小儿危重评分在儿科加强监护病房(PICU)的应用

目的在PICU试用小儿危重评分。方法141例ICU患者于入院1、3、7d作小儿危重评分，同时记录设备利用、费用、院内感染、抗生素应用等情况。结果将评分从高至低分为～100、～80、～70三组（非危重、危重、权危重），病死率依次为8．2％、36．4％、50％，差异非常显著（P＜0．001）。1、3、7d评分死亡与存活组间有非常显著差异（P＜0．0001），危重评分上升，病死率明显下降（P＜0．05）。危重、极危重组与非危重组比较其使用ICU设备的时间明显增加（P＜0．01），设备利用率显著上升（P＜0．0001）；其应用高级抗生素及主要住院费用显著增多（P＜0．01、P＜0．001）。结论小儿危重评分可客观、准确评估病情和预后，同时在评估和比较ICU的设备利用、药物治疗、医疗费用、效率和医护质控等方面有广泛应用。     

婴儿捂热综合征死亡的危险因素

目的探讨婴儿捂热综合征（IMS）死亡的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2002年1月-2007年2月63例IMS患儿的临床资料，按照是否并代谢性酸中毒、高血糖、低血钙、超高热，及儿童危重病例评分（PCIS）、脏器衰竭数目对患儿进行分组，对各项危险因素行χ^2检验，比较组间患儿的病死率。结果63例患儿住院期间病死率为22．1％。并代谢性酸中毒与未并代谢性酸中毒患儿病死率比较差异有统计学意义（RR=3．20，95％CI=1．0～10．24，χ^2=4．76P〈0．05），且病死率随着血pH降低而升高（Pearson列联系数=0．49，χ^2=9．80P〈0．05）。存活48例与15例死亡患儿PCIS评分相比有显著差异（t=7．798P〈0．05）。PCIS≤80分与〉80分患儿的病死率相比有显著差异（RR=12．73，95％CI=1．78～91．04，χ^2=13．24P〈0．05）。血糖〉12mmol／L的患儿与血糖〈12mmol／L的患儿相比差异有统计学意义（RR=3．73，95％CI=1．46～9．54，χ^2=8．73P〈0．05）。并低血钙与未并低血钙的患儿病死率相比有显著差异（RR=3．0,95％CI=1．23—7．31，χ^2=6．30P〈0.05）。体温≥41℃与体温〈41℃的患儿病死率相比有显著差异（RR=3．0，95％CI=1．34～6．74，χ^2=3．97P〈0．05）。脏器衰竭≥3个与脏器衰竭〈3个的患儿病死率相比有显著差异（RR=7．88，95％a=2．85～21．78，χ^2=17．66P〈0．05）。结论代谢性酸中毒、高血糖、低血钙、超高热、低PCIS评分及多脏器衰竭可能是IMS的死亡危险因素。     

小儿危重病例评分法(草案)临床应用的评价

目的用小儿危重病例评分法（草案）评估患儿病情的严重程度。方法对１２所三级医院小儿加强医疗病房中的１２３５例患儿进行了危重病例评分及器官功能衰竭的评估。评分值从高到低分为：～１００、～８０、０～７０３个组，依次代表病情非危重、危重、极危重。住院期间共进行４次评分。结果首次评分显示：非危重、危重、极危重患儿病死率依次为３．２％、１０．２％、２５．２％，各组差异有非常显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）。以后各次评分结果与首次评分相似，分值越低病死率越高。１、２、３、３个以上器官功能衰竭分别占３１．９％、１９．５％、１０．６％、３．５％，病死率依次为４．８％、７．４％、２６．５％、５３．８％，差异有非常显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）。非危重、危重、极危重患儿多系统器官功能衰竭发生率依次为１５．４％、４７．５％、８３．０％，差异有非常显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论小儿危重病例评分可准确判断病情轻重，分值越低，器官功能衰竭越多，病死率亦越高。     

《小儿危重病例评分法(草案)》的临床应用与评价

对《小儿危重病例评分法（草案）》的临床应用进行评价。方法由专人负责，按（草案）的标准，进行4次评分，同时评估患儿是否符合《危重病例的单项指标》、《婴儿及儿童多系统器官衰竭诊断标准的建议》和《死亡危险评分》；统计处理用卡方检验。结果71例中首次评分为60～70分者11例，71～80分者22例，81～90分者33例，91～100分5例，平均80．507±8．348分。中位数为82分。81～100分38倒无1例死亡；71～80分22例中死亡2例（9.09％）；62～70分11例中死亡3例（27．3％），X2=9．897P＜0．01。2个至4个脏器功能衰竭病例的病死率分别为18．2％、16．7％和66．7％，X2=23．0897P＜0．001。结论"评分"能准确地反应病情轻重，81分以下、分值念低病死率愈高，脏器功能衰竭2个或以上，愈多病死率愈高，"单项危重病评分"国内容与评分法重复，可不列入评分范围。     

急性感染患儿危重病例评分与血小板数量关系

目的：观察急性感染患儿危重病评分与血小板数量变化的规律。方法：患儿入院24h内进行危重病评分。＞90分非危重组57例，70－90分为危重组59例，＜70分为极危重组12例，同时测定血小板数量。结果：危重组明显高于非危重组（P＜0．01），极危重组明显低于非危重组（P＜0．01），结论：急性感染患儿危重组血小板数明显升高，极危重组血小板数明显降低。     

降钙素原和D-二聚体对全身炎症反应综合征患儿病情预后的判断价值

目的 探讨降钙素原（PCT）和D-二聚体（D-D）在判断全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS）患儿预后中的价值。方法 采用前瞻性病例对照方法 ,选取PICU住院的SIRS患儿67例,按有无感染灶分为脓毒症组和非脓毒症组,入院24 h内检测血清PCT、D-D、CRP、WBC,并进行小儿危重评分（PCIS）。将有差异指标与PCIS进行相关性分析;随访28 d临床结局;采用受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）下面积（AUC）预测28 d生存效能;多因素logistic回归预测死亡独立危险因素。结果 脓毒症组中血清PCT和D-D水平高于非脓毒症组,PCIS低于非脓毒症组（均PPPPOR值分别为1.684,1.003,均P结论 SIRS患儿血清PCT有助于早期识别脓毒症和非脓毒症;血清PCT和D-D可作为判断病情预后的重要指标,可能是预测28 d死亡的独立危险因素。     

SIRS患儿VW因子、D—二聚体、CRF的变化与病情危重程度的关系

目的 探讨不同程度全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)患儿血管性假血友病因子(VW因子)、D-二聚体(D—D)及C反应蛋白(CRP)的变化，与病情危重程度的关系。方法 符合SIRS一项诊断标准评一分，按SIRS评分将患儿分为SIRS2、SIRS3及SIRS4三组，每组各20例。于急性期和恢复期抽血用ELISA法测定VW因子和D—D，免疫比浊法测定CRP，并与非SIRS患儿进行比较。同时对SIRS患儿行危重症评分分为危重症组和非危重症组。结果SIRS患儿急性期血VW因子、D—D及CRP含量均增高，且随SIRS评分增加，升高程度更显著；三者在危重症组也明显高于非危重症组(P均＜0．05)。SIRS4组符合危重症标准及发生MODS的例数均高于SIRS3和SIR贸组(SIRS4与SIRS2比较，P＜0．05)。结论 SIRS时血浆VW因子和D-D明显升高，提示血管内皮细胞受到损伤，凝血功能出现紊乱，当SIRS程度加重、病情恶化时，升高的程度更显著。CRP水平可反映SIRS患儿体内炎症反应的程度，并与病情的危重程度密切相关。SIRS评分可作为临床判定患儿病情轻重的简便易行的指标，SIRS评分越高，提示病情越重，若结合血VW因子、D-D或CRP水平可更准确地判定病情的危重程度。     

儿童脓毒症相关性脑病发生和死亡的危险因素分析

目的：探讨脓毒症患儿并发脓毒症相关性脑病（ sepsis associated encephalopathy,SAE）的危险因素及其与预后的关系。方法收集2013年6月至2015年4月深圳市儿童医院PICU收治的152例脓毒症患儿的临床资料,根据患儿是否合并SAE分为SAE组（ n＝46）和非SAE组（ n＝106）。采用单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析方法,分析儿童SAE发生及死亡的危险因素。结果152例脓毒症患儿中,合并SAE 46例,发病率30.3％,合并SAE患儿的病死率（8／46,17.4％）显著高于无SAE患儿的病死率（2／106,1.9％）（χ2＝13.234,P＜0.001）。其中凝血功能障碍、肝功能不全,小儿危重病例评分≤80分是SAE发生的独立危险因素,凝血功能障碍是SAE死亡的独立危险因素。结论SAE的发病率及病死率高,对凝血功能障碍、肝功能不全和小儿危重病例评分≤80分的患儿需严密监测。     

危重新生儿高渗血症临床探讨

目的 观察危重新生儿高渗血症的发生及其临床意义。方法 对所有入院的危重新生儿即进行电解质、血糖、尿素氮、血气等测定，按公式计算出血渗透浓度。结果 152例危重新生儿发生高渗血症48例，极危重组（新生儿危重症评分≤70分）的高渗血症患儿有19例，一般危重组（新生儿危重症评分70～90分）有29例，极危重组患儿血糖、血渗透浓度和病死率较一般危重组患儿明显升高，P〈0．01．而其pH值比一般危重组低，P〈0．05，两组比较有统计学意义。血渗透浓度〉320mmol／L组病死率为66．67％．较290～320mmol／L组明显升高，P〈0．01。结论 危重新生儿高渗血症有其临床特点，高糖血症参与的高渗血症比例高，设危重组高渗血症及血渗透浓度〉320mmol／L的患儿预后差。     

脓毒症患儿抗凝血酶Ⅲ、D－二聚体与小儿危重评分的相关性

目的探讨脓毒症患儿血浆抗凝血酶Ⅲ(AT-Ⅲ)、D-二聚体(DD)与小儿危重评分(PCIS)的关系及其对病情危重程度的判断价值。方法回顾性分析61例脓毒症患儿在入院24 h内检测的血浆AT-Ⅲ和DD水平及PCIS评分等资料。将患儿按PCIS分为极危重组(≤70分)、危重组(71~80分)、非危重组(80分);将患儿按预后分为存活组和死亡组,分别比较AT-Ⅲ活性、DD水平的差异及其与PCIS的相关性。结果极危重组、危重组和非危重组的AT-Ⅲ活性和DD水平的差异均有统计学意义(P0.01);其中,以极危重组AT-Ⅲ活性降低以及DD水平升高最为明显,危重组次之,两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。AT-Ⅲ活性与PCIS评分呈正相关(r=0.548,P0.01),DD水平与PCIS呈负相关(r=-0.657,P0.01)。死亡患儿DD水平高于存活患儿,AT-Ⅲ活性和PCIS评分均低于存活患儿,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论脓毒症患儿存在明显的凝血功能障碍,血浆AT-Ⅲ、DD与其病情危重程度密切相关,可作为判断病情的指标。     

Pubertal growth and development and prenatal and lactational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene

OBJECTIVES: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene (DDE) are ubiquitous toxic environmental contaminants. Prenatal and early life exposures affect pubertal events in experimental animals. We studied whether prenatal or lactational exposures to background levels of PCBs or DDE were associated with altered pubertal growth and development in humans.Study design: Follow-up of 594 children from an existing North Carolina cohort whose prenatal and lactational exposures had previously been measured. Height, weight, and stage of pubertal development were assessed through annual mail questionnaires. RESULTS: Height of boys at puberty increased with transplacental exposure to DDE, as did weight adjusted for height; adjusted means for those with the highest exposures (maternal concentration 4+ ppm fat) were 6.3 cm taller and 6.9 kg larger than those with the lowest (0 to 1 ppm). There was no effect on the ages at which pubertal stages were attained. Lactational exposures to DDE had no apparent effects; neither did transplacental or lactational exposure to PCBs. Girls with the highest transplacental PCB exposures were heavier for their heights than other girls by 5.4 kg, but differences were significant only if the analysis was restricted to white girls. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal exposures at background levels may affect body size at puberty.     

Prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents

Increasing numbers of obese children and adolescents all over the world demand an investment in the primary and secondary prevention of obesity and overweight in this age group. The goal of preventive measures in children is to avoid the negative short- and long-term health problems associated with obesity. Primary prevention aims at establishing a healthy, active lifestyle and keeping children and adolescents within a range of body weight which is considered to be healthy. Constant availability and affordability of palatable and energy-dense food in the affluent society of the western world demands preventive strategies. Universal or public health prevention seems to be the most suitable form because several other cofactors of morbidity and mortality of affluent societies can also be prevented. However, in most European countries there is a lack of awareness of the necessity of prevention programmes, not only among the general population but also among the medical society. More awareness and consciousness to the problem of obesity must be generated in order to lead to effective therapeutic programmes. For those children and adolescents who are already obese, secondary prevention is mandatory. Therapeutic intervention programmes for the obese aim at long-term weight maintenance and normalisation of body weight and body fat. They have to modify eating and exercise behaviour of the obese child and establish new, healthier behaviour and lifestyle. Treatments programmes must include behavioural components in order to permanently change nutrition and physical exercise of the obese children and adolescents. However, long-term results of treatment programmes in European countries are scarce and the reported results, even of multidisciplinary regimens, are not impressive. Conclusion In most European countries there is an urgent need not only for a growing awareness of the problem of obesity in children and adolescents but also for development of new comprehensive approaches in treating this group.     

Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia in Infants and Children: Pathophysiology and Treatment

Potassium is the second most abundant cation in the body. About 98% of potassium is intracellular and that is particularly in the skeletal muscle. Electrical disturbances associated with disorders of potassium homeostasis are a function of both the extracellular and intracellular potassium concentrations. Clinical disorders of potassium homeostasis occur with some regularity, especially in hospitalized patients receiving many medications. This article will review the pathophysiology of potassium homeostasis, symptoms, causes, and treatment of hypo- and hyperkalemia.