利多卡因对兔内毒性素急性肺损伤的预防作用

目的：研究利多卡因对兔内毒素性急性肺损伤的预防作用。方法：雄性健康新西兰兔24只，分3组：空白组（S－S，输注生理盐水），内毒素组（L－S，输注内毒素后输注生理盐水），预防组（Ld2-L，输注内毒素前10min输注利多卡因负荷量2mg.kg^-1，然后2mg.kg^-1.h^-1)，控制呼吸，吸氧浓度95％，输注内毒素后6h杀兔。观察氧合指数（PaO2/FiO2）、肺动脉顺应性（Cdyn)、支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）白蛋白含量，肺湿／干重比值，肺组织超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）和这氧化物酶（MPO）以及肺形态学变化。结果：内毒素组PaO2/FiO2,Cdyn和肺组织SOD活性明显下降，BALF白蛋白含量，肺湿／干重比值和肺组织MDA和MPO含量明显上升，肺泡结构严重毁坏，肺泡间隔增宽，大量炎症细胞浸润，利多卡因预防可明显减轻这些变化。结论：利多卡因对兔内毒素性急性肺损伤有明显的预防作用。     

利多卡因对兔内毒素性急性肺损伤的早期治疗作用

目的　观察利多卡因对兔LPS性急性肺损伤的早期保护作用。方法　雄性健康新西兰兔 32只 ,随机平均分 4组 :空白对照组 (S -S ,输注生理盐水 ) ;LPS对照组 (L -S ,输注LPS后输注生理盐水 ) ,输注LPS后 6h杀兔 ;另两组在输注LPS肺动态顺应性 (Cdyn)降到 75 %时分为小剂量利多卡因治疗组 (L -Ld2 ,输注利多卡因 2mg/kg·h-1)和大剂量利多卡因治疗组 (L -Ld3,输注利多卡因 3mg/kg·h-1) ,治疗 4h后杀兔。观察PaO2 /FiO2 、Cdyn、BALF白蛋白浓度、肺湿 /干重 (W /D)比值、肺组织SOD、MDA和MPO以及肺形态学指标。结果　LPS对照组PaO2 /FiO2 、Cdyn和肺组织SOD活性明显下降 ;BALF白蛋白浓度、肺W /D比值和肺组织MDA和MPO含量明显上升。利多卡因对这些变化的影响与剂量相关 ,大剂量作用较明显。结论　利多卡因对兔LPS性急性肺损伤有早期治疗作用 ,大剂量作用较明显。     

藻蓝素对脓毒症急性肺损伤大鼠的保护作用

目的观察藻蓝素（CPC）对脓毒症急性肺损伤大鼠的保护作用。方法SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和CPC干预组。其中模型组采用盲肠结扎穿刺建立脓毒症急性肺损伤大鼠模型。CPC干预组在模型组基础上分别给予浓度为20mg／kg、40mg／kg和60mg／kgCPC腹腔注射。术后72h获取血液及肺组织标本,检测PaO2／FiO2、肺湿干重比、支气管肺泡灌洗液中肿瘤坏死因子仅（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）和IL-6水平,以及肺组织中丙二醛（MDA）水平及髓过氧化物酶（MPO）活性。结果与正常对照组相比,模型组PaO2／FiO2含量显著降低（P〈0．05）。不同浓度CPC干预后,PaO2／FiO2进一步增高。模型组肺湿干重比以及MDA和MPO显著高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）,CPC处理后,肺湿干重、MDA和MPO水平随之降低;模型组大鼠BALF中TNF—α、IL-1β和IL-6含量明显增高,CPC能进一步降低其含量。结论CPC可减轻脓毒症急性肺损伤大鼠肺部气体交换功能和炎症反应,从而发挥对脓毒症急性肺损伤大鼠的保护作用。     

α-硫辛酸对脓毒症急性肺损伤大鼠的保护作用

目的探讨α-硫辛酸(α-lipoic acid,ALA)对脓毒症急性肺损伤大鼠的保护作用。方法 SD大鼠根据不同实验目的随机分为对照组;模型组和ALA干预组。其中模型组采用盲肠结扎穿刺致脓毒症急性肺损伤大鼠模型。ALA干预组在模型组基础上分别给予浓度为10 mg/kg、30 mg/kg和200 mg/kg ALA腹腔注射。术后72h后获取血液及肺组织标本。检测动脉血气指标、肺湿干重比、支气管肺泡灌洗液中TNF-α,IL-1β和IL-6水平,以及肺组织中丙二醛(MDA)水平及髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性。结果与正常对照组相比,模型组PaO2/FiO2含量显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。不同浓度ALA干预后,PaO2/FiO2进一步增高。模型组肺湿干重比降低,100 mg/kg ALA处理后,肺湿干重明显低于30 mg/kg和50 mg/kg组;模型组MDA和MOP含量显著高于正常对照组,ALA干预后,肺组织中MDA和MPO水平随着ALA浓度的增高而降低;此外,模型组大鼠BALF中TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6含量明显增高。ALA能进一步降低TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6含量。结论 ALA可减轻脓毒症急性肺损伤大鼠肺部气体交换功能,抑制炎症反应,从而发挥对脓毒症急性肺损伤大鼠的保护作用。     

α1-抗胰蛋白酶对急性呼吸窘迫综合征大鼠机械通气肺损伤的治疗作用

目的评估α1-抗胰蛋白酶(AAT)是否可减轻急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)大鼠接受机械通气后的呼吸机相关肺损伤(VILI)。方法大鼠随机分为假手术组(S组)、机械通气组(V组)和机械通气/AAT组(VA组)。S组大鼠仅接受麻醉,V组和VA组大鼠接受脂多糖模拟ARDS,然后机械通气4 h。在通气开始时,V组大鼠股静脉给予盐水,VA组大鼠接受股静脉给予AAT。测量氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、肺湿/干重比(W/D),检测支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中总蛋白浓度、弹性蛋白酶浓度、中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞计数,检测BALF中的炎症因子和血清中的细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)和巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-2(MIP-2)浓度,测量肺内氧化应激反应,观察肺组织学损伤和细胞凋亡情况。结果与S组比较,V组和VA组大鼠PaO2/FiO2显著降低,BALF中的蛋白质浓度和肺W/D明显升高,BALF和外周血中炎症因子浓度显著升高,BALF中炎症细胞计数增高;丙二醛(MDA)浓度、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)和还原型辅酶Ⅱ(NADPH)活性显著增加;V组和VA组损伤严重,凋亡细胞数明显增加。与V组比较,VA组PaO2/FiO2显著提高,肺W/D和BALF蛋白浓度降低,BALF中的巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞的数量以及弹性蛋白酶的浓度显著降低;BALF中的肿瘤坏死因子-α、白细胞介素-1β、白细胞介素-6降低,白细胞介素-10升高;外周血中的ICAM-1和MIP-2降低;MDA浓度、MPO和NADPH活性显著降低,组织损伤明显减轻,细胞凋亡数量明显减少;Bax、凝溶胶蛋白和裂解的胱天蛋白酶-3表达降低,但Bcl-2的表达增强(P<0.05)。结论 AAT可减轻ARDS大鼠的VILI。AAT给予的保护作用可能与AAT的抗炎、抗氧化应激反应和抗细胞凋亡作用有关。     

川芎嗪对幼兔肺缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨川芎嗪(LZ)对幼兔肺缺血再灌注损伤中肺的保护作用。方法:将36只实验用幼兔随机分成缺血再灌注组(I/R)、假手术组(S)和川芎嗪组(LZ60mg/kg),每组12只。建立在体幼兔肺缺血再灌注模型,并检测肺组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),丙二醛(MDA)及髓过氧化物酶(MPO)的水平。测定肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中性粒细胞(PMN)计数、计算肺湿干重比(W/D)和光镜下观察肺组织病理改变。结果:I/R组与S组相比,SOD活性下降,W/D、MDA含量及MPO活性均显著增加,肺组织病理损伤明显。LZ组与I/R组相比,W/D、SOD活性增加,MDA含量、MPO活性降低及再灌注肺BALF中性粒细胞计数LZ组低于I/R组(P<0.05),肺组织病理损伤明显减轻。结论:川芎嗪能明显减轻幼兔肺缺血再灌注损伤,其作用机制可能与抑制中性粒细胞在肺内积聚、减轻氧自由基造成的肺损伤有关。     

山莨菪碱对家兔油酸性急性肺损伤的防治作用

目的　观察山莨菪碱 (6 5 4 2 )对油酸致急性肺损伤的作用。方法　测量家兔血清中丙二醛 (MDA)的含量 ,及支气管肺泡灌洗液 (BALF)中MDA、蛋白含量和肺湿 /干重比。结果　 6 5 4 2可明显减少油酸性急性肺损伤家兔血清及BALF中MDA和BALF中蛋白含量 ,并使肺湿 /干重比降低。结论　 6 5 4 2可通过其抗膜脂质过氧化对油酸性肺损伤起到有效的防治作用。     

汉防己甲素对大肠杆菌脂多糖所致急性肺损伤大鼠炎症介质的影响

目的 探讨中药单体汉防己甲素(trandrine,Tet)干预对静脉注射内毒素(LPS)所致急性肺损伤(ALI)的影响及其可能机制.方法 将健康雄性Wistar大鼠32只,随机分为4组:即正常组、模型组、Tet预防组和Tet治疗组.除正常组外,其他3组采用大肠杆菌LPS静脉注射造成急性肺损伤模型,Tet预防组和Tet治疗组分别于注射LPS前后30 min内缓慢注射T注射液(20 mg/kg),正常组给予等量生理盐水.于初始(0)、0.5、2,4、6 h 5个时间点采集动脉血测定动脉血氧分压(PaO2)和动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2).实验结束时测定肺组织湿干重比(W/D),检测支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)白细胞总数及总蛋白含量;ELISA法测定外周血及BALF中炎症介质TNF-α及BALF中IL-1β、IL-6浓度;测定肺组织一氧化氮(NO)浓度.结论 模型组在LPS输注完毕后PaO2逐渐下降,PaCO2逐渐下降(P<0.05),Tet预防组0.5、2、4、6 h,Tet治疗组2、4、6 h PaO2高于模型组(P<0.05),PaCO2与模型组差异无统计学意义(P<0.05);模型组肺组织W/D值和NO含量、BALF中自细胞计数、总蛋白含量、IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6浓度显著性增高(P<0.05),两T组均能减轻上述变化(P<0.05).结论 Tet早期干预能减轻内毒素所致急性肺损伤的炎症介质失衡.     

氯胺酮对急性呼吸窘迫综合征大鼠肺组织 iNOS活性及NO含量的影响

目的探讨氯胺酮对内毒素性急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)大鼠肺组织诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)活性及一氧化氮(NO)含量的影响.方法采用大鼠腹腔注射1.0 mg·kg-1内毒素(LPS),16 h后在机械通气下气管内滴注3.0 mg·kg-1 LPS的方法建立ARDS模型.雄性SD大鼠34只,随机分为4组内毒素组(L组),生理盐水组(C组),内毒素加氯胺酮组(L+K组)及氯胺酮对照组(K组).观察各组气管内滴注前(基础值),达到ARDS时,ARDS后1 h、2 h、3 h各时间点氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)的变化.于ARDS后3h处死动物,取右肺上叶行肺形态学观察,左肺测定肺湿重/干重比(W/D),并测定肺组织匀浆中iNOS活性和NO含量的变化.结果L组和L+K组气管内滴注LPS后PaO2/FiO2逐渐下降,在ARDS时及ARDS后1 h、2 h、3 h较基础值显著降低(P＜0.01).L组W/D、iNOS活性及NO含量较C组显著升高(P＜0.01);与L组相比,L+K组W/D、iNOS活性及NO含量则显著降低(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).肺病理可见给予氯胺酮后,内毒素性ARDS大鼠肺组织损伤明显减轻.结论氯胺酮明显减轻大鼠内毒素性ARDS,其机制可能与通过抑制iNOS活性、降低NO含量有关.     

低剂量低分子肝素对内毒素诱发的急性肺损伤的影响

目的 探讨低剂量低分子肝素(LMWH)对内毒素(LPS)诱发的急性肺损伤(ALI)的影响.方法 选取36只雄性SD大鼠分为3组:正常对照组(A组),LPS组(B组)和LPS+ LMWH组(C组),每组12只.B、C组腹腔注射6 mg/kg LPS诱发ALI.C组腹腔注射低分子肝素100 U/kg,B组腹腔注入同等容积的生理盐水.6h后处死动物,光镜下观察各组大鼠肺组织病理改变,行动脉血气分析、检测肺湿质量/干质量(W/D)比值和支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中总蛋白浓度;测定肺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性、丙二醛(MDA)水平;ELISA法测定血浆中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)及白细胞介素6(IL-6)水平.结果 B、C组PaO2、pH值低于A组,C组与B组相比明显升高(P＜0.05).B、C组大鼠肺W/D、BALF总蛋白及肺组织MDA、MPO水平明显高于A组(P＜0.01);C组与B组相比,肺W/D、BALF中蛋白及肺组织MDA、MPO水平明显下降(P＜0.05).B、C组大鼠血浆中TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6水平较A组明显升高(P＜0.01),而C组较B组明显降低(P＜0.01).结论 LMWH处理能够减轻LPS诱发的急性肺损伤.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.