel experiments were performed with 100nM 17b-estradiol,and also in the presence and absence of the pure anti-estrogen ICI-182,780 (100nmol/L).The effects on cell apoptotic DNA fragmentation were determined using cell death ELISA,and the effects on cellular proliferation were determined using tritiated thymidine incorporation assay.Estrogen receptor expression was detected by Taqman quantitative PCR.Results Genistein at 100nmol/L significantly reduced high glucose-induced DNA fragmentation,and reversed cell DNA synthesis inhibition (P＜0.001) after 24 hours' incubation.The effect of genistein was completely blocked by ICI-182,780administration.Estrogen receptor beta,but not alpha was found to be expressed in these cells.Conclusion Isoflavone genistein shows protection against high glucose-induced cell damage through estrogen receptor beta,reducing apoptotic DNA damage and protecting from the inhibition of cell proliferation.     

沉默Bcl-2基因对A549细胞的影响

目的 探讨Bcl-2基因在抑制细胞凋亡的作用.方法 利用RNA干扰技术,通过向人非小细胞肺癌A549细胞中导入siRNA表达载体,抑制Bcl-2基因表达,诱导细胞凋亡.结果 Bel-2基因沉默导致A549细胞发生凋亡.结论 Bcl-2家族成员之间相互拮抗的关系及由此产生的A549细胞凋亡,为治疗肿瘤提供了一条新的途径.     

Bone morphogenic protein-4 induces endothelial cell apoptosis through oxidative stress-dependent p38MAPK and JNK pathway

The expression of bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4), a new pro-inflammatory marker, is increased by disturbed flow in endothelial cells (ECs). BMP4 stimulates production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and causes endothelial cell dysfunction. The present study examined BMP4-induced apoptosis in ECs and isolated arteries from rat, mouse, and human, and the signaling pathways mediating BMP4-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry to detect Annexin-V positive cells, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end (TUNEL) labeling. The superoxide production was measured by dihydroethidium fluorescence. BMP4 induced EC apoptosis in human mesenteric arteries, mouse aortic endothelium, rat primary ECs, and human ECs. BMP4-induced EC apoptosis was mediated through ROS production by activation of NADPH oxidase, which led to cleaved caspase-3 expression. BMP4 also induced sequential activation of p38 MAPK and JNK which was upstream of caspase 3 activation. Knockdown of BMP receptor 1A by lentiviral shRNA or NOX4 siRNA transfection inhibited BMP4-induced ROS production, p38 and JNK phosphorylation, and caspase-3 activation in ECs. JNK siRNA inhibited BMP4-induced JNK phosphorylation and caspase-3 activation. The present study delineates that BMP4 causes EC apoptosis through activation of caspase-3 in a ROS/p38MAPK/JNK-dependent signaling cascade.     

Nicotinamide protects human beta cells against chemically-induced necrosis, but not against cytokine-induced apoptosis

Summary Nicotinamide intervention trials are presently undertaken to prevent Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes in high risk subjects. They are based on studies in rodents reporting nicotinamide protection against beta-cell injury in vitro and in vivo. This study examines whether nicotinamide can protect human beta cells in vitro. At concentrations (2 and 5 mmol/l) to protect rat beta cells against necrosis by streptozotocin or hydrogen peroxide, nicotinamide prevents hydrogen peroxide-induced necrosis of human beta cells. As with rat beta cells, nicotinamide fails to protect human beta cells against apoptosis induced by a combination of the cytokines interleukin-1β , interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor-α. In rat beta cells, nicotinamide (2 to 20 mmol/l) was also found to induce apoptosis, in particular during the days following its protection against necrosis; this cytotoxic effect was not observed with human beta cells. These data demonstrate that nicotinamide can protect human beta cells against radical-induced necrosis, but not against cytokine-induced apoptosis. This effect is not associated with a delayed apoptosis as in rat beta cells. [Diabetologia (1999) 42: 55–59] Received: 7 July 1998 and in revised form: 10 September 1998     

Effect of silencing Bcl-2 expression by small interfering RNA on radiosensitivity of gastric cancer BGC823 cells

ObjectiveTo explore the influence of silencing Bcl-2 expression by small interfering RNA (siRNA) on Bcl-2 protein expression, cell apoptosis rate and radiosensitivity of gastric cancer BGC823 cells.MethodssiRNA segment for Bcl-2 gene was designed and synthesized, then was induced into gastric cancer BGC 823 cells by liposome transfection. Bcl-2 protein expression was detected by Western Blotting. After X radiation, flow cytometry and clone forming assay were used to determine the effects of RNA interference on BGC823 cell apoptosis rate and radiosensitivity.ResultAfter the transfection of Bcl-2 siRNA, the positive expression rate of Bcl-2 protein in BGC823 cells was (35.45±2.35)%. Compared with the control group and negative siRNA transfection group, the rate was significantly decreased (P<0.01). The apoptosis rate of BGC823-RNAi cell was (10.81±0.91)%, which was significantly higher than the control group and negative siRNA transfection group (P<0.01). After 48h X radiation, the apoptosis rate of BGC823-RNAi was (28.91±1.40)%, which was significantly higher than the control group and the group without radiation (P<0.01). During clone forming assay D₀, D_q and SF₂ values in Bcl-2 siRNA1 transfection group were all lower than those in the control group. The radiosensitivity ratio was 1.28 (the ratio of D₀) and 1.60 (the ratio of D_q).ConclusionsSpecific siRNA of Bcl-2 gene can effectively inhibit the expression of Bcl-2 gene, enhance the radiosensitivity and apoptosis of gastric cancer BGC823 cells, having good clinical application perspective.     

小干扰RNA对人内皮细胞株类表皮生长因子域7基因表达抑制作用的实验研究

目的 研究小干扰RNA（siRNA）对类表皮生长因子域7（egfl7）基因表达的抑制作用。方法 利用Ambion公司设计合成的以egfl7为靶标的siRNA,通过脂质体将siRNA转入人脐静脉内皮细胞株,以未转染siRNA细胞和转染无关siRNA细胞为对照,利用MTS[3-（4,5-dimethyhhiaz-2-y1）-5（3-carboxymethoxyphenyl）-2-（4-sulfopheny）-2H-tetrazolium,innersalt]法检测siRNA对细胞存活率的影响,同时检测乳酸脱氢酶和三磷酸腺苷,观察siRNA对细胞生长的影响,RT-PCR法检测egfl7mRNA水平的改变,Westernblot检测egfl7蛋白表达的变化。结果 siRNA各组与对照组细胞存活率差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,乳酸脱氢酶及三磷酸腺苷释放量差异也存在统计学意义（P〈0．01）。转染24h后,siRNA组egfl7mRNA与对照组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,同时egfl7蛋白表达也被明显抑制（P〈0．01）,其中siRNA1的抑制效率最高。结论 体外转录合成的siRNA可抑制人脐静脉内皮细胞egfl7基因的表达。