Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of different antidepressants in the rat.

The present study was designed to compare the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of different classes of antidepressant drugs on the carrageenan paw oedema and tail-electric stimulation assays in the rat. Drugs were intraperitoneally administered 30 min prior to carrageenan or nociceptive testing. The non-selective noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitors imipramine, amitriptyline and clomipramine displayed anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenan model of paw inflammation. The maximal degree of oedema inhibitions seen with these agents were 28.8, 41.5 and 46.8% for 5, 10 and 20 mg kg(-1) amitriptyline, 26.2, 38.2 and 51.4% for 3.75, 7.5 and 15 mg kg(-1) imipramine and 51.2 and 54.1% for 16 and 32 mg kg(-1) clomipramine, respectively. The heterocyclic agent trazodone significantly inhibited paw oedema by 46 and 41% at 1 and 2h after dosing at the highest dose (40 mg kg(-1)) examined. Fluoxetine, a selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) caused dose-related reduction of paw oedema, with 20.7% inhibition at the dose of 10 mg kg(-1). In contrast, sertraline, another SSRI caused dose-dependent enhancement of paw oedema. All antidepressant drugs in the study showed anti-nociceptive properties in the tail-electric stimulation assay with amitriptyline and trazodone being the most effective in this respect. Taken together, data in the present study confirm anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effect for some antidepressant drugs and indicate that SSRIs differently affects inflammation.     

Studies on the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of melatonin in the rat.

The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of melatonin in the rat. Acute inflammation was induced by sub-plantar injection of carrageenan (1%) in the rat hind paw. The rats received vehicle or drug 30 min before carrageenan administration and were evaluated for paw oedema at 1, 2, 3, and 4 h post-carrageenan. The induced inflammation and the formation of oedema were determined by measurement of the paw thickness. Nociception was tested by determining vocalization following electrical stimulation of the tail. Given intraperitoneally (i.p.) 30 min before carrageenan, melatonin caused significant and a dose-dependent reduction of hind paw swelling induced by carrageenan. At doses of 0.5 and 1 mg kg(-1), melatonin inhibited the carrageenan-induced oedema by 20.5 and 29.6% versus control values at 4 h post-carrageenan, respectively. Melatonin (0.5 and 1 mg kg(-1), i.p.) 30 min beforehand displayed anti-nociceptive effect in the electric stimulation of the rat tail test, increasing nociceptive thresholds to electrically-induced pain at 4 h post-treatment by 29.6 and 39.5%, respectively. Melatonin given simultaneously with the non-selective COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor indomethacin (5 mg kg(-1), i.p.) 30 min prior to carrageenan, enhanced the anti-inflammatory effect of the latter in the carrageenan-induced paw oedema model by 23%. Melatonin (0.5 mg kg(-1), i.p.) increased the anti-nociceptive effect of indomethacin (5 mg kg(-1), i.p.). Meanwhile, the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effect of the highly selective COX-2 inhibitor rofecoxib (2.25 mg kg(-1), i.p.) was only slightly increased by melatonin administration at 0.5 mg kg(-1). Melatonin enhanced the anti-inflammatory effect of cysteamine (300 mg kg(-1), s.c.) in the carrageenan-induced paw oedema. Melatonin (20 and 40 microg per paw) given prior to carrageenan into the rat hind paw was devoid of anti-inflammatory effect. These results indicate that melatonin possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive properties in the rat and enhance those of indomethacin. This effect is likely to be centrally mediated.     

银杏叶提取物的胃粘膜保护作用(英文)

目的:研究银杏叶提取物的胃粘膜保护作用.方法:采用大鼠束缚-冷冻应激(RCS)模型和小鼠无水乙醇损伤模型观察GbE对胃粘膜损伤指数的影响;采用幽门结扎法收集胃液,观察GbE对胃液分泌量,胃液酸度和胃蛋白酶活性的影响;采用硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)法测定胃粘膜及血清中丙二醛(MDA)含量.结果:GbE(25,50,100 mg/kg,bid×5 d,ig)剂量依赖性地抑制RCS和无水乙醇引起的胃粘膜损伤.用药组应激后的胃粘膜损伤指数分别为对照组的58％,43％和31％;用药组乙醇诱发的胃粘膜损伤指数降至对照组的62％,36％和26％;GbE尚能增强西米替丁对胃粘膜的保护作用,但对大鼠胃液分泌量、胃液酸度及胃蛋白酶活性GbE并无明显影响.小鼠经无水乙醇ig后1 h,胃粘膜和血清中的MDA含量显著升高(P<0.01),而GbE(25,50,100 mg/kg,ig)预处理则可以明显抑制MDA的升高.结论:GbE具有胃粘膜保护作用,并且与西米替丁在治疗急性胃粘膜损伤方面具有协同作用.     

银杏叶提取物对大鼠糖尿病性白内障防治作用的研究

目的探讨银杏叶提取物(extract of ginkgo biloba,GBE)对大鼠糖尿病性白内障(diabetic cataract,DC)的防治作用及可能机制。方法 60只♂SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、DC模型组、GBE低、中、高剂量组和苄达赖氨酸组。给药12周后,裂隙灯观察大鼠晶状体变化并对其混浊度进行分级;可见光分光光度法测定晶状体中过氧化氢酶(cata-lase,CAT)、谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)和总超氧化物歧化酶(total superoxide dismutase,T-SOD)水平;ELISA法测定糖基化终末产物(advanced glycosylation end products,AGEs)含量;Western blot法测定醛糖还原酶(aldose reductase,AR)相对表达水平。结果 DC组大鼠晶状体明显混浊;GBE中高剂量组较DC组大鼠晶状体混浊程度减轻。DC组大鼠与NS组相比,晶状体中CAT、T-SOD活性降低,GSH含量减少(P<0.01);中高剂量GBE可提高CAT、T-SOD活性及GSH含量(P<0.05或P<0.01)。与NS组相比,DC组大鼠晶状体中的AGEs含量及AR表达明显升高(P<0.01);中高剂量GBE治疗后,AGEs含量与AR表达明显下调(P<0.01)。结论 GBE可能通过增强抗氧化能力、抑制AGEs产生及AR表达,从而减轻大鼠晶状体混浊度,对DC的防治具有积极作用。     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and anti-ulcerogenic activities of novel synthesized thiazolyl and pyrrolyl steroids

Developing new therapeutic agents that can overcome gastrointestinal injury and at the same time could lead to an enhanced anti‐inflammatory effect becomes an urgent need for inflammation patients. Thiazolyl and pyrrolyl steroids were synthesized via straight forward and efficient methods and their structures were established based on their correct elemental analysis and compatible IR, ¹H‐NMR, ¹³C‐NMR, and mass spectral data. The dihydrothiazolyl‐hydrazonoprogesterone 12 and the aminopyrrolylprogesterone 16a showed anti‐inflammatory, antinociceptive, and anti‐ulcerogenic activity with various intensities. Edema were significantly reduced by both doses of tested compounds (25 and 50 mg/kg) at 2, 3, and 4 h post‐carrageenan. The high dose of compound 16a was the most effective in alleviating thermal pain. Gastric mucosal lesions, caused in the rats by the administration of ethanol or indomethacin (IND), were significantly inhibited by each of the two tested compounds. These results provide a unique opportunity to develop new anti‐inflammatory drugs which devoid the ulcerogenic liabilities associated with currently marketed drugs.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure-activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Anti-angiogenic,anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of vanillyl alcohol

Vanillyl alcohol displayed a significant inhibition in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) angiogenesis. Vanillyl alcohol was also shown to contain anti-inflammatory activity using acetic acid-induced permeability and carrageenan-induced air pouch models in mice. Anti-nociceptive activity of vanillyl alcohol was also assessed using acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice. Taken together, vanillyl alcohol possesses anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-nociceptive activities, which may be partly responsible for pharmacological efficacies of several folkloric medicines containing vanillyl alcohol.     

Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of Ginkgo biloba in rats

The mechanism of hepatoprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba (GB), an herbal preparation with wide variety of therapeutic application, on paracetamol (Pcml) induced hepatic damage in rats has been investigated. GB treatment restored the marker enzyme levels indicating the in vivo protective effects against Pcml induced liver damage both in preventive and curative aspects. GB also reversed the increased TBARS levels, and elevated the GSH content of the liver. The results obtained from the study indicate hepatoprotective nature of GB, which might be due to its ability to prevent lipid peroxidation and replenishing the gllutathione level. The effects of GB were comparable to that of silymarin.     

银杏提取物对过氧化氢损伤的培养大鼠心肌细胞的保护作用

探讨银杏叶提取物对过氧化氢损伤的培养心肌细胞的保护作用及其机制。方法；比色法测定乳酸脱氢酶活性；戊巴比妥酸法测定细胞内质质过氧化物含量；透射电镜下观察细胞超微结构。结果：过氧化氢导致心肌细胞ＬＤＨ释放从（２１６６±２４７）Ｕ．Ｌ＾－１增至（５１８０±６４８）Ｕ．Ｌ＾－１ＭＤＡ含量从每１０＾６细胞９３．５±０．２）ｎｍｏｌ增至（７．２±０．４）ｎｍｏｌ；．心肌细胞超微结构受到严重损伤。     

Ginkgo biloba attenuates mucosal damage in a rat model of ulcerative colitis.

Intestinal inflammatory states, regardless of specific initiating events, share common immunologically mediated pathways of tissue injury and repair. The efficacy of various drugs used to treat ulcerative colitis (UC) was investigated. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of ginkgo biloba extract on the extent and severity of UC caused by intracolonic administration of acetic acid in rats. The inflammatory response was assessed by histology and measurement of myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) levels in colon mucosa. Oral pretreatment with Ginkgo biloba in doses of (30, 60, 120 mg kg(-1) body weight) and sulfasalazine in a dose of (500 mg kg(-1) body weight used as reference) for 2 days before induction of colitis and continued for 5 consecutive days, significantly decreased colonic MPO activity, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta levels and increased GSH concentration. Moreover, Ginkgo biloba attenuated the macroscopic colonic damage and the histopathological changes-induced by acetic acid. These results suggest that Ginkgo biloba may be effective in the treatment of UC through its scavenging effect on oxygen-derived free radicals.     

The memory-enhancing effects of Ginseng and Ginkgo biloba in healthy volunteers

Rationale The use of herbal remedies, such as Ginkgo biloba and Ginseng, for improving cognitive performance has become increasingly popular during recent years. Several previous studies have indicated that administration of Ginkgo biloba and Ginseng may improve aspects of learning and memory in healthy volunteers. These results, however, are generally not supported by well-controlled clinical studies. Also, positive results have often been reported from studies investigating effects related to short-term, chronic administration of the extract. Nonetheless, both Ginkgo biloba and Ginseng are marketed as having the capacity to enhance cognitive functions, such as memory and learning, in the long term.Objective This study aimed at investigating whether the use of Ginkgo biloba and Ginseng for a long period of time has positive effects on performance on learning and memory.Methods Community-dwelling volunteers (n=3500) from The Betula prospective cohort study: memory, health, and aging were included in the study.Results It was found that the use of neither Ginkgo biloba (n=40) nor Ginseng (n=86) was associated with enhanced memory performance in any of the eight memory tests examined, relative to control groups either using or not using nutritional supplements.Conclusions These findings indicate that use of Ginkgo biloba or Ginseng does not provide any quantifiable beneficial effects on memory performance in the long-term in healthy adult volunteers.     

The anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of ethyl acetate fraction of cynanchi paniculati radix

The anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects and sedative activities of the ethyl acetate fraction of Cynanchum paniculatum (EACP) were evaluated in mice and rats by acetic acid-induced vascular permeability, arachidonic acid-induced paw edema, cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation, formalin-induced licking time, acetic acid-induced writhing response, and pentobarbital-induced sleeping time. EACP at a dose of 40 mg/kg significantly exhibited anti-inflammatory activities on acetic acid-induced vascular permeability, arachidonic acid-induced paw edema, and the late phase of formalin-induced licking time. Moreover, it showed anti-nociceptive effects on acetic acid-induced writhing responses and significant sedative effects on pentobarbital-induced sleeping time. The results demonstrated that the anti-nociceptive effects are apparently related to the sedative effects of EACP. These results support the use of Cynanchum paniculatum in relieving inflammatory pain.     

Anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activity of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol

4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA), one of the well-known phenolic compounds in diverse plants, displayed a significant inhibition in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) angiogenesis assay. HBA was shown to contain an anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced air pouch model in rats and acetic acid-induced permeability model in mice. Anti-nociceptive activity of HBA was also assessed using the acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice. HBA was able to suppress production of nitric oxide (NO) and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 macrophages. In the macrophages, the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was diminished by HBA. Taken together, HBA possesses anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activity possibly via its down-regulating activity on NO production, which may be partly responsible for the pharmacological efficacy of several folkloric medicines.     

银杏叶提取物对大鼠主动脉内皮细胞中血管内皮生长因子表达的影响

目的:研究溶血磷脂酰胆碱(LPC)对大鼠主动脉内皮细胞(RAEC)中血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达的影响以及银杏叶提取物(Ginkgo bilobaextract,GbE)对RAEC的保护作用.方法:MTT法和LDH的释放检测RAEC的损伤;用基础酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)检测VEGF蛋白含量;用RNA点杂交(Dot blot)法和原位杂交法检测细胞中 VEGF mRNA的表达.结果:LPC 5 mg/L明显抑制RAEC的生长,加入 GbE 0.01-1 μg/L后,LPC对RAEC生长抑制率明显降低。LPC可使RAEC条件培养基中VEGF蛋白表达明显增加,GbE可剂量依赖性地降低VEGF的蛋白含量.原位杂交及点杂交结果显示正常培养的RAEC未见明显的 VEGF mRNA表达,LPC刺激后可见其高表达,同时加入GbE后,VEGF mRNA的表达明显降低.结论:LPC能诱导RAEC表达高水平的VEGF,GbE可明显降低其含量.     

银杏叶提取成分及其单体对脑缺血的保护作用

目的综述了银杏叶提取物和单体抗脑缺血的体内外实验研究及其神经保护作用的自由基机制。方法根据近年国内外公开发表的有关研究论文 ,按整体动物脑缺血的实验模型以及体外培养的神经细胞缺血缺氧实验模型的顺序 ,重点讨论银杏叶提取物、黄酮苷、萜烯内酯和单体内酯这几种成分。同时从药物对自由基的影响方面进行了机制的分析。结果与结论各种成分对实验动物的体内外脑缺血缺氧模型均有不同程度的神经保护作用 ,它们对自由基的影响可能是其抗脑缺血的作用机制之一。