脑干听觉诱发电位在轻中型颅脑损伤患者评估中的应用

目的 :探讨脑干听觉诱发电位 (BAEP)对轻中型颅脑损伤患者脑干功能及预后的评估价值。方法 :对 36例轻中型颅脑损伤患者康复治疗前及治疗 1个月后行BAEP检测并行Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定。 3个月后随访 ,行脑外伤后综合征的临床测试。比较BAEP与CT检查结果 ,对照分析BAEP对脑干功能损伤的评估以及与预后的关系。结果 :36例轻中型颅脑损伤患者治疗前BAEP异常率为 77.8% ,高于CT异常率 4 4 .4 % (P <0 .0 5 )。BAEP异常表现主要为 :Ⅲ—Ⅴ /Ⅰ—Ⅲ >1、Ⅲ—Ⅴ及Ⅰ—Ⅴ峰间潜伏期 (IPL)的延长。与对照组相比 ,疾病组治疗前BAEP的Ⅴ波潜伏期 (PL)、Ⅲ—ⅤIPL、Ⅰ—ⅤIPL峰间潜伏期明显延长且Ⅲ—Ⅴ /Ⅰ—Ⅲ比值增大 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,治疗后有改善 ,但仍高于正常。治疗前BAEP异常患者的运动功能评分明显低于BAEP正常的患者 (P <0 .0 5 )。 3个月后的随访发现BAEP检测异常患者的脑外伤后综合征发生率高于BAEP正常的患者 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :BAEP能反映轻中型颅脑损伤患者脑干功能情况 ,可为预后判断及疗效评估提供依据。     

脑干听觉诱发电位对重型颅脑损伤植物状态评估的价值

目的研究脑干听觉诱发电位 (BAEP)对重型颅脑损伤植物状态患者脑干功能的评估以及对预后判断的价值。方法对 30例重型颅脑损伤植物状态患者在综合康复治疗前及治疗 1个月后行BAEP检查及格拉斯哥昏迷量表 (GCS)评分。 6个月后进行随访 ,行格拉斯哥预后量表 (GOS)评分并复查BAEP。分析BAEP分级与GCS评分、GOS评分的关系以及清醒前后BAEP变化的特点。结果康复治疗前BAEP异常率为 93.3% ( 2 8/30例 ) ,康复治疗 1个月后BAEP异常率为 86 .7% ( 2 6 /30例 ) ,其中Ⅳ级减少 5例 ( 16 .7% ) ,而Ⅰ级增加 2例 ( 6 .7% )。BAEP分级越高 ,则预后越差。有 12例 ( 4 0 % )患者意识恢复 ,意识改善后BAEP的主要变化是Ⅴ波的出现 ,其次是各波分化的改善和潜伏期的缩短。结论BAEP检测可评估重型颅脑损伤植物状态患者脑干功能并为预后判断提供依据。Ⅴ波的出现提示脑干功能的恢复 ,是意识改善的脑电生理学指标     

轻中型脑外伤脑干听觉诱发电位初步研究

目的 :探讨轻中型脑外伤脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)的变化。方法 :应用BAEP检测、分析127例轻中型脑外伤的变化。结果 :EAEPⅠ -Ⅲ ,Ⅰ -Ⅴ峰间期延长 ,V波潜伏期延长 ,Ⅲ -Ⅴ/Ⅰ -Ⅲ>1。结论 :轻中型脑外伤患者存在脑功能损伤。BAEP是评价其损伤较敏感的客观指标。     

电针治疗轻中型颅脑损伤记忆及认知功能障碍的临床研究

目的:观察电针对轻中型颅脑损伤患者记忆、认知功能障碍的治疗作用。方法:将40例轻中型颅脑损伤患者随机分为常规组和电针组,在治疗前后分别采用记忆商(MQ)和简明智力状态检查(MMSE)评估记忆和认知功能。结果:电针组和常规组治疗后,记忆、认知功能均有明显改善。电针组记忆功能改善较常规组显著(P<0.05)。两组MMSE评定结果无统计学差异。结论:电针可改善轻中型颅脑损伤患者的记忆功能。     

针刺治疗椎动脉型颈椎病的TCD和BAEP观察

目的　观察针刺治疗椎动脉型颈椎病患者的经颅多普勒超声(TCD)情况和脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)变化,从血流速度及神经电生理角度探讨针刺治疗的作用机制。方法　将40例椎动脉型颈椎病患者分为针刺组20例和常规组20例,治疗前及治疗2周后检查TCD及BAEP,观察针刺治疗对椎动脉型颈椎病患者血流速度及脑电生理的影响。结果　①两组治疗后总有效率分别为90%和85%,其中针刺组临床治愈率为45%,常规组临床治愈率为35%,两组间疗效及平均治疗时间无统计学差异。②治疗前针刺组椎基底动脉(VBA)流速明显低于对照组(P<0. 05)。TCD异常率为77. 5% (31 /40例),以VBA流速降低为主要特点。BA EP异常率为75% (30 /40例),以脑干型异常为主。③治疗后两组VBA血流速度均有改善,与常规组比较,针刺组椎动脉流速改善更显著(P<0. 05)。治疗后两组神经传导功能均有改善,与常规组相比,针刺组V波的峰潜伏期(PL)、III V和I V波的峰间潜伏期(IPL)改善更显著(P<0. 05)。④基底动脉低流速与III V及I VIPL之间存在负直线相关关系。结论　针刺治疗可改善椎动脉型颈椎病椎基循环的血流速度及脑干神经传导功能。     

石杉碱甲治疗轻中型颅脑外伤记忆及认知障碍的临床研究

目的 :观察石杉碱甲对轻中型颅脑外伤患者记忆、认知功能障碍的治疗作用及对体感诱发电位的影响 ,从脑电生理的角度探讨其作用机制。方法 :将 6 0例轻中型颅脑外伤患者随机分为常规治疗组和石杉碱甲治疗组 ,在治疗前及治疗 1个月和 3个月后分别采用记忆商 (MQ)和简明智力状态检查 (MMSE)评估记忆和认知功能并检测上肢体感诱发电位 (SEP)。结果 :石杉碱甲治疗组和常规治疗组治疗后 ,记忆、认知功能均有明显改善。在治疗 1个月及 3个月后 ,治疗组记忆功能改善较常规组显著 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,体感诱发电位N2 0 潜伏期和N13 -N2 0 峰间潜伏期明显缩短。两组MMSE评定结果无统计学差异。结论 :石杉碱甲可改善轻中型颅脑外伤患者记忆功能并提高脑神经传导功能     

听觉诱发电位对针刺治疗中风后假性球麻痹疗效评定

目的应用脑干听觉诱发电位（BAEP）评价针刺治疗中风后假性球麻痹的疗效。方法将80例明确诊断的患者随机分为针刺组（针刺＋西药）40例和对照组（西药）40例,通过对吞咽功能、听觉诱发电位治疗前后的变化进行观察。结果针刺组可明显改善吞咽障碍患者的吞咽功能,提高吞咽功能分级,疗效优于对照组（P〈0.01）;针刺能有效缩短假性球麻痹患者脑干听觉诱发电位（BAEP）各波潜伏期和峰间潜伏期。结论针刺治疗假性球麻痹所致吞咽障碍疗效确切,BAEP可作为评定针刺治疗中风后假性球麻痹的客观指标。     

糖尿病脑干听觉诱发电位分析

目的探讨脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)对糖尿病患者脑干功能损害的评定价值。方法对30例临床诊断为2型糖尿病的患者进行BAEP检测,并与20例正常组进行对照分析。结果糖尿病患者BAEP的异常率为63.33%,并与其病程呈正相关,但与血糖浓度无相关性。其中Ⅲ、Ⅴ波潜伏期(PL),Ⅰ～Ⅲ、Ⅲ～Ⅴ、Ⅰ～Ⅴ峰间期(IPL)较正常组延长,Ⅲ、Ⅴ波波幅降低,均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论BAEP对糖尿病脑干亚临床功能异常的诊断有重要意义。     

互动式针刺法对卒中后假性延髓麻痹吞咽困难的疗效

目的:观察互动式针刺法治疗脑卒中后假性延髓麻痹吞咽障碍的临床疗效.方法:脑卒中后假性延髓麻痹所致吞咽障碍患者90例,随机分为对照组30例、普针组30例、治疗组30例.各组患者均给予脑卒中常规处理、吞咽功能训练,普针组患者另给予常规针刺治疗,治疗组取额中线、廉泉、夹廉泉加用互动式针刺法.分别于治疗前、治疗3周和6周后,采用洼田饮水试验评价患者吞咽功能,观察脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)的变化.结果:与治疗前相比,三组患者治疗后吞咽功能有所改善,能有效缩短BAEP各波潜伏期和峰间潜伏期(P＜0.05),且随治疗时间的延长,疗效更加显著(P＜0.01).结论:互动式针刺法可能通过促进大脑皮质功能及脑干的吞咽反射恢复而发挥其治疗脑卒中后假性延髓麻痹吞咽障碍的作用.     

醒脑开窍针法结合脑电仿生电刺激对PVS患者诱发电位的影响

目的:观察醒脑开窍针法结合脑电仿生电刺激对持续植物状态(PVS)患者脑干听觉诱发电位(BEAP)及体感诱发电位(SEP)的影响。方法:选择广东三九脑科医院植物状态促醒中心收治的90例PVS患者,按照随机数字表法分为针刺组、仿生电组和联合组3组,每组30例。3组均给予常规治疗(包括用基础管理、高压氧治疗和药物治疗等)。此外,针刺组接受醒脑开窍针法治疗(主穴选水沟、双侧内关、双侧三阴交等穴位,辅穴选极泉、尺泽、委中等穴位),每日1次;仿生电组接受脑电仿生电刺激治疗,主电极放于完骨穴和天柱穴,每次治疗99 min后,休息30 min,再继续治疗99 min,每日1次;联合组接受醒脑开窍针法联合脑电仿生电刺激治疗,每日1次;3组均连续治疗30 d。治疗前1 d及结束治疗后1 d采用修订的昏迷恢复量表(CRS-R)评估3组患者意识状态,应用肌电诱发电位仪监测BAEP和SEP的分级及患侧各波潜伏期、间期的变化。结果:治疗前,3组CRS-R量表评分、BAEP和SEP分级、Ⅰ、Ⅴ波潜伏期及Ⅰ～Ⅴ波间期、P15、N20、P38波潜伏期比较无明显区别,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。与治疗前比较,3组治疗30 d后CRS-R评分明显升高,BAEP和SEP分级均明显降低,3组Ⅰ、Ⅴ波潜伏期及Ⅰ～Ⅴ波间期、P15、N20、P38波潜伏期均明显缩短,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗30 d后联合组CRS-R量表评分高于针刺组和仿生电组,BAEP和SEP分级均低于针刺组和仿生电组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后联合组Ⅰ、Ⅴ波潜伏期及Ⅰ～Ⅴ波间期、P15、N20、P38波潜伏期较针刺组和仿生电组均明显缩短,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:醒脑开窍针法结合脑电仿生电刺激有助于促进PVS患者意识恢复,能提高临床促醒疗效,一定程度上可改善PVS患者的SEP和BAEP。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.