Cruciate-Retaining vs Posterior-Stabilized Antibiotic Cement Articulating Spacers for Two-Stage Revision of Prosthetic Knee Infection: A Retrospective Cohort Study

BackgroundAntibiotic cement articulating spacers are recommended during 2-stage revision for prosthetic knee infection because of increased range of motion (ROM) and improved function; however, spacer mechanical complications have been reported. We aimed to determine the association between different constraints of articulating spacers and the rate of complications and infection eradication, functional outcomes, and ROM.MethodsA retrospective study of prosthetic knee infection using cruciate-retaining (CR) or posterior-stabilized (PS) spacers was conducted between 2011 and 2018. The rate of spacer mechanical complications, infection eradication after reimplantation and reoperation, Hospital of Special Surgery (HSS) knee score, and ROM during the interim stage were analyzed. All patients were regularly followed up for 2 years.ResultsOne hundred forty-one patients were included, with 66 CR and 75 PS spacers. Overall mechanical complication rate was lower in PS (9.3%) than in CR spacers (45.5%) (P < .001), especially in joint dislocation (1.3% vs 30.3%, respectively, P < .001). Overall reoperation rate was lower in PS (16.0%) than in CR spacers (36.4%) (P < .001), especially for mechanical complications (1.3% vs 24.2%, respectively, P < .001). HSS knee score was higher in PS (72.3) than in CR spacers (63.8) (P < .001). ROM was greater in PS (90.3°) than in CR spacers (80.6°) (P = .005), especially at maximum flexion (102.4° vs 89.6°, respectively, P = .003). Infection eradication was comparable between the spacers.ConclusionBoth spacers can control infection; however, PS spacers had a lower rate of mechanical complications and reoperation, better HSS knee scores, and greater ROM than CR spacers.     

Risk factors for loss of reduction following locked plate fixation of proximal humerus fractures in older adults

PurposeTo identify characteristics associated with loss of reduction following open reduction and locked plate fixation (ORIF) of proximal humerus fractures in older adults and determine if loss of reduction affects patient reported outcomes (PROs), range of motion (ROM), and complication rates during the first postoperative year.MethodsPatients >55 years old who underwent proximal humerus ORIF were reviewed. Patient and fracture characteristics were recorded. Fixation characteristics were measured on the initial postoperative AP radiograph including humeral head height (HHH) relative to the greater tuberosity (GT), head shaft angle (HSA), screw-calcar distance, and screw tip-joint surface distance. Loss of reduction was defined as GT displacement >5 mm or HSA displacement >10° on final follow up radiographs. Patient, fracture, and fixation characteristics were tested for association with loss of reduction. Outcomes including ROM, visual analog scale pain and PROMIS scores, and complication/reoperation rates during the first postoperative year were compared between those with or without loss of reduction.ResultsA total of 79 patients were identified, 23 (29.1%) of which had a loss of reduction. Calcar comminution (relative risk [RR]=2.5, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]=1.3–5.0, p<0.01), HHH <5 mm above GT (RR=2.0, CI=1.0–3.9, p = 0.048), and screw-calcar distance ≥12 mm (RR=2.1, CI=1.1–4.1, p = 0.03) were risk factors for loss of reduction. Upon multivariate analysis, calcar comminution was determined to be an independent risk factor for loss of reduction (RR=2.4, CI=1.2–4.7, p = 0.01). Loss of reduction led to higher complication (44% vs 13%, p<0.01) and reoperation rates (30% vs 7%, p<0.01), and decreased achievement of satisfactory ROM (>90° active forward flexion, 57% vs 82%, p = 0.02) compared to maintained reduction, but similar PROs.ConclusionsCalcar comminution, decreased HHH, and increased screw-calcar distance are risk factors for loss of reduction following ORIF of proximal humerus fractures. These morphologic and technical factors are important considerations for prolonged reduction maintenance.     

Risk factors for failure of manipulation under anesthesia in posttraumatic knee stiffness

ObjectivesTo determine the proportion of patients who fail manipulation under anesthesia (MUA) as a treatment for posttraumatic knee stiffness and determine the risk factors for MUA failure.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was performed at a level I trauma center. We identified 213 knees in 199 patients with arthrofibrosis treated by MUA within 1 year of injury from 2007 to 2020. The primary outcome was MUA failure as defined by need for repeat MUA or surgical release after MUA. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the association between MUA failure and potential risk factors.ResultsOverall, 111 knees (52%) failed treatment with MUA. An association was demonstrated between MUA failure and delay in treatment >90 days after injury (OR 3.6, p < 0.01), neurologic injury (OR 2.2, p = 0.02), and pre-procedure knee flexion <45° (OR 1.9, p < 0.01). The rate of failure for knees with no risk factors was 0% (0 of 14), 37% for knees with one risk factor (27 of 73), and 67% (84 of 126) for knees with two or more risk factors.ConclusionFor patients whose MUA is delayed beyond 90 days postinjury, pre-manipulation knee flexion is <45°, or those with associated neurologic injury; odds of MUA failing to correct posttraumatic arthrofibrosis are significantly increased. The likelihood of obtaining adequate range of motion (ROM) with MUA alone is lower than reported in other populations, with a higher likelihood of being treated with surgical release or additional MUA to attempt to obtain adequate ROM.     

Outcome of Revision Surgery for the Idiopathic Stiff Total Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundIdiopathic stiff total knee arthroplasty (TKA) represents one of the most challenging subsets of the stiff TKA, as the etiology is unknown and there is no consensus on the most appropriate surgical treatment modality. Therefore, the aim of this study is to report on postoperative outcomes of revision surgery for idiopathic stiff TKA.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 189 consecutive patients (202 knees) who underwent revision TKA for stiffness: (1) 101 knees in the idiopathic stiffness cohort and (2) 88 in the non-idiopathic stiffness cohort. In the idiopathic stiffness cohort, 42 knees underwent isolated tibial insert exchange and 59 knees underwent component revision. Perioperative knee range of movement and complications were analyzed.ResultsThe overall revision surgery outcomes of the idiopathic stiffness cohort were worse than those of the non-idiopathic stiffness cohort with regard to maximum flexion (91.7° vs 100.1°, P = .02) and flexion range of motion (ROM) (87.6° vs 97.1°, P = .01). In the idiopathic stiffness cohort, isolated tibial insert exchange demonstrated greater maximum flexion (96.8° vs 88.4°, P = .06) and flexion ROM (93.2° vs 83.9°, P = .07). In terms of re-revision rates, the isolated tibial insert exchange idiopathic stiffness cohort demonstrated lower re-revision rates compared to the component revision idiopathic stiffness cohort (16.7% vs 31.0%, P = .01).ConclusionThis study demonstrates that the overall revision surgery outcome of idiopathic stiff TKA is worse than non-idiopathic TKA stiffness. In idiopathic stiffness cohorts, isolated tibial insert exchange was associated with lower re-revision rates than component revision, with similar efficacy in improving ROM, suggesting that isolated tibial insert exchange may be a preferred surgical treatment option in TKA patients with idiopathic stiffness.     

Good Postoperative Flexion Angle Improves Knee Function and Improvement of Flexion Angle Increases Patient Satisfaction After Total Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundTotal knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a well-established procedure for treating knee joint diseases. However, the postoperative range of motion (ROM) varies and is an important indicator of TKA success. Recently, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and patient satisfaction have drawn attention. However, the relationship between ROM and knee function obtained by PROM and satisfaction is not well understood.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the data of 375 patients who underwent 500 primary TKA procedures. We measured the ROM before and after surgery. Knee joint function was evaluated using the Knee Injury Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, a PROM, and patients were classified into good function and poor function groups. Patient satisfaction was evaluated on a 5-graded scale as overall satisfaction, and patients were divided into a satisfied or a dissatisfied group according to the obtained scores. ROM was compared between the 2 groups, then significantly different factors were analyzed using multiple logistic regression analysis. Moreover, cut-off points of ROM for obtaining good function and patient satisfaction were determined using ROC curve analysis.ResultsThe postoperative flexion angle had a significant effect on knee function (P < .001). The cut-off value of the postoperative flexion angle for good knee function was 120°. The improvement in flexion angle had a significant effect on patient satisfaction (P = .004). The cut-off value for the improvement in the flexion angle was 5°.ConclusionThe postoperative flexion angle had a significant effect on knee function and improvement in the flexion angle had a significant effect on patient satisfaction.     

Comparison of Cruciate-Sacrificing vs Posterior-Stabilized Total Knee Replacement Using a Contemporary Total Knee System

BackgroundThe use of highly conforming polyethylene tibial inserts in cruciate-retaining total knee arthroplasty (TKA) often requires posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) release/sacrifice for balancing (CS TKA). The CS TKA relies on the posterior capsule, collateral ligaments, and articular conformity without a cam or post to achieve stability. Using prospectively collected data we compared clinical outcomes of CS TKA to posterior-stabilized (PS) TKA utilizing a contemporary TKA system.MethodsSixty-nine consecutive CS TKAs were compared to 45 consecutive PS TKAs at 2-year minimum follow-up. CS knees were balanced with the PCL released. Preoperative/postoperative range of motion (ROM), Knee Society Scores (KSS), stair function, and squatting ROM were analyzed.ResultsAt minimum 2-year follow up, CS and PS TKA demonstrated significant improvement in ROM (P < .001), KSS (Pain, P < .001; Function, P < .001), and KSS stair function (P < .001), with no revisions. There was no difference in preoperative to postoperative improvements for passive knee ROM (10° (0°-20°) vs 13° (5°-25°); P = .16), KSS Pain (34 (21-42) vs 38 (24-46); P = .22), KSS Function (35 (30-50) vs 35 (18-50); P = .34), and KSS stair function (10 (10-20) vs 10 (0-20); P = .37) for CS and PS TKA, respectively. CS TKA had higher squatting ROM (P = .02) at minimum 2-year follow-up compared to PS TKA.ConclusionBoth PS and CS TKA provided significant improvement in clinical outcomes, with no differences in passive ROM, KSS, or stair function postoperatively. Our data support that with proper articular conformity and balancing, cruciate-retaining TKA in a PCL-deficient knee (CS TKA) is appropriate. This may be design specific and further prospective randomized studies are needed to corroborate these findings.     

Continuous adductor canal block following total knee arthroplasty provides a better analgesia compared to single shot: A prospective randomized controlled trial

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to compare single-shot adductor canal block and continuous infusion adductor canal block techniques in total knee arthroplasty patients.MethodsWe prospectively randomized 123 patients who were scheduled for unilateral primary total knee arthroplasty surgery into single shot (n = 60; mean age: 67.1 ± 6.9 years) and continuous (n = 63; mean age: 66.9 ± 6.8 years) adductor canal block groups. Postoperative visual analog scale pain scores, need for additional opioids and functional results as; timed up and go test, the 30-s chair stand test, 5 times sit-to-stand test, the 6-min walking test, the time to active straight leg raise, time to walking upstairs, maximal flexion at the time of discharge, duration of stay in hospital were compared between the two groups.ResultsPain scores were lower in the continuous adductor canal block group as compared to the single-shot adductor canal block group throughout the postoperative period (p = 0.001). Rescue analgesia was required for 6 (10%) patients in the single shot group and for 1 (1.59%) patient in the continuous group (p = 0.044). Patients in the continuous adductor canal block group displayed better functional results than the single-shot adductor canal block group with respect to active straight-leg rise time (25.52 ± 4.56 h vs 30.47 ± 8.07 h, p = 0.001), 6-min walking test (74.52 ± 29.38 m vs 62.18 ± 33.32 m, p = 0.035) and maximal knee flexion degree at discharge (104.92 ± 5.35° vs 98.5 ± 7.55°, p = 0.001). There was no significant difference between the two groups for other functional and ambulation scores.ConclusionPain control following total knee arthroplasty was found to be better in those patients treated with continuous adductor canal block as compared to those treated with single-shot adductor canal block. Patients treated with continuous adductor canal block also displayed better ambulation and functional recovery following total knee arthroplasty.Level of evidenceLevel I, Therapeutic Study.     

Single-injection femoral nerve block lacks preemptive effect on postoperative pain and morphine consumption in total knee arthroplasty

ObjectivePostoperative pain is severe after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Therefore, femoral nerve block (FNB) is commonly used as an adjuvant to spinal anesthesia for TKA. Some anesthesia providers perform this preoperatively, while others perform it postoperatively. To our knowledge, no study has compared the relative benefits of the timing of performing the procedure. In this study, we investigated whether preoperative FNB would provide better analgesic effects than postoperative FNB in patients undergoing unilateral TKA.MethodsIn this double-blind, randomized, controlled trial, we divided 82 patients (ASA physical status I–III) undergoing unilateral TKA into four groups: (1) a pre-treatment group, in which FNB was performed with 0.4 mL/kg 0.375% bupivacaine plus 1:200,000 epinephrine after spinal anesthesia but before the operation; (2) a post-treatment group, in which FNB was performed with the same drugs at similar dosages immediately after the operation; (3) a pre-control group, in which FNB was performed with normal saline in the same volume as the tested drugs before the operation; and (4) a post-control group, in which FNB was performed with normal saline in the same volume as the tested drug after the operation. At 2, 4, 6, 24, 48 and 72 postoperative hours, we recorded cumulative morphine consumption, visual analog pain scales (VAS), the time of first request for morphine and its side effects. We also measured knee maximum flexion range of motion once a day for 3 days. Our primary aim was to obtain cumulative morphine consumption in 24 hours.ResultsWithin the postoperative 24 hours, we found significant differences in cumulative morphine consumption between patients who received true FNB and those who did not (at 24 hours, treatment groups = 45.6 ± 31.7 and 33.5 ± 20.6 mg vs. controls = 70.8 ± 31.2 and 78.8 ± 37.7 mg, p < 0.001). We also found significant differences in VAS (at 24 hours, p < 0.001) and time to first request of morphine (p = 0.005) between the treatment group and the sham group. However, there were no significant differences in these values between the pre-surgical treatment group and the post-surgical treatment group. Beyond 24 hours, there were no significant differences in morphine consumption or maximum flexion range on day 2 and day 3 among the four groups.ConclusionPatients who received FNB used for total knee arthroplasty consumed significantly less postoperative morphine and had significant relief of post-TKA pain on postoperative day 1 than those who did not have FNB. However, at follow-up we found no significant differences in these values between those receiving FNB before surgery and those receiving it after surgery.     

Anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty for patients with preserved preoperative motion

BackgroundFor patients with end-stage glenohumeral osteoarthritis, anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) serves as a reliable option for pain relief and improving function. It is not well understood if patients with pain due to osteoarthritis but preserved preoperative active range of motion (ROM) experience a similar postoperative benefit compared with those with more pronounced preoperative ROM deficits.MethodsA multicenter shoulder arthroplasty registry was queried to identify all patients who underwent TSA with minimum 2-year clinical follow-up. These patients were separated into two cohorts: (1) preserved preoperative active motion, defined as both forward flexion (FF) and external rotation (ER) at the side a minimum of one standard deviation greater than the mean (>140° FF and >45° ER), and (2) a control group with restrictions in preoperative motion, defined by both preoperative FF < 140° and ER < 45°. Controls were matched 2:1 to study patients by preoperative visual analog pain scale ± 1.5 points, sex, and age ± 2 years. Outcome measures were patient-reported outcomes, active ROM, and strength and satisfaction at a minimum of 2 years postoperatively.ResultsThirty patients were identified in the preserved preoperative motion group (mean baseline 154 ± 10° FF and 57 ± 11° ER). Sixty control patients with restricted motion were matched (mean baseline 97 ± 24° FF and 23 ± 16° ER). There were no significant differences in other baseline patient characteristics other than the Constant-Murley score and strength. At 2-year follow-up, there were no significant differences in visual analog pain scale (0.8 vs. 1.1, P = .446), all patient-reported outcomes, or any ROM measures other than FF which was higher in the preserved group (158 ± 15° vs. 146 ± 19°, P = .003). The change in ROM was significantly higher for all ROM measurements in the restricted motion cohort with restricted preoperative motion compared with study patients. Patients with restricted motion had a significantly greater increase in Constant scores than those with preserved motion (32.6 vs. 19.0, P < .001). There were no significant differences in rates of patients who were satisfied with their surgical result for all domains assessed between groups.ConclusionPatients undergoing TSA with preserved preoperative active ROM can expect similar final pain levels and improvement in pain compared with patients with greater limitations in preoperative ROM. As expected, patients with more restricted preoperative ROM have substantially greater improvement in ROM after TSA. However, there are no differences in satisfaction at 2 years after TSA regardless of preoperative active ROM.Level of evidenceLevel III; Retrospective Cohort Comparison; Treatment Study     

Clinical outcome of primary medial collateral ligament-posteromedial corner repair with or without staged anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

IntroductionMedial collateral ligament (MCL) is a prime valgus stabilizer of the knee, and MCL tears are currently managed conservatively. However, posteromedial corner (PMC) injury along with MCL tear is not same as isolated MCL tear and the former is more serious injury and requires operative attention. However, literature is scarce about the management and outcome of PMC-MCL tear alongside anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear. The purpose of this study is to report the clinical outcome of primary repair of MCL and PMC with or without staged ACL reconstruction.MethodsA retrospective evaluation was performed on patients with MCL-PMC complex injury with ACL tear who underwent primary repair of MCL-PMC tear followed by rehabilitation. Further, several of them chose to undergo ACL reconstruction whereas rest opted conservative treatment for the ACL tear. A total of 35 patients of two groups [Group 1 (n = 15): MCL-PMC repaired and ACL conserved; Group 2 (n = 20): MCL-PMC repaired and ACL reconstructed] met the inclusion criteria with a minimum follow-up of two years. Clinical outcome measures included grade of valgus medial opening (0° extension and 30° flexion), Lysholm and International knee documentation committee (IKDC) scores, KT-1000 measurement, subjective feeling of instability, range of motion (ROM) assessment and complications.ResultsWhile comparing group 2 versus group 1, mean Lysholm (94.6 vs. 91.06; p = 0.017) and IKDC scores (86.3 vs. 77.6; p = 0.011) of group 2 were significantly higher than group 1. 60% patients of group 1 complained of instability against none in the group 2 (p < 0.0001). All the knees of both the groups were valgus stable with none requiring late reconstruction. The mean loss of flexion ROM in group 1 and 2 was 12° and 9° respectively which was not statistically different (p = 0.41). However while considering the loss of motion, two groups did not show any significant difference in clinical scores.ConclusionsPrimary MCL-PMC repair renders the knee stable in coronal plane in both the groups and further ACL reconstruction adds on to the stability of the knee providing a superior clinical outcome. Minor knee stiffness remains a concern after primary MCL-PMC repair but without any unfavorable clinical effect.     

Glenoid and scapulohumeral characteristics and their influence on preoperative range of motion and patient-determined outcomes

BackgroundIt is not clear if glenoid and scapulohumeral characteristics influence preoperative range of motion (ROM) and patient-determined outcomes. It is important to understand these interactions when planning and performing total shoulder arthroplasty in efforts of improving patient satisfaction and implant longevity.MethodsA retrospective review of patients that had three-dimensional computed tomography imaging for total shoulder arthroplasty was performed. Patients were separated into 2 groups determined by the presence (rotator cuff tear arthropathy [RCTA]) or absence (osteoarthritis [OA]) of an irreparable rotator cuff tear. Using the computed tomography measurements, shoulders were stratified by glenoid version (anteverted, normal, and retroverted), glenoid inclination (inferior, normal, and superior), and scapulohumeral subluxation (anterior, centered, and posterior) based on criteria determined from a review of the orthopedic literature. The Western Ontario Osteoarthritis Scale and the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores and ROM were determined preoperatively.ResultsIn OA patients (n = 154), version was associated with scapulohumeral subluxation (P < .0001). Retroverted glenoids had less flexion (96° vs. 108°; P = .049) and external rotation (15° vs. 21°; P = .04) compared with normal version. Inferiorly inclined glenoids had greater posterior subluxation (77%) than those with normal (67%; P = .001) and superior inclination (68%; P = .01). There were no relationships between excessive inclination or subluxation on ROM. In RCTA patients (n = 115), retroverted glenoids had greater superior inclination compared with normal glenoids (12.1° vs. 8.4°; P = .049). Version was associated with scapulohumeral subluxation (anteverted = mean 34% subluxation; normal version = 56.4% subluxation; retroverted = 71.2% subluxation; P < .0001). Retroverted glenoids had less flexion compared with normal version (70° vs. 90°; P = .048), less abduction (62°) than normal glenoids (88°; P = .03) and anteverted glenoids (115°; P = .03), and less abduction/internal rotation (7°) than normal (22°; P = .03) and anteverted glenoids (36°; P = .04). Superiorly inclined glenoids have more posterior subluxation than normally inclined glenoids (64% vs. 56.6%; P = .02). There was no relationship between inclination and ROM. Patients with posterior subluxation had less external rotation compared with those with a centered humeral head (10° vs. 22°; P = .009) and less abduction/internal rotation compared with anterior subluxation (12° vs. 35°; P = .02). There was no relationship between version, inclination, or subluxation with preoperative Western Ontario Osteoarthritis Scale or American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons in patients with OA (P > .17) or RCTA (P > .31).ConclusionsAn interaction between version, inclination, and scapulohumeral subluxation in patients with OA and RCTA was found. Retroverted glenoids had decreased ROM measurements. RCTA shoulders with posterior scapulohumeral subluxation had decreased ROM. There was no relationship between glenoid and scapulohumeral morphology and patient-determined outcome scores.Level of evidenceLevel III; Retrospective Case-Control Prognosis Study     

Improved Range of Motion and Patient-Reported Outcome Scores With Fixed-Bearing Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty for Suboptimal Axial Implant Rotation

BackgroundSuboptimal implant rotation has consequences with respect to knee kinematics and clinical outcomes. We evaluated the functional outcomes of revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for poor axial implant rotation.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 42 TKAs undergoing aseptic revision for poor axial implant rotation. We assessed improvements in Knee Society Score (KSS) and final range of motion (ROM). Subgroup analyses were performed for preoperative instability and stiffness, as well as the number of components revised and level of implant constraint used.ResultsRevision for poor axial rotation in isolation improved KSS from 52 ± 22 to 84 ± 25 (P < .001), and flexion increased from 105 ± 21° to 115 ± 13° (P = .001). Revision in the setting of instability significantly improved the KSS (P < .001) but did not affect ROM (P = .172). Revision in the setting of stiffness significantly improved both KSS (P < .001) and ROM (P = .002). There was no statistically significant difference between the postoperative KSS (P = .889) and final knee flexion (P = .629) with single- or both-component revision TKA for isolated poor axial rotation or between the postoperative KSS (P = .956) and final knee flexion (P = .541) with or without the use of higher constraint during revision TKA for isolated poor axial rotation.ConclusionRevision TKA for poor axial alignment improves clinical outcomes scores and functional ROM.     

Patients can accurately self-report their elbow range of motion following surgery for trauma

IntroductionThere is an increased demand of telemedicine in the recent century, especially with the outbreak of Covid-19. The aim of this study was to investigate patients' reliability in self-assessing own elbow range of motion following surgery for trauma.MethodsAll patients of age ≥16 years who underwent surgery for elbow trauma at the local trauma unit between March 2015 to Aug 2018 were reviewed retrospectively. Identified cohort was invited to self-assess their elbow range of motion (ROM) using questionnaire with image instruction. They were then followed up with a clinical review for objective measurements by the lead clinician. Independent T-test was used to compare the measurements between patients and clinician. The power of the study was calculated using G1Power software.ResultsThirty-five patients were enrolled in the study with mean age of 41 years. 11 of 35 patients had an associated elbow fracture dislocation associated. Mean patient reported total ROM was 105.7° ± 32.8°, with mean extension of 24.6° ± 18.9° to mean flexion of 130.3° ± 18.2°. Mean objective ROM measured by lead clinician was 112.6° ± 18.3°, with mean extension 22.4° ± 10.9° to mean flexion 135.0° ± 10.8°. No statistical significance was found between self-reported and clinician-based extension (p = 0.36), flexion (p = 0.076), and overall range of motion (p = 0.12).ConclusionPatients can self-assess their elbow range of motion following surgery for trauma accurately. In the midst of increasing demands for telemedicine, we suggest the application of patients' self-reporting outcome in clinical settings.     

Comparison of Anterior-Stabilized and Posterior-Stabilized Total Knee Arthroplasty in the Same Patients: A Prospective Randomized Study

BackgroundA highly conforming, anterior-stabilized (AS) insert is designed to provide anteroposterior (AP) stability of the posterior-stabilized (PS) insert without a post. The purpose of this study was to compare the static and dynamic stability and function of AS and PS total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in the same patients.MethodsA prospective, randomized controlled trial was performed in 45 patients scheduled to undergo same-day bilateral TKA. One knee was randomly assigned to receive an AS TKA, and the other knee was scheduled for a PS TKA from the same knee system. At 2 years postoperatively, the static AP stability was compared using anterior and posterior drawer stress radiographs at 90° knee flexion. Dynamic AP stability was evaluated using one-leg standing lateral fluoroscopic images throughout the range of motion. Knee function was compared using the Knee Society Score and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index score.ResultsAt 2 years postoperatively, there was a significant difference in knee AP laxity at 90° of flexion between the two groups (7.6 ± 3.9 mm in the AS group vs 2.2 ± 2.3 in the PS group, P < .001). However, there were no differences in dynamic AP stability under one-leg standing fluoroscopic lateral images at 30°, 60°, and 90° knee flexion (P = .732, P = .764, and P = .679, respectively). The Knee Society Score and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index scores were not significantly different between the two groups (P = .641 and P = .582, respectively).ConclusionDespite the fact that the AS TKA group showed significantly more static posterior displacement than the PS TKA group at 90° of knee flexion, both the AS and PS TKA groups showed similar dynamic stability under weight-bearing conditions and knee function at 2 years postoperatively.     

Preoperative Flexion Contracture Does Not Compromise the Outcomes and Survivorship of Medial Fixed Bearing Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundDespite the expanding indications for unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA), the classic indication that limits flexion contracture to <5° in fixed bearing UKA excludes most patients with arthritic knees and has not been challenged in modern literature. This study compared the clinical outcomes between patients with severe flexion contracture and controls undergoing UKA.MethodsEighty seven medial fixed bearing UKAs performed in patients with severe (≥15°) flexion contracture were matched 1:1 with 87 controls without flexion or recurvatum deformity (−5°<extension<5°) using propensity scores to control for age, sex, BMI, Charlson comorbidity index, ASA class, and baseline patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Perioperative outcomes were recorded. Range of motion, Knee Society Score, Oxford Knee Score, SF-36, and patient satisfaction were assessed at 6 months and 2 years. Survivorship was recorded at mean 11.5 ± 3.2 years.ResultsPreoperative knee extension in the control and contracture groups was 0.9° ± 1.9° and 18.0° ± 3.5° (P < .001), respectively, whereas flexion was 122.8° ± 27.9° and 120.6° ± 13.6° (P = .502). The contracture group had poorer Knee Society functional (P = .023) and SF-36 physical score (P = .010) at 6 months. However, there was no difference in PROMs at 2 years. A similar proportion achieved the minimal clinically important difference for each PROM and was satisfied with surgery. Range of motion remained poorer in the contracture group and a higher percentage had residual contractures (P < .001). Ten-year survivorship was 94% and 97% in the control and contracture groups, respectively (P = .145).ConclusionAlthough patients with severe flexion contractures had a poorer range of motion and postoperatively, these patients attained comparable PROMs, satisfaction rates, and mid-term survivorship after UKA.Level of EvidenceIII, therapeutic study.     

High-flexion TKA in patients with a minimum of 120 degrees of pre-operative knee flexion: outcomes at six?years of follow-up

We prospectively evaluated outcomes of high-flexion total knee arthroplasty in 165 patients who had advanced arthritis with a minimum 120-degree pre-operative knee flexion, with a mean follow-up of 77 months. Patients were divided into two groups according to their ability to perform full-range (heel-to-buttock) pre-operative knee flexion (group A) and the inability to do so (group B). The overall clinical rating was “excellent” in 96% of patients and “good” in 4% of patients. Mean maximum knee flexion decreased from 137.9° to 134.8°, with no statistical difference between pre- and post-operative knee flexion. However, patients in group A had significantly decreased knee flexion (146.2° vs. 135.0°, p < 0.001), whereas patients in group B exhibited no change in knee flexion (133.7° vs. 134.7°, p = 0.14). We found that 14.7%, 36.5% and 43.0% of the studied patients could engage in kneeling, Thai polite style sitting and cross-legged sitting, respectively, with no significant differences between groups A and B. The survival rates for any reoperation and prosthesis-related problem (such as early loosening) at six years were 98.3% and 100%, respectively. At six-year follow-up in patients with well preserved pre-operative knee flexion, the high-flexion knee prosthesis provided a favourable outcome without improving knee flexion.     

Mild Valgus Alignment After Lateral Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty Led to Lower Functional Results and Survivorship at Mean 8-Year Follow-Up

BackgroundIn medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA), the best results and the highest survivorship are found by mild undercorrection of varus deformities. In lateral UKA, the desirable amount of valgus undercorrection has not yet been determined. The purposes of this study were to present the results of a consecutive series of lateral UKAs and to investigate the effect of postoperative limb alignment on them.MethodsA total of 161 lateral UKA were reviewed. Outcomes studied included range of motion (ROM), Knee Society Score (KSS), University of California Los Angeles Activity Score, Tegner Activity Scale, Forgotten Joint Score, visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain, and survivorship. Patients were divided into two groups according to postoperative alignment: group A (hip-knee-ankle ≥184°, 79 UKA) and group B (hip-knee-ankle <184°, 82 UKA).ResultsAt a mean follow-up of 8 years (range, 2-18), ROM (P < .01); KSS-C (P < .01); KSS-F (P < .01); VAS (P < .01) improved from baseline. No differences were noted in postoperative ROM, VAS, University of California Los Angeles, Tegner Activity Scale, and Forgotten Joint Score between groups. Group A showed higher postoperative clinical and functional KSS (P < .01) and higher survivorship (96.2 versus 91.5%, P = .01) than group B.ConclusionMild valgus alignment (3° or less) after lateral UKA is linked to lower clinical and functional scores and lower survivorship compared to moderate valgus (over 4°) at mean 8-year follow-up. More undercorrection of the coronal deformity in lateral UKA compared to medial UKA is desirable to get the best results.     

Humeral osteophyte size and clinical outcomes after anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty

BackgroundThe severity of primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis (PGOA) has been associated with advanced radiographic findings including inferior humeral head osteophytes. The primary objective of this study is to analyze for any correlation between the size of the inferior humeral head osteophyte and functional outcomes in patients undergoing anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) for PGOA.MethodsA retrospective review of a multi-surgeon database was performed to identify all patients with PGOA from 2015 to 2019 with a minimum of two-year clinical follow-up. Preoperative anteroposterior and Grashey views were used for all included patients to obtain measurements of the inferior humeral osteophyte. Two groups at the extremes of osteophyte width were identified: 1) patients with absent or minimal osteophytes (lowest quartile of width, < 4.9 mm) and those with large osteophytes (highest quartile of width, > 10.1 mm). Change in active range of motion (ROM) from baseline, patient-reported outcomes (PROs), strength and complications were assessed at a minimum of 2 years postoperatively and compared between the two groups.ResultsDemographics were similar for the large osteophyte group (n = 57) and small osteophyte group (n = 56). There was a higher percentage of patients with more significant glenoid deformity in the large osteophyte group compared to the small osteophyte group (P = .009 for A1 deltoid). The large osteophyte group had significantly more restricted preoperative ROM for all measures (P < .05 for all). There were no significant differences in final ROM achieved between the two groups. Patients in the large osteophyte group had greater improvement from baseline for external rotation at the side (31° vs 21°, P = .015), external rotation at 90° abduction (38° vs 20°, P = .004), and internal rotation at 90° abduction (30° vs 12°, P < .001) compared to the small osteophyte group. Overall, there were very few differences between the small and large osteophyte groups in final PROs, with the exception of a higher American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score in the large osteophyte group (90.8 vs 85.9, P = .048).ConclusionPatients with large humeral osteophytes have significantly greater restrictions in preoperative ROM compared to patients with small osteophytes. Patients with large osteophytes experience greater improvements in rotational motion after anatomic TSA compared to patients with small osteophytes, although the final ROM achieved was similar between groups. Overall, PROs after anatomic TSA were similar between patients with small and large osteophytes preoperatively.     

A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Medial-Pivot versus Posterior-Stabilized Total Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundThe medial-pivot (MP) design for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) aims to restore more natural “ball-and-socket” knee kinematics compared to the traditional posterior-stabilized (PS) implants for TKA. The objective of this study is to determine if there was any difference in functional outcomes between patients undergoing MP-TKA vs PS-TKA.MethodsThis prospective randomized controlled trial consisted of 43 patients undergoing MP-TKA vs 45 patients receiving a single-radius PS-TKA design. The primary outcome was postoperative range of motion (ROM). Secondary outcomes included the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index, Oxford Knee Score, Knee Society Score (KSS), and radiological outcomes. All study patients were followed-up for 2 years after surgery.ResultsPatients undergoing MP-TKA had comparable ROM at 1 year (114.6° ± 16.3° vs 111.3° ± 17.8° respectively, P = .88) and 2 years after surgery (114.9° ± 15.5° vs 114.9° ± 16.4° respectively, P = .92) compared to PS-TKA. There were also no differences in Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (26.8 ± 19.84 vs 22.0 ± 12.03 respectively, P = .14), Oxford Knee Score (42.7 ± 8.1 vs 42.3 ± 6.7 respectively, P = .18), KSS clinical scores (82.9 ± 16.96 vs 81.42 ± 10.45 respectively, P = .12) and KSS functional scores (76.2 ± 18.81 vs 73.93 ± 8.53 respectively, P = .62) at 2-year follow-up. There was no difference in postoperative limb alignment or complications.ConclusionThis study demonstrated excellent results in both the single-radius PS-TKA design and MP-TKA design. No differences were identified at 2-year follow-up with respect to postoperative ROM and patient-reported outcome measures.     

Single-stage procedures for treatment of traumatic patellar osteomyelitis: A retrospective study of 21 patients

IntroductionWe herein report on a series of 21 patients with traumatic patellar osteomyelitis treated by single-stage surgery, and discuss the specific application of single-stage procedures for traumatic patellar osteomyelitis.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 21 patients with traumatic patellar osteomyelitis treated in our hospital from January 2010 to April 2018. In a single-stage surgery, aggressive debridement was performed together with application of a tissue flap, especially a gastrocnemius flap (for repair of skin/soft tissue defects and treatment of extensor mechanism defects), and internal refixation of the patellar fracture. The knee joint was exercised early after surgery. Long-term follow-up was performed to evaluate the recurrence of osteomyelitis according to clinical and laboratory signs of infection and to measure the active knee range of motion (ROM).ResultsSingle-stage wound treatment was successful in 20 of 21 patients. Treatments included radical debridement together with tissue flap for repair of soft tissue and extensor mechanism defects, and internal refixation of patellar fractures. 14 patients were treated with gastrocnemius flaps. One patient developed recurrent wound infection, which healed after reoperation. At a mean follow-up of 8 ± 2.63 years (range, 3.2–11.4 years), none had developed recurrence. Six patients had nearly full knee ROM (0°–105° to 0°–146°), whereas 11 patients had impaired knee mobility (ROM, 0°–90° to 0°–65°), 3 patients had knee joint stiffness with a ROM of 0°, and 1 patient had knee flexion contracture with a ROM of 78°–130°ConclusionsSingle-stage surgical treatment consisting of various surgical techniques was an acceptable treatment for traumatic patellar osteomyelitis, allowing early exercise of the knee joint. The osteomyelitis did not recur, and most patients’ knee ROM was restored to a certain extent, excluding patients with severe damage to the patellar articular surface and inactive functional exercise.