二维超声在心脏起搏器植入术中应用价值的研究

目的 探讨二维超声(two-dimensional echocardiography,2-DE)在心脏起搏器植入术中的应用价值.方法 选择有心脏起搏器植入指征的患者36例,分为A组(n=18)和B组(n=18)分别应用二维超声引导起搏器植入和X线透视(X-ray fluoroscopy,X-ray)常规方法植入起搏器.两种方法引导起搏电极到位后测试起搏参数满意后结扎固定导管,将起搏器与导管牢固连接.记录电极导管植入到位时间、X线曝光时间、随访观察起搏效果、感染、出血等并发症,两组进行比较.结果 A组全部由2-DE引导成功16例(16/18).2-DE和X-my联合引导成功1例(1/18),1例肺气肿病人超声透声条件极差整个手术过程均改为X-my引导完成(1/18).总成功率94.4%,(P>0.05).总暴光时间A组和B组分别为0.8±0.1min和3.0±0.7min(P<0.01).电极导管植入时间A组、B组分别为9.0±0.7和8.3±0.5min(P>0.05).结论 二维超声可有效引导实施心脏起搏,联合X线透视可提高手术成功率.可明显降低X线曝光时间,减少对医患辐射的危害,可作为心脏起搏器新的植入途径,具有较好的临床用前景.     

经股静脉途径改良方法放置冠状窦电极的可行性分析

目的：探讨电极在右房内成袢后置入冠状窦行电激动标测的可行性和安全性。方法：选择12例拟行射频消融术,但锁骨下静脉穿刺失败或股静脉途径常规方法放置冠状窦电极失败的患者。采用使电极在右房内成袢后置入冠状窦的方法。结果：电极成袢后置入冠状窦的成功率为91%,尚无并发症发生。结论：改良式股静脉途径放置冠状窦电极的操作较简单,电极在冠状窦内位置稳定,利于电激动顺序标测,建议作为放置冠状窦电极的可选操作方式。     

Long-term urethral catheter drainage

Long-term catheter management is best conducted by specially trained community staff, provided there is close liaison with the urologist. Patients, hospital staff, and the primary health care team all benefit. The scheme is cost-effective, more convenient for patients and relatives, and reduces the need for emergency calls to the general practitioner and hospitals. We advocate development of similar schemes in other districts.     

经左锁骨下静脉床旁球囊漂浮电极导管心脏临时起搏的疗效评价及观察

目的探讨床旁锁骨下静脉快速临时起搏器安置术的临床疗效及安全性。方法 38例不同病因所致严重缓慢型心律失常、心脏骤停者,在床旁通过左锁骨下静脉穿刺的方法,应用漂浮球囊电极导管,观察起搏信号、插入导管的长度、QRS波群形态及测定阈值,将电极送入右心室,行紧急床旁临时心脏起搏术。结果成功起搏37例（97.37%）,所用时间平均（6.8±4.2）min,植入深度为（37.45±3.40）cm,平均留置时间为（4.4±2.6）d,起搏阈值为（0.96±0.35）V。无严重并发症发生。结论经左锁骨下静脉途径植入球囊起搏电极导管能迅速安全行心室起搏。     

主动电极右室间隔起搏应用研究

目的 研究主动固定螺旋电极在右室流出道间隔部起搏中的应用.方法 将68例需要植入永久性心脏起搏器患者随即分成2组,应用主动螺旋电极行右室流出道间隔起搏简称主动电极组.应用被动电极植入心尖部起搏简称被动电极组.记录两组数中及术后的各项参数并进行比较.结果 两组均顺利完成手术,未出现严重并发症.主动电极组植入即刻起搏阈值比被动电极组要偏高,无显著差异.主动电极起搏QRS波时限明显短于被动电极组,有显著差异.两组感知阈值无明显差异.随访1个月,两组起搏阈值,阻抗,感知无明显差异.结论 主动固定螺旋电极在右室流出道间隔部起搏是稳定,安全,可靠的.     

Human atrial natriuretic peptide in aortic and coronary sinus blood during atrial pacing in patients with ischemic heart disease

This study investigated the plasma concentrations of human atrial natriuretic peptide (hANP) of blood samples obtained from the aorta and coronary sinus (CS) in 19 male patients (mean age of 52.8 +/- 2.1 years) with ischemic heart disease before and during atrial pacing. The plasma concentrations of hANP were measured by radioimmunoassay, and the secretion rate of hANP was calculated on the basis of the CS-aorta difference in plasma hANP concentration and the CS flow rate recorded at blood sampling. Before atrial pacing, aortic plasma hANP concentration showed a significant positive correlation with mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (r = 0.67, p less than 0.002) or mean pulmonary artery pressure (r = 0.71, p less than 0.001), and a significant negative correlation with left ventricular ejection fraction (r = -0.50, p less than 0.05). During atrial pacing, aortic plasma hANP concentration increased from 67 +/- 13 (SEM) to 151 +/- 33 pg/ml (p less than 0.01), CS plasma hANP concentration from 727 +/- 121 to 1205 +/- 228 pg/ml (p less than 0.01), and the hANP secretion rate from 45.4 +/- 14.8 to 86.8 +/- 28.2 ng/min (p less than 0.05, n = 12). The aortic plasma hANP concentration was significantly correlated with the CS plasma hANP concentration (r = 0.81, p less than 0.001) or the hANP secretion rate (r = 0.70, p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

右心室流出道间隔部螺旋电极起搏对血流动力学的影响

目的评价在房室顺序起搏治疗中,右心室流出道间隔部螺旋电极起搏对血流动力学的影响。方法20例植入DDD型起搏器的患者,按照心室电极的位置,随机分为右心室流出道间隔部螺旋电极起搏组（RVOTS组）和右心室心尖部起搏组（RVA组）。对2组患者术前、术后QRS波形态和宽度以及术前、术后3个月随访时左室射血分数（LVEF）进行比较。结果2组患者均成功植入房、室起搏电极导线和起搏器,随访期间无电极脱位和其他并发症发生。2组患者术前所测定的LVEF无显著性差异;与术前相比,RVOTS组起搏QRS时限无明显变化,而RVA组较术前及RVOTS组显著延长。术后3个月随访,RVOTS组LVEF较术前无明显变化,而RVA组LVEF较术前下降,RVA组和RVOTS组相比,LVEF显著下降。结论RVA起搏使左、右心室不同步,对血流动力学产生不良影响,而RVOTS起搏尽可能地维持了双心室的正常激动顺序和双心室的同步性,对血流动力学的影响较小,RVOTS起搏比RVA起搏更接近生理性起搏。     

球囊漂浮电极床旁临时心脏起搏的临床评价

目的探讨球囊漂浮电极床旁心脏临时起搏方法的可行性。方法对216例因多种心律失常需要临时心脏起搏的患者应用球囊漂浮电极导管进行心脏临时起搏，通过分析起搏心电图图形特点和术中并发症，判断该起搏方法的可行性。结果216例患者穿刺及送管均获成功，无严重并发症发生。3例起搏后死于原发病，9例起搏后自身心律未恢复安置永久起搏器，2例心房颤动合并PR长间期患者起搏后安置永久起搏器，38例行预防起搏。结论在体表心电图的指导下应用球囊漂浮电极导管进行心脏临时起搏是一项安全有效、可行的起搏方法，操作简便、快捷、成功率高，值得临床广泛应用。     

Bipolar oesophageal electrocardiography and pacing in a coronary care unit

This paper describes our experience with bipolar oesophageal electrocardiography in a coronary care unit. Twenty-two patients with tachycardia were studied to clarify the nature of their tachycardia. The treatment of supraventricular tachycardia by rapid atrial pacing via the same electrode was assessed in eight patients. The equipment required and diagnostic and therapeutic applications of oesophageal electrocardiography in this setting are discussed.     

经股静脉球囊飘浮电极导管心脏临时起搏的临床观察

目的探讨经股静脉应用球囊漂浮电极导管行床旁心脏临时起搏的方法学和可行性。方法对86例因多种心律失常需要临时起搏的患者应用球囊漂浮电极导管经股静脉进行心脏临时起搏,通过分析其起搏心电图图形特点、X线胸片和测量导管深度,判定该起搏方法的可行性和成功率,分析起搏失败的原因。结果经股静脉床旁心脏临时起搏起搏点主要为右心室心尖部和流出道,导管深度分别为(57.2±3.2)cm和(54.3±3.1)cm,右心室流出道起搏感知不良的发生率较心尖部高(P<0.05),两组间起搏阈值差异无统计学意义。通过起搏心电图图形和导管深度指导下应用球囊漂浮电极导管即刻成功率高达98.8%。结论经股静脉床旁应用球囊漂浮电极导管进行心脏临时起搏是一项安全有效、可行的起搏方法。     

床旁球囊漂浮电极导管心脏临时起搏在交感电风暴中的应用

目的探讨床旁球囊漂浮电极导管心脏临时起搏治疗在交感电风暴患者中的应用价值。方法选择我院重症医学科病房交感电风暴患者40例,随机分为两组,对照组(A组)和临时起搏组(B组)各20例,A组采用常规应用抗心律失常药物治疗,B组在抗心律失常药物治疗的基础上床旁置入球囊漂浮电极导管进行心脏临时起搏治疗。结果 A组有15例心律失常得到有效控制,有效率为75%,平均控制时间为(72.2±12.4)h,B组有17例心律失常得到有效控制,有效率为85%,有效率略高于A组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),平均控制时间为(42.5±11.4)h,明显低于对照组(P<0.05);B组20例患者均成功置入电极导管进行心脏起搏,平均置入时间为(15.5±5.6)min,临时起搏留置时间2~7d。结论床旁球囊漂浮电极导管心脏临时起搏辅助治疗交感电风暴患者快速有效,安全性高,值得临床推广。     

多功能导管在经桡动脉途径冠状动脉造影中的应用

目的探讨多功能导管在经桡动脉途径冠状动脉造影中的应用经验。方法58例冠心病或疑似冠心病患者中,32例选用多功能导管经桡动脉穿刺行冠脉造影检查术,26例选用常规左、右造影导管行冠脉造影检查术。结果58例患者均经桡动脉进行介入诊疗手术。其中32例选用多功能导管成功经桡动脉途径行冠脉造影检查术,其中2例因右桡动脉穿刺困难改由左桡动脉穿刺成功行介入诊疗手术。26例选用常规左、右造影导管行冠脉造影检查术,其中7例发生桡动脉血管痉挛,经处理后3例改为经股动脉穿刺行介入诊疗手术。结论采用多功能造影导管在经桡动脉途径冠状动脉造影中具备头软、支撑好、柔韧性好特点,术中减少交换导管等步骤从而减少血管并发症,减少手术时间,有利于介入治疗的进行。     

儿童冠状动脉异常起源于对侧冠状窦的早期诊断

目的 分析 10例冠状动脉异常起源于对侧冠状窦（AAOCA）患儿的临床资料,以提高对该病的早期诊断。方法 总结、分析 2018年 6月—2019年 6月本院 10例 AAOCA患儿临床症状、经胸超声心动图检查（TTE）和 CT冠状动脉成像（CTCA）结果。结果 10 例 AAOCA 患儿均无典型运动后胸痛及晕厥,静息心电图正常,经 TTE 首检示AORCA 8例,AOLCA 2例,CTCA结果与 TTE诊断一致,提示异常起源冠状动脉均走行于主动脉与肺动脉之间。开口狭窄 7例（AORCA 5例,AOLCA 2例）,主干受压狭窄 4例（均为 AORCA）,AOLCA合并壁内段 1例,起始角度为锐角 8 例（AORCA 6 例,AOLCA 2 例）,AORCA 同时合并高开口 1 例。结论 对于无典型临床症状和心电图正常的儿童AAOCA,TTE可以早期正确诊断。CTCA除明确诊断外,可进一步明确冠状动脉走行位置、开口是否狭窄、起始角度以及是否合并壁内段等危险因素。AAOCA患儿应避免剧烈运动并应及时手术治疗。     

气囊漂浮导管在重度冠心病冠脉搭桥术后的应用

目的探讨气囊漂浮导管对重度冠心病冠脉搭桥术后心血管功能监测的方法和结果。方法观察22例重度冠心病冠脉搭桥术后的患者,插入气囊漂浮导管同时进行血液动力学监测。对病情判断及治疗进行整体效果的评估,同时选用重度冠心病18人进行全身麻醉体外循环下搭桥并进行监测。结果该组22例患者病情好转出院,术后心指数基本正常,肾功能衰竭、高血压、围手术期心肌梗死、脑血管意外、二次开胸止血等严重并发症没有发生。两组相比,观察组总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论气囊漂浮导管在重度冠心病冠脉搭桥术后的心血管功能监测上具有良好的效果,临床上应该推广应用。     

Troponin T in the coronary sinus and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty related myocardial injury

1. Myocardial injury has been shown to be associated with successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). The present study was designed to determine whether uncomplicated successful PTCA results in myocardial injury by measuring coronary sinus (CS) cardiac troponin T (cTnT). 2. We measured cTnT in the CS and the femoral vein (FV) in 16 patients with stable angina pectoris who underwent uncomplicated PTCA for stenotic lesions of the left anterior descending artery. Blood samples were drawn from both the CS and FV before and immediately after PTCA and every 4 h for the next 12 h. 3. All patients had chest pain and electrocardiographic ST segment elevation or depression during balloon inflation and higher peak elevation of cTnT in the CS than in the FV (0.054 +/- 0.059 vs 0.036 +/- 0.022 ng/mL; P < 0.05). However, all CS cTnT levels were within the normal range over the 12 h period. 4. The fact that CS cTnT measurements showed no evidence of uncomplicated PTCA-related myocardial injury led us to conclude that uncomplicated successful PTCA does not cause myocardial injury.     

Long-term clopidogrel therapy in patients receiving percutaneous coronary intervention

BACKGROUND: The PCI-CURE (Percutaneous Coronary Intervention-Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events) and CREDO (Clopidogrel for the Reduction of Events During Observation) studies have demonstrated that, in addition to aspirin, pre-treatment with clopidogrel followed by long-term (i.e. 9-12 months) therapy significantly reduces the risk of atherothrombotic events in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). OBJECTIVE: To examine the economic implications, from the Dutch healthcare perspective, of the use of clopidogrel in patients undergoing PCI (elective procedures or in patients with acute coronary syndrome), comparing pre-treatment followed by long-term therapy with only 4 weeks of treatment. METHODS: A lifetime Markov model was used to combine data from the PCI-CURE and CREDO trials with data from the literature concerning epidemiology, costs and quality of life. The model was run separately for each trial. Only direct healthcare costs (euro, year 2004 values) were considered. Costs and outcomes were discounted at 4% per anum. For each trial, the cost effectiveness is expressed as costs per life-year and QALY gained. Uncertainties are addressed by uni- and probabilistic multivariate sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: When starting with the data from the PCI-CURE trial, pre-treatment plus 9-month clopidogrel therapy was predicted to save 1119 euros and gain 0.03 life-years and 0.07 QALYs per patient compared with short-term treatment. When starting with the data from the CREDO trial, the combination of pre-treatment and prolonged clopidogrel therapy (1 year) was estimated to save 497 euros and gain 0.10 life-years and 0.14 QALYs per patient. Univariate and probabilistic multivariate sensitivity analyses suggested that the conclusions were generally robust, but that the expected gain in survival for the PCI-CURE population was very sensitive to the effects on mortality within the combined endpoint of myocardial infarction/stroke-free survival. CONCLUSIONS: In The Netherlands, pre-treatment plus long-term (9-12 months) therapy with clopidogrel is estimated to save costs and increase (quality-adjusted) survival in the prevention of ischaemic events among patients undergoing elective PCI (CREDO) and in patients with acute coronary syndrome (PCI-CURE) compared with short-term treatment with clopidogrel without pre-treatment.