Dominant maxillary artery as a cause of failure in maxillary artery ligation for posterior epistaxis

Ligation of the maxillary artery is a logical and effective method for the arrest of severe uncontrollable posterior epistaxis. The failure rates for arrest of haemorrhage are given in the literature as 10–13%. In our centre, over the last 9 years, 23 patients have undergone maxillary artery ligation to control epistaxis without a failure. Bilateral maxillary artery ligation was carried out whenever the maxillary artery of the bleeding side was found to be of small diameter. To investigate whether there is an asymmetry in the size of the maxillary arteries we performed 13 cadaveric dissections. In 6 of the cadavers one maxillary artery was significantly larger than the other. This fact has hitherto not been observed by otolaryngologists or anatomists. Failure to arrest haemorrhage may have resulted from ligation of the non-dominant maxillary artery with consequent opening of cross-anastamoses from the dominant side.     

Endoscopic ligation of maxillary and sphenopalatine artery for intractable epistaxis

We report the endoscopic ligation of the maxillary and sphenopalatine arteries for the treatment of intractable epistaxis. From March 2003 to February 2005, 17 patients (12 men, 5 women) with epistaxis were hospitalized in our department. Patient age ranged from 25 to 83 years, with an average age of 62 years. 8 patients were successfully treated using the conventional packing method, 2 patients were treated using electrocauterization, and 1 patient with macroglobulinemia was treated using plasma exchange therapy. 6 patients underwent endoscopic ligation of the maxillary and sphenopalatine arteries while under general anesthesia. The post operative courses were uneventful, and no recurrent bleeding has been noted. Endscopic ligation of the maxillary and sphenopalatine arteries is safer than intraarterial embolization and less invasive than conventional surgical approach for the ligation of maxillary artery. This technique appears to be a safe and effective surgical treatment for patients with intractable epistaxis.     

鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉阻断术治疗老年难治性鼻出血

探讨鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉阻断术治疗老年难治性鼻出血的疗效。     

Outcome of endoscopic sphenopalatine artery occlusion for intractable epistaxis: a 10-year experience

OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS: To evaluate the efficacy of surgical sphenopalatine artery occlusion (SAO) for treating intractable epistaxis, and identify factors associated with long-term success or failure of this procedure. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of patients undergoing SAO surgery between January 1995 and 2005 was undertaken. Clinical and hematologic information, preoperative and surgical care, short-term complications, and long-term outcome were recorded. Binary logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for early re-bleeding, and log-rank statistics with Cox regression were used to identify risk factors for long-term operative failure. RESULTS: Sixty-seven patients underwent 71 SAO operations. The average age at surgery was 56 +/- 18 years. Thirty percent of patients were being treated for hypertension, 19% were taking aspirin, and 11% were anticoagulated with warfarin. Many patients (46%) had >72 hours of epistaxis before admission, and 25% required preoperative transfusion. There were 13 (19%) bilateral procedures, six patients underwent concomitant anterior ethmoid artery occlusion, and 12 patients had concomitant septoplasty. Eight patients had significant early re-bleeding. Platelet levels on admission and not using diathermy to occlude the sphenopalatine artery were independent risk factors for this (P values .03, and .02, respectively). Not using diathermy was also an independent risk factor for late operative failure on Cox regression, reducing the mean re-intervention-free interval from 94 +/- 7 to 32 +/- 7 months (P < .007; hazard ratio 6.4; 95% confidence interval 1.7-24.9). CONCLUSIONS: SAO is an effective operation and, in trained hands, an appropriate first-line procedure for treating intractable epistaxis. Use of diathermy significantly improves the short- and long-term outcome of this surgery.     

鼻内镜下电凝切割器电凝蝶腭动脉治疗鼻出血

目的 探讨鼻内镜下应用电凝切割器治疗难治性鼻出血的可行性及效果。方法 回顾分析2012年1月至8月入院的严重鼻出血患者的临床资料,患者均于鼻内镜下行蝶腭动脉的电凝治疗。结果 15例患者中14例完全暴露蝶腭动脉并予以电凝,1例未能暴露蝶腭动脉,而行蝶腭动脉区域电凝。所有患者均有效控制出血,无严重并发症发生。结论 鼻内镜下应用单极电凝吸引器凝闭蝶腭动脉是治疗严重鼻出血的一种安全、简便、有效的方法。     

鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉电凝术治疗严重后段鼻出血

目的 评价鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉电凝术治疗严重后段鼻出血的疗效。方法 对25例后鼻孔填塞治疗无效的鼻出血住院患者,行鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉电凝术,其中24例全身麻醉,1例局部麻醉。25例中有2例患者同时行双侧蝶腭动脉电凝术。结果 术中所有蝶腭动脉均能明确识别,并在出蝶腭孔处将其成功电凝。22例术后未再出血;1例术后6h再次出血,经后鼻孔填塞2d后出血治愈;2例术后当天轻微鼻出血,药物治疗后停止。出院后随访3~6个月,患者均无再次鼻出血,除2例出现轻度鼻腔黏连外无其他并发症。结论 鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉电凝术治疗严重后段鼻出血是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

Internal maxillary artery ligation for epistaxis: an analysis of failures

The records of 100 consecutive patients undergoing transantral ligation of the internal maxillary artery (IMA) for epistaxis, including 15 patients who developed postoperative bleeding, were reviewed. Preoperative parameters predictive of surgical failure were advanced age, anemia, and a history of hypertension. The causes of postoperative epistaxis, as determined by surgical reexploration or angiography in 12 cases, included failure to identify the IMA in the pterygomaxillary space (6 cases), blood flow through partially closed clips on the IMA (2 cases), bleeding from posterior ethmoid arteries (2 cases), and revascularization of the nasal blood supply (2 cases). The incidence of surgical failure may be reduced by proper techniques of IMA identification and ligation.     

吸凝器在治疗难治性自发性鼻出血中的应用

目的 分析总结鼻内镜下应用吸凝器治疗难治性自发性鼻出血的经验体会。方法 应用鼻内镜和吸凝器定位并电凝出血点,结合藻酸钙纱条局部填塞治疗29例难治性自发性鼻出血。结果 本组病例均一次治愈,术后随访2个月无复发。结论 用吸凝器在鼻内镜下治疗难治性自发性鼻出血不但快速、有效,而且安全、经济、实用。     

超选择性颈外动脉分支栓塞术在难治性鼻出血中的应用

目的:探讨经微导管超选择性颈外动脉分支栓塞术在治疗难治性鼻出血中的应用价值。方法:46例难治性鼻出血患者,首选超选择性颈外动脉分支栓塞术者36例,首选颈外动脉结扎者10例。结果:36例首选颈外动脉分支栓塞术者1次性治愈32例(88.9%),10例首选颈外动脉结扎者1次性治愈4例(40.0%)。前者平均住院4.8d,后者平均住院10d。复发患者均经综合方法有效止血,并发症少。结论:经微导管超选择性颈外动脉分支栓塞术治疗难治性鼻出血简便、安全、有效,疗效明显优于颈外动脉结扎,综合运用多种方法能有效治疗难治性鼻出血。     

选择性血管内栓塞治疗难治性鼻出血的临床分析

目的：了解选择性血管内栓塞治疗难治性鼻出血的疗效及影响疗效的因素。方法：23例难治性鼻出血患者在颈动脉数字减影血管造影(DSA)的基础上行选择性颌内动脉末梢病变血管内栓塞，其中5例同时栓塞面动脉。结果：DSA证实23例患者均存在颌内动脉末梢发育不良或畸形，15例伴有出血征象，6例并面动脉形态异常。治愈22例，其中l例24h内复发鼻出血者证实有新侧支供血，经补加栓塞后出血停止，治愈率为95．6％。l例治疗失败，与栓塞前去除鼻腔填塞物有关，且不能除外有面动脉出血。结论：难治性鼻出血与颌内动脉发育不良及畸形有关，选择性血管内栓塞治疗能收到迅速而满意的疗效。治疗失败与潜在侧支开放或面动脉出血有关，过早去除鼻腔填塞物也是影响栓塞疗效的因素。     

Direct cauterization of the nasal septal artery for epistaxis

Emergency management of epistaxis may include the use of local pressure and vasoconstrictors, chemical or electric cautery, hemostatic agents, nasal packing, embolization, and surgical arterial ligation. There is no definitive protocol for the management of epistaxis, although various protocols have been proposed in the literature. As approaches to surgical ligation of the arterial supply of the nasal cavity have evolved from external carotid ligation to minimally invasive approaches, surgical management of epistaxis has become more effective than embolization and may be less risky. In the surgical management of epistaxis, arterial ligation immediately proximal to the bleeding site is preferred. We propose a simple variation of the endoscopic sphenopalatine artery ligation that may be used to manage epistaxis arising from the nasal septum and floor.     

Intraoral ligation of the maxillary artery for posterior epistaxis

Intraoral ligation of the maxillary artery for intractable posterior epistaxis has been used effectively in 14 consecutive patients, all of whom had failed conventional anterior and posterior packing techniques. Fresh cadaver material was dissected in order to define the anatomic relationships of the infratemporal portion of the maxillary artery, as well as to develop the surgical technique prior to clinical application. The results indicate that this technique is rapid, safe, versatile, and effective in the majority of patients that require surgical interruption of the blood supply to the nose. The results of this study and the surgical technique are discussed.     

Hard palate necrosis after bilateral internal maxillary artery embolization for epistaxis

Superselective embolization is an effective method of treating epistaxis that is refractory to conservative treatment. Soft tissue necrosis is a rare complication owing to the extensive collateral blood supply of the head and neck. We describe the case of a patient who developed unilateral necrosis of the mucosa overlying the hard palate after undergoing bilateral internal maxillary artery embolization. The presence of a nasopharyngeal balloon and bilateral nasal packs for 2 days after embolization may have compressed collateral vessels in the soft palate and nose and contributed to this complication. Packing should be removed as soon as possible after embolization.     

鼻内窥镜下诊治难治性鼻出血68例分析

目的：探讨难治性鼻出血常见的出血部位及治疗方法。方法:回顾分析经内窥镜诊治的难治性鼻出血68例的临床资料,分析其出血部位及治疗效果。结果:出血部位在下鼻道顶部占27.9%(19/68)、嗅裂鼻中隔占20.7%(14/68)、中鼻道后上部占16.1%(11/68)、中鼻甲后端蝶腭动脉区和鼻中隔后端均为10.3%（7/68）、鼻咽顶占5.9%（4/68）、Woodruff静脉丛和部位不明均为4.4%(3/68)。1次治愈59例(86.7%),2次9例(13.3%),随访1～3个月均无复发。结论:应用鼻内窥镜检查鼻腔深部的出血并在镜下电凝或填塞止血安全有效。     

超选择性血管栓塞术治疗严重鼻出血

目的 探讨超选择性血管栓塞术治疗严重鼻出血的效果。方法 回顾性分析1995年7月-2000年10月采用超选择性血管栓塞术治疗常规方法不能控制的6例严重鼻出血,总结经验和教训。结果 5例一次栓塞成功,1例因栓塞物返流并发脑梗塞死亡。结论 超选择性血管栓塞术可直视下辨明出血血管,栓塞效果显著,但有严重并发症的潜在危险,应严格掌握适应证。     

顽固性鼻腔后部出血的手术治疗

本文综述了近年国外对顽固性鼻腔后部出血手术治疗的相关文献，对前-后鼻腔填塞术、颈外动脉结扎术、血管造影颌内动脉栓塞术、鼻内镜下经鼻腔蝶腭动脉结扎术等手术方法及其疗效进行分析，提出对顽固性鼻腔后部出血病人应根据具体情况选择最合适的手术治疗方法。     

Endoscopic cauterization of the sphenopalatine artery in pediatric intractable posterior epistaxis

Objective

To evaluate the rule of endoscopic sphenopalatine artery cauterization in posterior intractable epistaxis in pediatric age group as regard technical difficulty, efficacy, and safety in children.

Study design

Retrospective study.

Patients and methods

From March 2008 to February 2011, 7 children (4 male, 3 female) with idiopathic intractable posterior epistaxis, patients’ age ranged from 8 to 14 years (10.7 average). All patients underwent preoperative laboratory investigations to exclude bleeding or coagulation disorders and CT paranasal sinus. All patients underwent endoscopic sphenopalatine artery cauterization (7 procedures for 7 patients, 5 were in the right side and 2 were in the left side).

Results

postoperative evaluation showed no recurrence for epistaxis during the post operative follow up period. Also, no complications were found. The average follow up period was 17.8 months.

Conclusions

Endoscopic cauterization of sphenopalatine artery in pediatric age group was effective and safe technique providing that the surgeon has a good experience regarding pediatric endoscopic sinonasal anatomy. Minimal endoscopic technique in this age group is important to avoid unnecessary operative and postoperative complications. Avoid excessive cauterization to lateral nasal wall in this technique is crucial to avoid unexpected nerve injury or tissue necrosis.