我国蜚蠊及其防治研究概述

蜚蠊是重要的病媒生物。现就蜚蠊的生物学和生态学习性、危害性和侵害率现状进行概述,并指出入侵物种德国小蠊已成为我国城市蜚蠊群落的优势物种且侵害率呈加重的趋势;综述了我国蜚蠊防治药械与防治方法的研究进展,指出各种药械和防治方法在蜚蠊防治中的作用、发展及实际使用的优劣;介绍了蜚蠊与传播疾病的关系及致敏方面的现状,再次凸现出蜚蠊重要的医学意义。蜚蠊的防治是一项长期而艰巨的任务,防治蜚蠊的过程也是不断接受蜚蠊挑战的过程,特别是蜚蠊的抗性问题和防治过程中对环境的污染问题。为实现我国蜚蠊防治和环境保护的和谐,建议采用以环境治理和化学防治并重的原则,综合应用法规防治、物理防治、生物防治和遗传防治等措施来控制蜚蠊,特别是要合理地应用各种蜚蠊防治药械,加强蜚蠊防治管理,降低蜚蠊的医学危害。     

雷州市城区蜚蠊种群分布及侵害状况调查

目的掌握雷州市城区蜚蠊种群分布及侵害状况,为城市蜚蠊防制提供依据.方法采用粘捕盒法和药激法相结合,将捕获蜚蠊带回实验室分类鉴定.结果在新、老城区共调查121个点,捕获蜚蠊13 362只,有美洲大蠊、澳洲大蠊、褐斑大蠊和德国小蠊4种.以美洲大蠊为优势种,占总捕获数的85.25%,侵害率为74.58%.结论雷州市城区蜚蠊侵害严重,特别是旧城区和下水道,防制蜚蠊措施必须尽快落实.     

2016-2017年深圳市大鹏新区蜚蠊密度监测结果分析

目的 掌握深圳市大鹏新区蜚蠊密度、消长规律及其种群分布情况,为蜚蠊的防治提供科学依据。方法 于2016年3月至2017年2月采用粘捕法对深圳市大鹏新区蜚蠊进行密度监测,计算蜚蠊密度及构成比。结果 共捕获蜚蠊15 981只,以德国小蠊为优势种,占89.09%,平均侵害率为32.64%,平均密度为4.76只/张,蜚蠊密度季节消长明显,密度高峰出现在8月;不同生存环境中蜚蠊密度不同,以餐饮业密度和侵害率为最高,密度达11.93只/张,侵害率为47.50%。结论 深圳市大鹏新区蜚蠊密度、侵害率较高,餐饮店、农贸市场蜚蠊侵害严重,应采取有针对性的措施进行综合防制。     

大型超市蜚蠊侵害调查与防治措施探讨

目的了解南京市大型超市蜚蠊侵害及种群分布等情况,探讨其防治措施,为超市蜚蠊防治提供科学依据。方法选择南京市不同方位4家大型超市,采用粘捕法调查侵害率和密度,现场鉴定蜚蠊种类并计数,了解超市不同区域的蜚蠊分布情况,并分析其原因。结果共捕获蜚蠊8894只,均为德国小蠊;超市蜚蠊侵害严重,侵害率达72.64%,密度为16.78只/张,主要分布在食源和水源丰富的库房、生鲜区、熟食区、蔬果区、食品区和面包房,百货区蜚蠊侵害程度相对较轻。结论德国小蠊已成为超市侵害的优势种,以食源和水源丰富的区域侵害最为严重;应采取综合防治措施,有效降低蜚蠊侵害率,控制其密度。     

银川市2006-2010年病媒生物监测与防制探讨

目的通过对宁夏银川市兴庆、金凤、西夏3个区开展病媒生物调查,分析银川市2006-2010年鼠、蚊、蝇和蜚蠊的发生动态,为病媒生物防治及其传播疾病的控制提供依据。方法鼠和蜚蠊密度全年监测,分别选择夹夜法和粘蟑纸法调查;成蚊及蝇密度监测时间为5-10月,分别选择人工小时法和笼诱法调查。结果银川市蚊、蝇和蜚蠊密度2006-2010年年际间消长呈单峰型曲线,高峰值出现在2009年,2010年密度均有不同程度下降;鼠类平均密度为0.46%,在每年3-5月和9-10月出现2个高峰,城市以褐家鼠为优势种,农村自然村以小家鼠为优势种;蚊类平均密度为2.87只/人工小时,高峰期在每年的7-8月,优势种为淡色库蚊,占捕获总数的92.90%,中华按蚊、三带喙库蚊构成比逐渐上升;蝇密度高峰期出现在每年的7-9月,家蝇、绿蝇、麻蝇为优势种;蜚蠊平均密度为1.66只/张,平均侵害率17.14%,每年4-6月和9-11月出现2个高峰,德国小蠊为优势种,占捕获总数的91.42%,美洲大蠊构成比逐年上升。结论 2010年银川市对病媒生物的控制有效,但仍需加强病媒生物高峰季节前的控制;褐家鼠、淡色库蚊、家蝇、绿蝇、麻蝇、德国小蠊为银川市优势种,与此相关的传播疾病危险性增强,建议加强对病媒生物及其传播疾病的长期监测、预警、控制对策和措施的研究工作。     

锦州市凌河城区旅店业蜚蠊现状及防治对策

近几年随着环境及生活条件的改善,城区旅店业蜚蠊侵害率呈逐年上升趋势。由于蜚蠊是多种传染病及寄生虫的传播媒介,为保障广大住宿旅客的卫生安全,探讨城区旅店业蜚蠊防治的有效对策,我们于2008年4-11月,对辖区内大、中、小型旅店进行了调查。     

石家庄市蜚蠊侵害状况调查

目的　了解石家庄市蜚蠊侵害状况。方法　采用询问、捕蜚蠊、微生物鉴定等方法。结果　本次调查单位10 44个 ,查出有蜚蠊单位 45 2个 ,总侵害率为 43 .3 0 %。侵害率较高的为大中型饭店 ( 61.62 % )、宾馆 ( 5 5 .13 % )、小饭店( 5 1.40 % )。蜚蠊平均密度为 19.99只 /板 ,其中密度最高的是商场 (包括超市 )为 3 3 .10只 /板。查出的蜚蠊有德国小蠊、美洲大蠊、黑胸大蠊、日本大蠊 4种。蜚蠊的蜡样芽孢杆菌携带率平均为 64 .0 0 % ,曲霉菌携带率平均为 5 7.0 0 % ,并查出携带葡萄球菌、志贺菌、沙门菌、侵袭性大肠埃希菌、致病性大肠埃希菌及寄生虫卵等。结论　石家庄市城区蜚蠊侵害严重 ,防制蜚蠊工作必须尽快落实。     

浙江省蜚蠊种群、地理分布特点及防制技术研究

目的;查清全省蜚蠊种群地理分布特点,进行防制对策研究。方法：在全省按地理分布建立监测点,根据对本省蜚蠊种群、分布、季节消长、药敏程度等特点制定防制规范在全省实施。结果：查清蜚蠊种群、数量、优势种及栖息场所特点,查清蜚蠊寄生蜂种群、数量、分布及生态习性等,采用防制规范技术,已有28个城市申报全部通过灭蜚蠊成果考核。结论：通过多年的基地研究,掌握本省蜚蠊特点,制定出切实可行的防制技术,提高了防制工作的科学性。     

福建长乐辖区口岸蜚蠊本底调查

目的了解福建长乐辖区口岸各开放码头蜚蠊的种群构成、季节消长情况,为口岸防治蜚蠊和鉴别输入性蜚蠊种类提供科学依据。方法统一采用标准诱捕盒法,每月上下旬各监测1次,连续12个月。结果 2008—2009年调查共捕获各类蜚蠊1443只,经分类鉴定隶属于2科2属4种;优势种为德国小蠊,其次是美洲大蠊;长乐辖区口岸蜚蠊年平均密度为0.23只/盒。结论长乐辖区口岸蜚蠊密度低于国家标准,但仍需进一步做好口岸蜚蠊监测工作;本次调查为今后辖区口岸蜚蠊防治工作提供切实的技术资料。     

曲阜市蜚蠊种群密度调查及综合防制方法的研究

目的掌握曲阜市蜚蠊种群分布和密度情况,为制定防制对策提供科学依据。方法采用粘捕法、药激法进行调查。结果本次共调查房间388间,捕获蜚蠊497只,均为德国小蠊。其中成虫312只,占62．78％,若虫185只,占37．22％,药激法蜚蠊平均侵害率为17．27％,粘捕法平均密度指数为O．62只／（盒·夜）。结论曲阜市蜚蠊在不同行业和场所的分布及侵害情况有所不同,必须加强对重点行业的管理,采取综合性防制措施,控制蜚蠊在全市扩散和蔓延。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.