1990~1994年我国鼠疫流行概况及分析

通过全面系统的主动监测，分析了１９９０￣１９９４年我国人间鼠疫和动物鼠疫年度、地区分布、流行强度。表明９０年代初人间鼠疫突然上升，主要是云南省黄胸鼠疫源地动物鼠疫重新活跃的结果，现已得到基本控制。东南沿海、东北地区控制动物鼠疫成果已巩固３０￣４０年。指出我国控制鼠疫对策，坚持预防为主，在疫情监测基础上，因地制宜地落实灭鼠灭蚤、宣传教育和紧急处理疫区为主的综合性防治措施。     

山东省丁型肝炎病毒感染调查研究

为了解山东省丁型肝炎病毒感染状况 ,并探讨丁型肝炎病毒 ( HDV)感染与乙型肝炎病毒 ( HBV)感染的关系 ,应用酶联免疫吸附试验 ( EL ISA)对山东省 2 681例乙型肝炎病毒感染者进行了血清丁型肝炎病毒抗体 (抗 - HDV)检测 ,共检出抗 - HDV阳性者 2 0 7例 ,阳性率 7.72 %。HBs Ag携带者组抗 - HDV阳性率 3.16% ,乙肝患者组抗 - HDV阳性率 13.15% ,两组之间的差异有非常显著性 ( P<0 .0 0 1)。在乙肝患者组中 ,慢性活动性肝炎患者和重症肝炎患者抗 - HDV阳性率高于急性肝炎患者和慢性迁延性肝炎患者 ,差异有非常显著性 ( P<0 .0 0 1) ,表明乙肝病史越长、病情越重 ,其抗 - HDV阳性率越高。提示乙肝患者联合或重叠感染 HDV与乙肝慢性化和病情加重的形成有关。     

1990—1994年重庆口岸从业人员HBsAg情况分析

本文主要对重庆江北机场1990年开航以来口岸从业人员HBsAg阳性情况进行统计分析。四年来共体检1432人，HBsAg阳性59人，阳性率4．12％，阳性率呈逐年上升趋势。本文就不同年龄、不同性别，不同年份HBsAg阳性率进行了比较。作者对以后如何搞好口岸的卫生监督工作提出了建议。     

Gender development inequalities epidemiology in Spain (1990-2000)

BACKGROUND: Gender is an important health determinant for public health policies. This study describes the changes in gender development inequalities in Spain and its autonomous regions from 1990 to 2000. METHODS: An ecological study using the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Gender Development Index (GDI) was done. IDG both men and women was analysed according to indexes of education, income and life expectancy at birth. RESULTS: Although the GDI has had an increase of 5,05% in the 90 s, 51,5% of the population was located above the global GDI of Spain in 1990, moreover this number decreased to 46,3% in 2000. Gender inequalities have been reduced both at national and regional levels. The regions with the lowest increase were Asturias (3.37%), Cantabria (3.68%) and Baleares Islands (3.71%). The regions with the highest increase were Madrid (6,46%) and Extremadura (6,75%). All the autonomous regions showed a number of GDI lower than the value of HDI. Both sexes achieved similar increase in life expectancy (Men: 5% and Women: 4%). An unequal variation was detected according to the autonomous region (Basque Country; Men: 7% and Women: 3%; Madrid; Men:8% and Women:5%). Women have improved their educational level in comparison to men (Men: 3% and Women: 6%). In the 90 s, men obtained more income than women, but women improved their situation three times more than men. CONCLUSIONS: Inequalities in Human Development analysed by gender have been reduced in the 90 s in Spain. However, the improvement of education, income and life expectancy occurred only in some autonomous regions. This situation shows the differences among Spanish autonomous regions.     

Positive changes in sun-related behavior in Israel (1994-1998)

BACKGROUND: Current preventive measures against skin cancer focus on individual sun protection and early detection. Solar radiation in Israel is powerful, and about one-half of its population is fair skinned. We investigated whether public awareness efforts yielded changes in sun-related behaviors in Israel from 1994 to 1998. METHODS: The Department of Health Promotion in the Ministry of Health in Israel has been conducting an ongoing research on health knowledge, attitude, and practice, including six closed questions about sun-related behaviors in a general questionnaire. Independent samples of about 3,000 people representing the adult Jewish population (18 years old and above) were surveyed in 1994, 1996, and 1998. Response rates in 1994 and 1996 were about 85 and 80% in 1998. RESULTS: The number of people reporting sun protection behaviors increased from 34% in 1994 to 41% in 1996 and to 46% in 1998. Periodic medical skin examination increased from 9% of the responders in 1994, to 13% in 1996 and to 16% in 1998. The number of people reporting having fair skin increased from 28% in 1994 to 41% in 1996 and to 43% in 1998. CONCLUSIONS: There were positive changes in sun-related awareness and behaviors in Israel between 1994 and 1998. These findings support the conclusion that positive gains were associated with the health promotion efforts conducted by the Israel Cancer Society, Ministry of Health, and other Israeli organizations throughout these years.     

Trends in funding and use of alcohol and drug abuse treatment at specialty facilities, 1990-1994

OBJECTIVES: This study examined trends in funding and use of alcohol and drug abuse treatment at specialty facilities between 1990 and 1994. METHODS: The 1990 and 1994 National Drug and Alcohol Treatment Unit Surveys were used to estimate annual funding and number of clients in treatment. RESULTS: Public funding increased by 5%, whereas private funding decreased by 28% in real terms between 1990 and 1994. The number of publicly and privately funded clients decreased slightly. CONCLUSIONS: The rapid growth in private and public sector substance abuse funding during the 1980s has not continued into the 1990's.     

Vaccination campaigns against poliomyelitis in Brazil (1960-1990)

This article discusses the vaccination campaigns against poliomyelitis in Brazil. It examines issues that have shaped the politics of disease control at the interface with the history of science and technology with regard to the discovery of vaccines, the development of laboratory techniques for diagnosis and surveillance of new procedures, and history of public health policies in relation to decision making and implementation of control and eradication of disease. The aim is also to demonstrate that in addition to the technologies available, it was necessary some negotiation and political will to achieve the control and eradication of the disease in the country. The main sources used were scientific articles, oral testimonies, official documents and newspaper articles.     

An epidemic of Trichophyton tonsurans trichophytosis in wrestlers (1994-1996)

During the period between September 1994 and August 1996 the authors detected an epidemic of trichophytia superficialis caused by Trichophyton tonsurans among wrestlers (age 10-19 years) of three sports clubs in southwestern Slovakia following their participation in international contests. Underrating of the initial symptoms of the disease, lack of adherence to the ban to engage in contests before complete cure, the relative resistance to topical and systemic treatment etc. led to the development of infection in 52 wrestlers (37% exposed ones). The authors recommend as one of the measures to prevent further import and spread of dermatophytoses measures prohibiting participation of infected sportsmen in any contests at home and abroad.     

Modernisation of the system of traditional Korean medicine (1876-1990)

For the past two centuries or so, the emergence and growth of scientific medicine has resulted in the gradual replacement non-scientific medical practitioners with scientific medical practitioners at the field of public health in most Western countries. The key factor behind this transformation has been the official policy that has encouraged practitioners of scientific medicine while at the same time suppressing and ignoring practitioners of non-scientific medicine. The case of the Republic of Korea (henceforth called Korea) reveals, however, a small discrepancy from this general trend, i.e. the coexistence of practitioners of both non-scientific medicine and scientific medicine. This article explores the modernisation of the system of Traditional Korean Medicine from 1876 to 1990 in an attempt to answer why the Korean health care system has a dual system of medical care and argues that the dual system of medical care in Korea was shaped by the conflicts and tensions between herbal doctors and Western trained doctors throughout the various stages of historical development.     

德州市1990～1994年健康人群麻疹血清流行病学监测

山东省德州市 １９９０～ １９９４年间，对健康人群 １１３７人进行麻疹血凝抑制（ＨＩ）抗体水平的监测。结果表明，麻疹ＨＩ抗体平均阳性率９３．８４％，几何平均滴度（ＧＭＴ）１：２４．４６。通过加强计划免疫管理，麻疹ＨＩ抗体阳性率和ＧＭＴ有增高的趋势。但亟需免疫保护的８～２３月龄儿童麻疹ＨＩ抗体阳性率仪为８２．５０％，ＧＭＴ为１：１５：６３，均极明显地低于其它年龄组人群，应加强麻疹疫苗的基础免疫工作。     

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (Public Law 101-508)

On November 5, 1990, the President signed into law House Resolution 5835, the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of 1990 (Public Law 101-508). Following are summaries of the Medicare and Medicaid provisions.     

The determinants of the high Dutch perinatal mortality in a complete regional cohort, 1990-1994

OBJECTIVE: Analysis of the effects of population-based determinants (maternal age, parity, multiple pregnancy and ethnicity) and of professional and organisational factors (conservative management in case of early preterm birth, the policy on prenatal screening and the Dutch obstetric-care system in general) on perinatal mortality. DESIGN: Population-based prospective cohort study. METHOD: In a regional cohort (Zaanstreek) of 8031 pregnancies in the period 1990-1994 data were prospectively collected in an electronic database by deliverers of primary and secondary care. Analysis focussed on the effect on perinatal mortality of maternal age, parity, multiple pregnancy, ethnicity and professional and organisational factors (the policy in case of early preterm birth, the policy on prenatal screening and the Dutch obstetric-care system in general). Perinatal mortality was defined as mortality from a gestational age of 22 weeks until 28 days post partum. RESULTS: The perinatal mortality in the Zaanstreek was 12.6/1000. Increasing the gestational age to 28 weeks decreased the perinatal mortality by 29%. The perinatal mortality in this cohort was significantly affected by parity, multiple pregnancy and maternal age (relative risk: 2.8), but not by ethnicity if corrected for the previous factors. Conservative management in case of early preterm birth and a restrictive screening policy for lethal birth defects were associated with an increase in perinatal mortality. In 31 of 92 singleton pregnancies followed by perinatal mortality, a relationship to substandard care was established. In 7 cases this relationship was probable and in 1 case the midwife was responsible. CONCLUSION: Given the magnitude of their effects, both independently and via interaction, stratification for maternal age, parity, multiple pregnancy and ethnicity must precede any interpretation and comparison of perinatal mortality rates. Although clinical policy played a modest role, a negative role of the organisation of obstetric care was unlikely in this cohort. A definitive judgement as to the quality of perinatal care would require extension of the evaluation to at least the entire first year of life in connection with the morbidity. The most favourable effects can be expected from stimulatory measures directed at lowering the age at first pregnancy.