新生儿及婴儿完全型肺静脉异位引流的外科治疗

目的　回顾性探讨新生儿及婴儿完全型肺静脉异位引流 (TAPVC)的早期外科手术效果。方法　 2 0 0 1年 3月～ 2 0 0 3年 4月 ,共收治 8kg以下完全型肺静脉异位引流患儿 13例 ,男 11例 ,女 2例。体重 (3.5～ 8)kg ,平均体重 (5 .0 3± 1.15 )kg。年龄 2 0d～ 11个月 ,平均年龄 (3.73± 3.30 )个月。心上型 6例 (4 6 .15 % 6 /13) ,心内型 4例 (30 .77% 4 /13) ,心下型 2例 (15 .38% 2 /13) ,混合型 1例 (7.6 9% 1/13)。所有患儿均在全麻低温体外循环下行矫治术。结果　术后早期死亡 2例(15 .38% ) ,均为心上型 ,2例心下型全部存活 ,随访 9例 ,时间为 2个月～ 2年 ,心功能均良好。结论　完全型肺静脉异位引流早期矫治效果良好 ,心下型肺静脉异位引流一旦确诊应急诊手术 ,不增加手术死亡率。     

小儿完全性肺静脉畸形引流的外科治疗

目的　评判完全性肺静脉畸形引流早期手术矫治的疗效及心上型完全性肺静脉畸形引流各种吻合方法的优缺点。方法　 1976～ 1999年共收治完全性肺静脉畸形引流 14 0例 (男 81,女5 9) ,平均年龄 ( 7.13± 6.88)岁。心上型 87例 ( 62 .14 % ) ,心内型 4 4例 ( 3 1.4 3 % ) ,心下型 2例( 1.4 3 % ) ,混合型 7例 ( 5 % )。 2例经右心导管检查证实为重度肺动脉高压 ,未能实施矫治手术 ,余患儿均在全麻、低温、体外循环下行矫治术。心上型的吻合方法包括 :心外法 ( 2 1例 ) ,经上腔静脉与升主动脉间吻合法 ( 3例 ) ,经房间隔缺损吻合法 ( 18例 ) ,心外吻合加经房缺吻合 ( 2例 ) ,经左右心房联合切口吻合法 ( 4 3例 )。结果　术后早期 ( 3 0d)死亡 14例 ( 10 % ) ,其中 3例合并其他复杂的心内畸形 ,均死亡 ,故单纯TAPVC的手术死亡 11例 ,死亡率为 8.0 3 % ( 11/ 13 7)。术后主要并发症为心律失常 60例 ( 4 2 .86% )。结论　完全性肺静脉畸形引流宜尽早手术 ,心上型矫治术吻合口足够大是保证手术成功的关键 ,左右房联合切口入路可确保吻合口足够大 ,但心律失常发生率高 ,经上腔静脉与升主动脉间吻合法可减少心房损伤 ,降低心律失常发生率。     

CCCG-ALL 2005方案单中心10年随访研究

目的评价234例儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)单中心10年临床疗效及主要预后相关因素。方法以2006年1月—2015年4月于我院血液科符合入组标准的234例ALL患儿纳入研究,接受CCCG-ALL 2005方案治疗随访,分析疗效及预后因素。结果 234例患儿诱导缓解率为96. 6%。5年累积复发率为(17. 5±2. 6)%,10年累积复发率为(22. 3±3)%,中位复发时间为26. 5(2～95)个月。5年EFS为(74. 8±2. 8)%,10年EFS (68. 7±3. 3)%,5年OS (82. 6±2. 5)%,10年OS (79. 6±3. 0)%。234例患儿根据不同危险度分为低危组(n=86)、中危组(n=69)、高危组(n=79)。三组的5年EFS率分别为(84. 6±4. 0)%、(67. 5±5. 7)%、(61. 0±5. 7)%,10年EFS率分别为(79. 8±5. 0)%、(65. 5±6. 0)%、(55. 4±7. 4)%。低危组患儿的长期生存情况明显优于中高危组患儿(P=0. 003)。多因素分析,早期治疗反应、治疗后低MRD水平是影响EFS的预后因素,诱导治疗后第55天MRD持续阳性预后不良。结论泼尼松治疗反应、MRD监测对ALL患儿预后评估有意义。诱导治疗第55天MRD水平是影响长期生存的预后因素;其持续阳性患儿预后较差。     

采用左心房顶部进路纠治心上型完全性肺静脉异位连接

目的　评估经左房顶部进路方法纠治心上型完全性肺静脉异位连接。方法　 2 0 0 1年11月至 2 0 0 3年 1月 ,采用经左房顶部进路方法纠治心上型完全性肺静脉异位连接 16例。年龄 (2 3d～ 4岁 ) ,其中 6个月以下 8例 ,占 5 0 .0 % ;平均体重 (8.5± 4 .94 )kg ,10kg以下共 11例 ,占全组6 8.7%。结果　纠治心上型完全性肺静脉异位连接 16例 ,无死亡。其中 1例术后吻合口狭窄 ,第 2d再次手术 ,肺静脉回流通畅 ,康复出院。 1例婴儿术后做膈肌折叠术。 2例新生儿术后延迟关胸。术后随访 3～ 16个月 ,所有患儿生长发育良好 ,胸片示心影较术前明显缩小 ,肺充血消失 ,心电图示窦性节律 ,无一例出现肺静脉回流梗阻。结论　采用经左房顶部进路方法纠治心上型完全性肺静脉异位连接 ,取得较好效果。手术成功取决于左房与汇总静脉的吻合口大小 ,保证肺静脉回流无梗阻。     

婴幼儿肺静脉异位引流术后肺静脉狭窄的再干预治疗

目的分析婴幼儿肺静脉异位引流术后肺静脉狭窄(pulmonary vein stenosis,PVS)的原因,总结再干预治疗的经验。方法回顾性分析2012年5月至2019年12月郑州大学附属儿童医院胸心外科收治的13例肺静脉异位引流术后PVS患儿的临床资料。其中,男8例,女5例;年龄为(7.2±4.6)个月,范围在6~31个月;体重为(6.9±3.4)kg,范围在5.0~17.6 kg;完全性肺静脉异位引流(total anomalous pulmonary venous connection,TAPVC)术后12例,部分性肺静脉异位引流(partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection,PAPVC)术后1例。13例患儿再干预治疗前均给予心脏超声及心脏CT血管造影检查。其中,吻合口处狭窄7例,单支肺静脉狭窄4例(肺静脉于左房开口处狭窄2例,肺静脉远端狭窄1例,肺静脉近端狭窄1例),双支肺静脉狭窄(均为左侧)2例。9例采用Sutureless技术,3例采用牛心包补片扩大,1例球囊扩张后效果差后行牛心包补片扩大。结果13例患儿均顺利完成手术,住院期间死亡2例。其中,1例经体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)辅助治疗3 d后因颅内出血死亡;1例因原有脑部疾病,家属拒绝使用ECMO辅助治疗,后放弃治疗。另11例患儿随访3~36个月,无延迟死亡。1例采用的Sutureless技术和1例采用中心包补片扩大患儿术后随访3年,肺静脉流速为1.6~1.9 m/s,现随访观察中。结论儿童PVS多见于肺静脉畸形术后,尤其是TAPVC术后,应早期再干预治疗。Sutureless技术能明显改善PVS的预后。     

完全性大动脉转位患儿外科术后早期并发症和近期随访

目的 探讨完全性大动脉转位(TGA)患儿术后早期并发症及近期预后情况.方法 对2008年至2009年行手术治疗的71例TGA患儿基本资料进行回顾性分析,并根据室间隔发育情况分为室间隔完整组(TGA/IVS)和室间隔缺损组(TGA/VSD),探讨术后早期并发症及近期预后情况.结果 术后早期出现低心输出量综合征7例(9.9%)、肺动脉狭窄12例(16.9%)、心律失常21例(29.6%)、膈肌麻痹6例(8.5%)、气道异常6例(8.5%)、下呼吸道分泌物培养细菌阳性13例(18.3%);术后院内死亡3例(4.2%).随访68例出院患儿,失访14例(20.6%),余54例(79.4%)随访时间(12.0±7.4)个月,其中4例(7.4%)死亡,3例(5.6%)因肺动脉狭窄需要介入治疗.可随访的57例患儿术后1年存活率87.7%.TGA/IVS组和TGA/VSD组在术后早期并发症和近期存活率方面差异均无统计学意义.结论 TGA患儿术后尽管可能出现一些并发症,但其预后良好,近期存活率较高.     

新生儿危重先天性心脏病的早期干预

目的：探讨新生儿危重先天性心脏病(先心病)的早期识别及早期干预方法。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2014年12月阜外医院 PICU 收治的223例出生日龄≤30 d 的新生儿危重先心病病例,分析其畸形种类、临床特征及早期干预经验。结果223例先心病患儿以完全性大动脉转位及完全性肺静脉异位引流最为常见,分别占59%(131例)和17%(39例)。首诊症状以紫绀、心脏杂音和呼吸困难最为常见,分别占91%(204例)、56%(125例)和53%(118例)。术前因严重缺氧、代谢性酸中毒及心力衰竭而急诊收住 PICU 抢救59例。早期干预主要包括维持动脉导管开放、纠正内环境紊乱、治疗心力衰竭等,并尽早手术治疗。14例患儿未接受手术,其中4例术前死亡,另10例放弃治疗并均于出院后12 d 内死亡。最终接受手术209例,手术死亡9例,手术死亡率4.3%。随访3~63个月,远期死亡2例,二期解剖矫治手术2例,再次手术3例。其余术后患儿心功能正常,生长发育接近正常同龄儿童。结论必须在新生儿期进行干预的危重先心病主要包括动脉导管依赖型先心病,其中以完全性大动脉转位、完全性肺静脉异位引流最为多见,如不积极手术治疗,大多于新生儿期死亡。早期识别,适当的术前处理,及时转诊和早期手术是挽救这类先心病患儿的关键。     

高频振荡通气在小儿先天性心脏病术后的应用

目的 探讨高频振荡通气(HFOV)在小儿先天性心脏病术后的应用效果.方法 2007年6月-2008年6月阜外心血管病医院小儿心脏中心实施心脏手术患儿1957例,其中实施HFOV 13例.男8例,女5例;年龄(13.4±15.4)个月;体质量4.2～12.5 kg.其中法洛四联症4例,大动脉转位3例(其中校正性大动脉转位1例),完全性肺静脉畸形引流、完全性心内膜垫缺损、肺动脉闭锁各2例.除1例肺动脉闭锁行体肺分流术外,其余手术均在全麻低温体外循环下进行.术后常规呼吸机辅助呼吸.采用SPSS 11.5软件进行统计学分析.结果 换HFOV前常频呼吸机辅助时间为(15.70±20.33)d,HFOV辅助时间为(10.0±7.5)d.高频通气早期可明显改善通气、换气功能,13例患儿中,存活5例,存活率38.4%.死亡病例中,6例死于肺实变,死于肾衰竭、肺出血各1例.7例并发气胸.结论 HFOV在先天性心脏病患儿术后的应用,早期可获得满意通气换气功能;但病死率仍很高;远期效果差者,HFOV可作为过渡手段.     

儿童肺静脉狭窄临床特征分析

目的分析肺静脉狭窄(PVS)患儿的临床特征、治疗方案、预后和影响因素。方法回顾性分析2016年10月至2022年3月首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院收治的19例PVS患儿的临床资料。19例患儿中男16例, 女3例;诊断年龄(2.81±1.95)岁。患儿临床特征采用描述性分析。结果 19例患儿中, 原发性PVS 14例(73.7%), 肺静脉异位引流(APVC)矫治术后继发性PVS 5例(26.3%)。13例(68.4%)患儿有咯血, 其中5例病史中有危及生命的大咯血, 11例(57.9%)有反复呼吸道感染/肺炎病史, 其他表现包括:生长发育迟缓(6例)、发绀(5例)、呼吸困难(3例)。6例患儿合并肺动脉高压, 3例患儿临床诊断右心衰竭。16例(84.2%)患儿为单侧PVS, 3例为双侧PVS;全部患儿肺部CT有小叶间隔增厚、网格影及磨玻璃影表现。手术治疗10例, 其中2例行肺静脉成形术, 但术后均发生再狭窄;8例行单侧肺叶切除术, 术后临床症状均消失。9例保守治疗:3例死亡(均为APVC矫治术后继发性双侧肺静脉狭窄患儿), 6例随访中, 仍间断有临床症状。结论儿童PVS临床以咯血、反复呼吸...     

完全性肺静脉异位连接的外科治疗

目的 总结10例完全性肺静脉异位连接的外科治疗经验。方法 全组均在全身麻醉中度低温体外循环下进行手术，6例心上型患儿早期1例经后径法矫治，其他5例中3例经右心房切口径路矫治；另2例采用心上法矫治；4例心内型1例采用自体心包片将冠状静脉窦口经扩大的房间隔缺损隔入左心房，后3例用5-0 Prolene线连续缝合房间隔粗糙边缘后再矫治。结果 无手术死亡，发生心律失常3例，一过性肺水肿2例，均经治疗痊愈。全组随访4个月～5年，心功能正常。结论 提高手术成功率和防止术后并发症的关键为：术中吻合口要足够大，扩大左心房容积及术后及时处理心律失常、肺水肿和低心排血量。心内型矫治时消除房间隔粗糙面可防止术后肺静脉梗阻。     

Arrhythmia Management in the Fontan Patient

With longer duration of follow-up, as many as 50% of Fontan patients will develop atrial tachycardia, usually in association with significant hemodynamic abnormalities. Arrhythmia management in the Fontan patient is reviewed. The incidence and type of arrhythmia occurrence are examined, including macro-reentrant rhythm which involves the right atrium, reentrant rhythm localized to the pulmonary venous atrium (seen in patients with lateral tunnel procedures), and atrial fibrillation. Risk factors for development of these arrhythmias are considered, and short- and long-term therapeutic options for medical and surgical treatment are discussed. Surgical results are presented for 117 patients undergoing Fontan conversion and arrhythmia surgery (isthmus ablation (9), modified right atrial maze (38) or Cox-maze III (70)). Operative mortality is low (1/117, 0.8%). Seven late deaths occurred, and include two patients who died shortly following cardiac transplantation (2/6, 33%) after Fontan conversion and arrhythmia surgery. Overall arrhythmia recurrence is 12.8% during a mean follow-up of 56 months. Fontan conversion with arrhythmia surgery can be performed with low operative mortality, low risk of recurrent tachycardia, and marked improvement in functional status in most patients. Because the development of tachycardia is usually an electromechanical problem, attention to only the arrhythmia with medications or ablation may allow progression of hemodynamic abnormalities to either a life-threatening outcome or a point at which transplantation is the only potential option. Because cardiac transplantation in Fontan patients is associated with high early mortality, earlier consideration for surgical intervention is warranted.     

Outcome of Left Atrial Isomerism at a Single Institution

Left atrial isomerism includes a complex spectrum of cardiac and extracardiac anomalies. The records of all patients with left isomerism born during the period of 1973–2010 and treated at the Children’s Hospital, Helsinki were reviewed. The short- and long-term outcomes were studied. The review included 38 patients (50% females). The overall survival with left atrial isomerism was 63% during a median follow-up time of 16 years (range, 4–30 years). Extracardiac anomalies were noted in 14 (37%) of 38 cases. Cardiac defects included dextrocardia in 26%, partially or totally anomalous pulmonary venous return in 29%, common atrium in 50%, atrioventriculoseptal defect in 73%, single ventricle in 40%, ventriculoseptal defect without atrioventricular defect in 11%, transposition in 21%, double outlet of the right ventricle in 26%, pulmonary stenosis or atresia in 61%, and left ventricular outflow obstruction in 24% of the cases. Cardiac arrhythmias were presented in 71% and pacemaker treatment in 29% of the cases. Of the 38 patients, 33 had cardiac surgery. Simple palliative methods were used in 11 cases, single-ventricle palliation in 12 cases, and operation with a biventricular track in 10 cases. In the groups that had surgery, 3 of 11 patients, 3 of 12 patients, and 3 of 10 patients died, respectively. In this review, 14 deaths occurred, associated with extracardiac anomalies in five cases and with cardiac arrhythmia in four cases. Five postoperative deaths occurred. At this writing, all three patients who had heart transplantation are alive. Complicated heart defects associated with severe arrhythmias and extracardiac anomalies contribute to a high mortality rate with left isomerism. Cardiac transplantation was considered a good option for selected patients.     

Outcome of fetal cardiac defects

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The present review summarizes the prenatal and postnatal outcome of cardiac anomalies and sustained arrhythmias diagnosed during fetal life. RECENT FINDINGS: The outcome of sustained fetal arrhythmias has improved with greater experience using Sotalol for atrial flutter, and digoxin and amiodarone for 1: 1 reciprocating tachycardia. The outcome of fetal conduction system disease secondary to maternal Sj?gren's antibodies has noticeably improved with transplacental dexamethasone. The postnatal prognosis for atrioventricular block associated with left atrial isomerism, however, remains very bleak.Assessing the effect of prenatal diagnosis on the outcome of structural defects remains difficult because of the high number of extracardiac anomalies and chromosome defects in this group. Preoperative survival is improved, but postoperative mortality has not improved. One clear advantage of prenatal diagnosis is the selection of fetuses that may benefit from in-utero intervention to limit the progression of their disease or lessen its severity at birth. SUMMARY: For the most part, postoperative mortality of structural cardiac defects is not significantly improved by prenatal diagnosis. In-utero management of tachyarrhythmias and conduction system disease has improved postnatal outcome, except for the fetus with atrioventricular block and left atrial isomerism.     

The Outcome of Patients With Right Atrial Isomerism is Poor

Right-atrial isomerism (RAI) is a heterotaxy syndrome with disturbances of left–right axis development resulting in complex heart malformations and anomalies of the thoracic and abdominal organs. To study the outcome of RAI, all data from patients diagnosed with this syndrome at Helsinki University Hospital between January 1976 and December of 2010 were reviewed. The outcomes were studied for 32 patients (38 % girls). The overall survival was 22 % at a median follow-up time of 13.8 years (range 0.1–33). Extracardiac malformations, mostly asplenic, occurred in 91 % of patients. Cardiac defects included dextrocardia in 44 % and common atrioventricular valve in 100 % of patients. Ventriculoarterial discordance or double-outlet ventricle was seen in 56 and 44 % of patients, respectively. Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage occurred in 75 % and partially anomalous venous drainage in 13 % of patients. Pulmonary outflow-tract obstruction was identified in 91 % of patients. Cardiac arrhythmias were noted in nine patients (28 %), two of them with atrioventricular block. Cardiovascular surgery was performed in 71 % patients (N = 25), seven patients were inoperable. Biventricular repair was not possible in any of the patients. During long-term follow-up there was no significant difference between the patients with total, normal, or partially anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (P = 0.5). In conclusion, RAI is one of the most severe forms of congenital cardiac diseases. The prognosis remains poor despite modern surgical techniques. When RAI is identified during pregnancy, prenatal counseling, termination, or planning for prompt cardiac treatment after the birth is necessary.     

应用Carto系统标测和消融先天性心脏病术后"切口"性房性心动过速及心房扑动

目的 总结婴幼儿先天性心脏病(简称先心病)术后“切口”性房性心动过速(简称房速)和心房扑动(简称房扑)治疗的经验。方法 (1)6例体重小于10kg或者不愿意接受射频消融治疗的婴幼儿采用药物治疗。(2)6例大于体重10kg的患儿中,应用Carto系统标测和消融,选择在峡部最窄处线性消融。结果 (1)6例房速药物治疗成功。(2)6例体重大于10kg的患儿均消融成功,包括“切口”房速2例、房扑4例。其中1例3个月后复发,应用Carto系统重新电解剖标测,再次线性消融关键峡部成功,随诊1～2年无复发。结论 应用Carto系统标测和消融是治疗先心病术后“切口”性房速和房扑首选的方法,但对于小于10kg的婴幼儿或者不愿意接受射频消融治疗的“切口”性房速或房扑的患儿,药物治疗只作为姑息治疗,待体重增长至10kg或者愿意接受射频消融治疗后行射频消融术;房扑患儿药物治疗效果差,要注意抗凝和血栓的形成。     

Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage Associated with Fatal Outcome in Infancy and Early Childhood: An Autopsy Study of 52 Cases

Clinicopathological details of 52 cases of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (TAPVD) taken from pediatric autopsy files from hospitals in Adelaide (Australia) Oxford and Edinburgh (United Kingdom) between 1957 and 1990 are presented. The patients ranged in age from a stillborn girl to a 15-month-old boy, with 42 cases (81%) dying in the first 3 months of life. While many patients had signs of a congenital cardiovascular anomaly prior to death, including tachypnea, tachycardia, central cyanosis, cardiac failure, heart murmurs, and difficulty in feeding, it was noteworthy that eight patients (16%) presented as sudden and unexpected death in the absence of significant antemortem symptoms and signs. Anomalous pulmonary venous drainage was also unsuspected prior to death in a total of 26 cases (53%) of those where relevant history was available (49 cases). Twelve infants (23%) underwent surgical correction, none of whom survived more than several weeks. TAPVD was isolated in 30 cases (58%) and was associated with other cardiac or congenital anomalies in 22 patients (42%). Just under half of nonisolated cases comprised the asplenia-heterotaxy syndrome. The points of drainage of the anomalous pulmonary veins were to the infradiaphragmatic veins (n = 21, 40%), left innominate vein (n = 13, 25%), coronary sinus (n = 7, 13%), right superior vena cava (n = 4, 8%), inferior vena cava above the diaphragm (n = 2, 4%), right innominate vein (n = 2, 4%), mixed left innominate vein and coronary sinus (n = 1, 2%), azygos vein (n = 1, 2%), and mixed right superior vena cava and left hemiazygos vein (n = 1, 2%). Twenty-three of 47 cases (49%) that were specifically examined revealed obstruction of the pulmonary veins or pulmonary hypertensive vascular changes on histology. These results emphasize that TAPVD needs to be excluded at autopsy as a causal factor in cases of sudden infant death even in the absence of antemortem symptoms and signs. Clues at autopsy include abnormal mobility of the heart, visceral situs inversus, and polyasplenia. The diversity of pulmonary-systemic venous anastomoses necessitates careful in situ dissection above and below the diaphragm and consideration of postmortem angiography.     

Cardiac arrhythmias in paediatric practice

Clinical data of patients with cardiac arrhythmias managed between May 1986 and March 1988 were reviewed to determine their mode of presentation and clinical course. Of the 5,768 admissions, 62 (1.07%) patients had arrhythmias. During the same period, 21 patients were managed as outpatients with 13 being new referrals. Thirty-eight patients had undergone corrective cardiac procedures, 8 others had congenital heart lesions, 3 were associated with acquired cardiac pathology and the remaining had isolated arrhythmias. The cardiac arrhythmias were: right bundle branch block 36, premature atrial and ventricular contractions 15, supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) 15, atrioventricular (AV) block 7, sinus bradycardia 3, atrial fibrillation 2, ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation 2, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome without SVT 2, bradytachyarrhythmia 1. There were 3 patients with foetal SVT, one persisting till day 1. High grade AV block occurred in 2 patients post-surgically and needed pacing. Only 2 others were symptomatic. Other than the 38 patients who underwent corrective procedures (2 had balloon valvuloplasty for pulmonary stenosis), 8 others had structural heart disease. There was 1 sudden death and 5 died from their primary heart disease.     

Obstructed total anomalous pulmonary venous connection

Summary With the advent of echocardiography, total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) can be readily diagnosed without much difficulty. However, noninvasive detection of the presence of pulmonary venous obstruction in TAPVC remains a difficult issue. During a 5.5-year period, 42 patients were found to have TAPVC by catheterization, surgery, and/or autopsy: 17 had supracardiac drainage, 13 paracardiac drainage, nine infracardiac drain-age, and three mixed drainage. Obstruction to pulmonary venous drainage was found in 24 patients (57%). Patients with right isomerism tended to have a higher incidence of pulmonary venous obstruction than those with the usual atrial arrangement (80% vs. 44%,p<0.05). Color Doppler combined with cross-sectional echocardiography provided accurate delineation of drainage sites in 93% cases (39 of 42). Among the 39 cases with correct echocardiographic delineation of the drainage site, obstruction was detected by echocardiography in 22 cases with a sensitivity of 100% (22 of 22) and a specificity of 85% (17 of 20). Therefore, complete echocardiography, including cross-sectional images and color Doppler proved to be a reliable tool in the detection of drainage sites and pulmonary venous obstruction in TAPVC.     

Double total anomalous pulmonary venous connection

We present a newborn infant with right atrial isomerism, complex congenital heart malformation and anomalous pulmonary venous connection, reliably diagnosed by 2-D Doppler color echocardiography. The infant had no significant obstetric antecedents. The neonatal clinical picture included cyanosis, heart murmur and respiratory distress. The infant was treated with prostaglandin from the age of 24 hours until his death after surgery. The 2-D echo Doppler color flow mapping showed findings that suggested right atrial isomerism, severe left ventricular hypoplasia, pulmonary atresia and ductus arteriosus. The pulmonary veins flowed together to a posterior cardiac chamber from which an emissary vertical venous vessel connected with a left superior aneurysmal sack. Two venous channels emerged from this sack: one connecting to the innominate vein and the other to the atrium. The malformations were confirmed by cardiac catheterization. On the sixth day of life, the patient underwent anastomosis between the posterior venous chamber with the atrium, a modified Blalock-Taussig shunt implant, and ductus closure but died during surgery. The association between complex cardiac anomalies and uncommon obstructive total anomalous pulmonary venous connection in the context of right atrial isomerism is lethal and few neonates survive surgical repair. Two-dimensional echo color flow Doppler is a reliable diagnostic technique and an indispensable guide in angiography.     

Individual Pulmonary Veins Outgrow Somatic Growth After Primary Sutureless Repair for Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage

Indications of sutureless repair (SR) for pulmonary vein anomalies have evolved from re-operational SR for pulmonary vein stenosis after the repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (TAPVD) to primary SR for TAPVD associated with right atrial isomerism or isolated TAPVD with small individual pulmonary veins (IPVs) and an unfavorable pulmonary vein anatomy. We sought to determine whether small IPVs outgrow somatic growth after primary SR. Between 2004 and 2013, 21 children underwent primary SR for TAPVD: 13 with a functionally single ventricle, 11 with right atrial isomerism, six with isolated TAPVD, and 13 with a pulmonary venous obstruction. TAPVD types were supracardiac in nine, infracardiac in 10, and mixed in two. Utilizing cardiac computed tomography (CT), the maximal diameter of each IPV was measured, and pulmonary vein index (PVI, summation of cross-sectional areas of all four IPVs divided by body surface area) was calculated. There were five early deaths after SR. Among survivors, 10 had both preoperative and postoperative cardiac CT at a 3.6-month median interval. On postoperative cardiac CT, IPVs were patent in all patients except one who developed a left lower pulmonary vein obstruction. There was a 71 ± 48 % postoperative increase in the actual diameter of all four IPVs, and PVI increased significantly from 215 ± 55 to 402 ± 117 mm²/m² (P value = 0.005). IPVs outgrew somatic growth after primary SR of TAPVD. Primary SR may be a useful measure in TAPVD patients whose IPVs are small.