下尿路三维模型在压力性尿失禁诊治中的应用

目的 建立女性压力性尿失禁(stress urinary incontinence, SUI)患者下尿路三维模型,探讨SUI的解剖学发病机制及手术机制。方法 对20例SUI患者重建下尿路三维模型,观察其形态并测量膀胱颈尿道后角、尿道倾斜度、尿道长度、耻骨联合下缘到尿道的水平距离和膀胱容量。结果 下尿路三维模型能够全面显示膀胱形态及尿道走向、下尿路与骨盆的解剖位置关系。经闭孔无张力尿道中段悬吊(tension-free vaginal tape obturate, TVT-O)手术前后,膀胱颈尿道后角(poster urethrovesical angle, PUVA)差异无统计学意义(P=0.068);尿道倾斜度、尿道长度、耻骨联合下缘到尿道的水平距离、膀胱容量差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 下尿路三维模型的建立能直观、有效地观察并分析SUI患者下尿路形态及解剖位置改变,有助于评价手术疗效、寻找手术失败原因。     

239例下尿路排尿功能障碍患者影像尿动力学特点分析

目的 回顾分析我科下尿路排尿功能障碍患者影像尿动力学诊断特点,探讨影像尿动力学在复杂排尿功能障碍患者诊断中的优势.方法 收集自2014年1-7月因下尿路排尿功能障碍而在我科行影像尿动力检查患者239例,男性165例,女性74例.分析神经源性膀胱和非神经源性膀胱患者尿动力学诊断特点及下尿路影像形态,探讨典型复杂排尿功能障碍患者尿动力学检查的特点及输尿管、膀胱、尿道形态学的变化.结果 239例患者中因存在明确神经系统病变而出现排尿功能障碍经尿动力学检查确定为神经源性膀胱患者32例(13.39％):①逼尿肌反射亢进伴急迫性尿失禁8例,3例患者存在脑血管意外,1例患者存在帕金森病,2例患者存在阿尔茨海默病,1例患者存在骶脊膜膨出;1例患者行根治性子宫全切.②逼尿肌收缩无力伴尿性尿潴留24例,其中糖尿病患者16例,急性感染性多发性神经根炎患者2例,酗酒患者2例,药物滥用患者1例,高空坠落致腰或骶髓损伤3例.存在单侧输尿管反流1例,双侧输尿管反流7例,逼尿肌膀胱颈协同失调2例,逼尿肌尿道外括约肌协同失调3例.诊断为非神经源性膀胱患者203例(84.94％):膀胱出口梗阻131例、压力性尿失禁41例、单纯逼尿肌过度活动11例、逼尿肌收缩力弱10例、逼尿肌收缩无力10例.排尿期膀胱颈部完全开放76例,部分开放129例,膀胱颈部未见开放34例.膀胱及尿道功能未见异常4例(1.67％).结论 影像尿动力检查可帮助神经源性膀胱患者准确判断是否存在逼尿肌-尿道外括约肌协同失调、逼尿肌-膀胱颈协同失调、输尿管反流、漏尿点压,对于非神经源性膀胱患者,可帮助判断胱和尿道的影像形态变化,精确了解尿道梗阻部位,甚至了解膀胱尿道是否存在异物.     

Recurrent extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli urinary tract infection due to an infected intrauterine device

The use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) have been widespread since the 1960s. In 2002, the World Health Organization estimated that approximately 160 million women worldwide use IUDs. However, IUDs are associated with short-term complications such as vaginal bleeding, pelvic discomfort, dyspareunia and pelvic infection. Herein, we report the case of a woman who had recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) due to the use of an IUD, even after treatment. The patient developed four episodes of UTI within a seven-month period after IUD insertion. During each episode of UTI, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) was cultured from the patient''s midstream urine. The IUD was finally removed, and culture of the removed IUD was positive for ESBL-producing E. coli. An infected IUD as a source of recurrent UTI should be considered in women with IUD in situ who develop recurrent UTI even after treatment.     

脊髓发育不良患者尿路功能障碍特征及手术疗效评估的研究

目的：探讨引起脊髓发育不良患者上尿路损毁的危险因素,并评估膀胱扩大术对此类患者的疗效。方法依据上尿路损毁的标准将150例患者分为有或无上尿路损毁2组,对年龄、性别、病程、既往脊柱手术史、膀胱管理方式、影像尿动力学参数是否与上尿路损毁有关进行研究。然后,从中筛选出曾行膀胱扩大术的37例患者,通过比较手术前后肾功能（以血肌酐值代表）、肾积水和输尿管扩张、膀胱输尿管反流、膀胱容量、膀胱顺应性、储尿期最大逼尿肌压,来评估膀胱扩大术的疗效。结果脊髓发育不良患者下尿路功能障碍中膀胱顺应性降低（79.3%）最为常见,并且是上尿路损毁的主要危险因素（P =0.001,OR =2.802,95% CI：1.510~5.199）。膀胱扩大术不仅能改善膀胱顺应性（P =0.000）,还能增大膀胱容量（P =0.000）、降低储尿期最大逼尿肌压力（P=0.008）,进而改善肾功能（P =0.000）、肾积水（94.2%）、输尿管扩张（94.0%）和膀胱输尿管反流（94.1%）。结论脊髓发育不良患者下尿路功能障碍中膀胱顺应性降低最为常见,并且是上尿路损毁的最主要危险因素。膀胱扩大术能阻止、甚至改善或逆转上尿路损毁。     

氯胺酮(K粉)相关性膀胱炎3例诊治分析并文献复习

目的: 探讨氯胺酮(K粉)相关性膀胱炎的诊断、治疗及发病机制。方法: 回顾性分析了3例氯胺酮相关性膀胱炎患者的临床资料,并结合文献复习予以讨论。结果: 3例患者中2例表现为严重的下尿路症状,包括尿频、尿急、尿痛以及排尿困难,伴有血尿或急迫性尿失禁。尿常规及培养阴性。影像学检查发现膀胱壁增厚,膀胱容量较小。膀胱镜及病检显示膀胱黏膜不同程度的慢性炎症改变。分别对3例患者给予激素、膀胱水扩张及戒断K粉治疗。经治疗后患者症状明显缓解。随访3~4个月,1例无复发,1例因复吸K粉、1例因术前严重挛缩膀胱症状复现。结论: 氯胺酮相关性膀胱炎是一种以下尿路刺激症状为主要特征的泌尿系损害,其发生机制和治疗方法均不明确,早期戒断K粉,及早治疗至关重要。     

氯胺酮致泌尿系统损害35例临床分析

目的探讨氯胺酮(K粉)引发泌尿系损害的诊治方法及可能机制。方法滥用K粉患者35例,年龄18-35岁,吸食K粉1-5年,均因严重的下尿路症状就诊,尿培养阴性,尿找结核菌阴性,尿红细胞形态正常或畸形,5例出现肾功能不全,IVP和CT检查提示10例出现双侧集合系统扩张和输尿管上段或全长扩张,其中膀胱挛缩2例并膀胱输尿管反流。结果患者停止或减少滥用K粉并药物治疗,30例血尿消失,20例尿频、下尿路症状缓解或消失,2例膀胱挛缩经保守治疗后,膀胱容量恢复正常。结论 K粉致沁尿系损害是一种以下尿路刺激症状为主要表现的全尿路可逆性炎症表现,停止使用K粉及对症处理可取得满意的效果。膀胱挛缩患者采用保守治疗,也能取得较好的效果。     

128层螺旋CT在上尿路先天性畸形诊断中的应用

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT尿路成像（multislice spiral CT urography,MSCTU）对上尿路先天性畸形的诊断价值.方法 收集本院2011年5月-2013年12月44例上尿路畸形的病例,男23例,女21例,年龄16～ 87岁,回顾性分析44例经手术病理或临床证实的上尿路先天性畸形患者的CTU资料,44例均行128层螺旋CT平扫加多时相分期增强扫描,对获取的图像数据进行二维多平面重建、曲面重建、最大密度投影、三维容积再现后处理.结果 44例中,肾融合畸形8例,肾位置异常2例,输尿管狭窄13例,重复肾输尿管畸形11例,输尿管囊肿5例（其中1例内合并结石及同侧重复输尿管畸形）,巨输尿管2例,肾发育不良1例,输尿管闭锁1例,输尿管瓣膜1例.结论 128层螺旋CTU能清晰显示上尿路先天性畸形的类型及其并发症,为临床提供科学、可靠的影像信息.     

急性上尿路梗阻所致自发性尿外渗的临床诊疗（附13例临床报告）

目的：探讨急性上尿路梗阻所致自发性尿外渗的临床表现,发病机制、诊断和治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析13例上尿路急性梗阻导致尿外渗的病例特点、诊断和治疗过程。7例行经尿道输尿管镜下取石或碎石后留置双J管。2例置管失败后行超声引导下肾穿刺造瘘术引流。1例行经皮肾穿刺碎石术。2例开放手术恢复上尿路通畅性。结果：13例患者均及时确诊,梗阻解除后,均恢复良好,无并发症发生。结论：上尿路急性梗阻导致尿外渗以输尿管和肾结石多见,影像学检查特别是CTU检查是确诊本病的主要手段。治疗原则应积极解除上尿路梗阻,充分引流外渗尿液,控制感染及并发症。     

氯胺酮相关性泌尿系统损害的影像学表现

目的总结氯胺酮相关性泌尿系统损害(KAUD)患者的影像学特征,为诊断KAUD提供影像学参考依据。方法回顾性分析45例KAUD患者的影像资料,包括超声(45例)、X线(38例)、CT(28例)、MR(I10例)及SPECT(25例),描述各类检查的特征性改变及影像特点,并对其优缺点进行评价。结果 KAUD患者的影像学改变主要集中在泌尿系统和胆道系统。基本的影像学特征包括:⑥膀胱壁增厚,呈炎性改变;⑥膀胱挛缩,容量减小;⑥集合系统扩张,多数双侧同时出现,输尿管壁增厚,输尿管狭窄;⑥肾实质损害;⑥胆道系统扩张;⑥邻近脏器及淋巴结的炎性改变。结论 KAUD的影像学改变具备典型的特征性,对于具有严重LUTS症状的患者如果出现了相应的改变应该考虑KAUD的可能性,结合氯胺酮滥用史可明确KAUD的诊断。     

Orbital pseudotumour as a presentation of paediatric ulcerative colitis

A 2-year-old girl presented with a one-day history of acute-onset bilateral painful, swollen eyes and a two-month history of loose stools. Physical examination revealed a right eyelid swelling with proptosis. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a right orbital pseudotumour. The patient responded well to treatment with intravenous antibiotics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. However, three weeks later, she was readmitted with a vasculitic lesion over her left upper chest, with mucous-bloody diarrhoea. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis. The patient was treated with intravenous pulse methylprednisolone and sulphasalazine. Two weeks after discharge, she was readmitted for cutaneous vasculitis and worsening diarrhoea. The patient’s bowel and extraintestinal diseases resolved upon addition of infliximab to her treatment regimen. Her inflammatory markers also normalised. Azathioprine was subsequently added. Infliximab was discontinued after four doses and prednisolone was tapered off. The patient remained well without any flare-up after 24 months of follow-up.     

Hoarding in Singapore

Hoarding refers to an excessive acquisition of objects and inability to part with apparently valueless possessions. While it can lead to excessive clutter, distress and disability, it is important to note that not all cases of hoarding are pathological. This article aims to suggest how one can make recommendations to patients and families when they encounter someone exhibiting hoarding behaviour. It also introduces the Hoarding Task Force and relevant legislation in Singapore to address the issue of hoarding in the community.     

亚硝酸盐测定和染色镜检对尿路感染的临床意义

目的：探讨亚硝酸盐测定和染色镜检两者在尿路感染的诊断应用。方法：对中段尿作细菌定量培养，同时行尿常规亚硝酸盐测定和尿染色镜检细菌。结果：亚硝酸盐测定对尿路感染的诊断灵敏度为62．8％，特异度为96．3％，阳性预测值为75．9％，阴性预测值为93．3％。染色镜检细菌对尿璐感染的诊断灵敏度为85．7％，特异度为94．1％，阳性预测值为73．2％。阴性预测值为9r7．3％。两法相结合的诊断灵敏度为57．1％，特异度为99．7％，阳性预测值为97．6％，阴性预测值为92．6％。结论：亚硝酸盐检测和染色镜检相结合能够帮助临床较快地诊断尿路感染。     

The clinical profile of patients with anorexia nervosa in Singapore: a follow-up descriptive study

INTRODUCTION

The prevalence rate of anorexia nervosa is lower in Asia than in the West, although studies have found that it is on the rise in Asia. This study aims to present the clinical profile of patients presenting with anorexia nervosa in Singapore.

METHODS

The present study used archival data from the Eating Disorder Programme registry of the Department of Psychiatry, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore. Patient records from 2003 to 2010 were collected and analysed. Presenting characteristics of the patients were also compared with those of another local study conducted eight years earlier.

RESULTS

From 2003 to 2010, a total of 271 patients were diagnosed with anorexia nervosa by a psychiatrist in our hospital. Of these, 251 (92.6%) were female and 238 (87.8%) were Chinese. Our patients had a lower mean weight (36.83 kg, p < 0.001) and a lower mean body mass index (BMI) (14.43 kg/m², p < 0.001) than patients from the previous local study. Almost half of all our patients (n = 135, 49.8%) were diagnosed with at least one psychiatric comorbidity and 50 (18.5%) had a history of self-harm.

CONCLUSION

The presenting characteristics of our study cohort were similar to those of the Western population. However, the lower presenting weight and BMI in our cohort indicates that cases seen today are more severe than those seen eight years ago. Therefore, it is important to put in place prevention programmes to help adolescents cultivate a healthy body image as well as early intervention programmes to improve detection rates and treatment outcomes.     

The potential for a controlled human infection platform in Singapore

For over 100 years, controlled human infection (CHI) studies have been performed to advance the understanding of the pathogenesis, treatment and prevention of infectious diseases. This methodology has seen a resurgence, as it offers an efficient model for selecting the most promising agents for further development from available candidates. CHI studies are utilised to bridge safety and immunogenicity testing and phase II/III efficacy studies. However, as this platform is not currently utilised in Asia, opportunities to study therapeutics and vaccines for infections that are important in Asia are missed. This review examines the regulatory differences for CHI studies between countries and summarises other regulatory differences in clinical trials as a whole. We found that the regulations that would apply to CHI studies in Singapore closely mirror those in the United Kingdom, and conclude that the regulatory and ethical guidelines in Singapore are compatible with the conduct of CHI studies.     

应激诱导炎症反应与下尿路症状的研究进展

下尿路症状（LUTS）是一组包括储存、排尿及排尿后不适的非特异性泌尿系统症状,发病率较高,且病因和发病机制较复杂。应激作为导致LUTS的独立危险因素,通过诱导全身炎症反应在局部膀胱和排尿中枢中发挥作用,参与LUTS的发生发展。该文围绕应激诱导炎症反应与LUTS的发病机制展开综述。     

Isolation of multidrug-resistant Salmonella in Singapore

Multidrug-resistant Salmonella is a well-recognised problem worldwide, especially in developing countries such as India, where non-typhoidal Salmonella infections and enteric fever are endemic. Antimicrobial resistance, particularly to fluoroquinolones, is common and leads to the frequent use of alternative agents, such as azithromycin. We herein describe the first reported case of azithromycin-resistant Salmonella gastroenteritis in a Singaporean patient.     

The prevalence of albuminuria among diabetic patients in a primary care setting in Singapore

INTRODUCTION

Microalbuminuria is an early sign of kidney damage. The prevalence of microalbuminuria in Singapore has been reported to be 36.0%–48.5%. However, the prevalence of microalbuminuria reported in these studies was determined with one urine sample using a qualitative urine test. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of micro- and macroalbuminuria using a more stringent criterion of two positive quantitative urine albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) tests.

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional study of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who were followed up at a primary care clinic in Singapore. Patients were diagnosed to have albuminuria if they had two positive ACR tests within a seven-month period.

RESULTS

A total of 786 patients with T2DM met the study’s inclusion criteria. 55.7% were already on an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) and/or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB). The prevalence rates of micro- and macroalbuminuria were 14.2% and 5.7%, respectively. Patients with albuminuria were more likely to have hypertension (odds ratio [OR] 3.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.55–7.80). Diabetics with poorer diabetic control (OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.26–2.79), and higher systolic (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.14–2.49) and diastolic (OR 1.96, 95% CI, 1.20 to 3.22) blood pressures were more likely to have albuminuria.

CONCLUSION

In the present study, the prevalence of microalbuminuria is significantly lower than that previously reported in Singapore. The presence of hypertension, poor diabetic control and suboptimal blood pressure control are possible risk factors for albuminuria in patients with T2DM.     

The prevalence of fatigue and associated health and safety risk factors among taxi drivers in Singapore

INTRODUCTION

Driver fatigue is one of the biggest health and safety concerns within the road transport sector. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fatigue among taxi drivers in Singapore, to better understand the general working and health conditions of this group of people, and to determine the risk factors associated with fatigued driving.

METHODS

A total of 340 taxi drivers were randomly selected for participation in a self-administered questionnaire survey, which included height and weight measurements. The response rate was 68.2%. The survey consisted of four main categories: personal particulars; social habits; work patterns; and sleep profile. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale was used to estimate the level of daytime sleepiness and fatigue. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the adjusted odd ratios and 95% confidence intervals associated with risk factors related to fatigue among taxi drivers.

RESULTS

A high proportion of taxi drivers were obese and had self-reported hypertension, diabetes mellitus and high cholesterol. Driver fatigue was associated with very poor/poor self-rating of quality of sleep, having an additional part-time job, drinking three or more caffeinated drinks daily, and driving more than 10 hours a day.

CONCLUSION

We hope that the findings of the present study will improve awareness of the work and health conditions of taxi drivers, and contribute toward efforts to achieve a healthier workforce. A lower prevalence of fatigued driving may lead to lower risks of road traffic accidents, decreased economic loss, increased productivity, and safer roads for all.     

干细胞在下尿路疾病修复和重建中的运用前景

泌尿系统组织器官结构和功能的缺失可见于多种泌尿系疾病,如损伤、先天性发育障碍、严重感染、肿瘤等。对损伤和功能缺失组织器官的修复和重建是泌尿外科的重大课题。目前泌尿系重建往往采用原位的皮肤、筋膜、转皮瓣、血管等,也有使用异体组织及修补材料者。这些重建方法均面临诸多问题,包括感染、移植