夫西地酸对金黄色葡萄球菌抗菌活性研究

目的了解金黄色葡萄球菌对夫西地酸的耐药现状及耐药性改变。方法通过琼脂稀释法测定2007年连续收集的65株和2003年收集的55株金黄色葡萄球菌对夫西地酸的MIC值，用K—B纸片法测定这些菌株对万古霉素等7种抗生素的抑菌圈直径。结果120株金黄色葡萄球菌中对夫西地酸耐药的只有1株，耐药率为0．83％。2003年和2007年收集的菌株对夫西地酸的MIC50均为0．25mg／L，MIC90均为0．5mg／L，纸片法测定结果：所有菌株对万古霉素敏感，2003年的菌株57．8％耐甲氧西林，2007年的菌株76．9％耐甲氧西林。结论夫西地酸对金黄色葡萄球菌的体外抗菌活性很强，而且2003年和2007年菌株的抗菌活性无多大改变。     

夫西地酸对耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌的体外抗菌活性研究

目的:了解夫西地酸对多重耐药的耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌临床分离株的体外抗菌活性。方法:采用血浆凝固酶、金黄色葡萄球菌单克隆抗体及Vitek-32型仪进行菌株鉴定,纸片琼脂扩散(K-B)法进行药物敏感性试验,头孢西丁纸片法检测耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌。结果:97株金黄色葡萄球菌中,检测到耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)56株,占57.7%;119株凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中,检测到耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)77株,占64.7%。全部菌株均对万古霉素敏感,MRSA及MRCNS对夫西地酸的耐药率分别为1.8%和7.8%,耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌对其它抗菌药物的耐药率在25%～100%之间。结论:夫西地酸对耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌有较强的体外抗菌活性。     

老年人呼吸道耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染的耐药性分析

目的通过对老年人呼吸道耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染的耐药性分析,探讨正确治疗和防治措施。方法对我院3年内165例耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌引起的老年人呼吸道感染进行回顾性耐药分析。结果355株金黄色葡萄球菌中,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌165株,检出率为92．2％。对多种抗生素呈耐药趋势,仅对复方磺胺甲嗯唑及万古霉素抗生素敏感。结论及时了解医院耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌感染的耐药性变化,可为治疗提供依据,提高治疗效果。     

五倍子水煎剂对124株表皮葡萄球菌(MRSE和MSSE)的体外抗菌活性观察

目的 观察五倍子水煎剂对124株表皮葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant staphylococcus epidermidis,MRSE和methicillin-sensitivity staphylococcus epidemaidis,MSsE)的体外抗菌活性。方法 采用新的中药抑菌实验方法对五倍子水煎剂进行了体外抗菌活性检测。结果 五倍子对耐甲氧西林的表皮葡萄球菌(MRSE)和甲氧西林敏感表皮葡萄球菌(MSSE)的抗菌活性均较好,其MIC90均为0．203mg/ml(1：1280),其MIC50均为0．051mg/ml(1：10240)。结论 此项研究为临床治疗由表皮葡萄球菌引起的感染,提供了科学依据。     

耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌检测的研究进展

目的：检测耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌，指导临床合理使用抗生素。方法：用头孢西丁纸片扩散法检测。结果：耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌检出率58．0%，耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌检出率46．4％。结论：MRS广泛存在于临床各科室，微生物室应加强对该菌株的检测。     

抵御耐药革兰阳性球菌感染的新药——利奈唑胺

耐药革兰阳性球菌包括耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）、耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌（MRSE）、耐万古霉素肠球菌（VRE）等，在过去20年间呈逐年上升趋势。2005年我国12城市798个院内感染分离菌株中，MRSA平均占50．5％。利奈唑胺作为新一代嘿唑烷酮类抗菌药物，对MRSA、MRSE、VRE等都有良好的抗菌活性。     

新生儿耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌的感染情况及耐药性分析

目的了解我院新生儿科耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌（MRS）的感染情况及耐药特点,指导临床合理用药。方法对我院2007年1月至2009年12月住院新生儿感染葡萄球菌和耐药情况进行统计分析。结果从送检标本中分离出葡萄球菌属121株,共检出耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌66株,对β－内酰胺类抗菌药物100％耐药,对万古霉素100％敏感;对其他抗生素敏感率各不相同。结论MRS菌株是新生儿感染的重要致病菌之一,对不同的抗生素的敏感率差异较大,临床上要根据具体情况慎重选择抗生素。     

潍坊地区葡萄球菌耐药分析

随着抗生素的广泛应用，特别是抗菌药物的滥用，具有多重耐药性的葡萄球菌已成为当前医院感染的主要病原菌之一。如耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)除对甲氧西林耐药外，还对临床上广泛应用的多种抗生素存在耐药性。耐药葡萄球菌所致感染范围广、治疗难度大且病死率较高，正确、合理选用抗生素不仅有助于感染的有效控制，     

老年人呼吸道耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染的耐药性分析

目的 通过对老年人呼吸道耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染的耐药性分析,探讨正确治疗和防治措施.方法 对我院3年内165例耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌引起的老年人呼吸道感染进行回顾性耐药分析.结果 355株金黄色葡萄球菌中,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌165株,检出率为92.2%.对多种抗生素呈耐药趋势,仅对复方磺胺甲噁唑及万古霉素抗生素敏感.结论 及时了解医院耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌感染的耐药性变化,可为治疗提供依据,提高治疗效果.     

老年人呼吸道耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染的耐药性分析

目的 通过对老年人呼吸道耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染的耐药性分析,探讨正确治疗和防治措施.方法 对我院3年内165例耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌引起的老年人呼吸道感染进行回顾性耐药分析.结果 355株金黄色葡萄球菌中,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌165株,检出率为92.2%.对多种抗生素呈耐药趋势,仅对复方磺胺甲噁唑及万古霉素抗生素敏感.结论 及时了解医院耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌感染的耐药性变化,可为治疗提供依据,提高治疗效果.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.