新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病血清白介素-1β和白介素-18测定及意义

目的 探讨新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）血清白介素（IL）-1β和IL-18的变化以及二者与HIE临床分度之间的关系。方法采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测了70例HIE患儿（按临床分度分轻、中、重三组）及22例正常对照组足月新生儿第三天血清IL-1β和IL-18的水平。结果（1）HIE组新生儿血清IL-1β和IL-18均明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）；（2）与正常对照组比较，中、重度HIE组血清IL-1β和IL-18水平明显增高（P〈0．01）；轻度HIE组血清IL-1β、IL-18水平则与正常对照组无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。HIE组间血清IL-1β及IL-18两两比较，中度与轻度组比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05）；重度组与其他两组比较均明显升高（P〈0．01）。结论急性期HIE患儿血清IL-1β和IL-18水平与HIE临床分度基本一致。因此，血清IL-1β和IL-18水平可作为辅助诊断HIE的指标，对协助HIE临床分度具有重要价值。     

缺氧缺血性脑病新生儿心肌酶谱变化的意义

目的探讨HIE新生儿心肌酶谱变化及其意义。方法选HIE新生儿（HIE组）76例。其中轻度35例，中度26例，重度15例。分别于急性期和恢复期各抽取股静脉血2mL，用全自动生化分析仪测定心肌酶谱[AST、CK、CK-MB、LDH、羟丁酸脱氢酶（HBDH）]活性。健康足月新生儿24例为健康对照组，以同样方法测定心肌酶谱。对二组所测值进行对比分析。结果1．HIE急性期患儿血AST、CK、CK-MB、LDH、HBDH随病情加重均逐渐升高（Pa〈0．05），轻、中、重度HIE组与健康对照组比较均有显著性差异（Pa〈0．05），中、重度HIE组与轻度HIE组比较均有显著性差异（Pa〈0．05）。2．HIE恢复期患儿血AST、CK、CK-MB、LDH、HBDH随病情好转心肌酶水平逐渐下降，轻度HIE组与健康对照组比较无显著性差异（Pa〉0．05），中、重度HIE组仍显著高于健康对照组（Pa〈0．05）。结论心肌酶谱测定可作为早期诊断HIE心肌损伤的指标，动态测定HIE患儿心肌酶谱可了解病情程度，指导治疗。     

心肌肌钙蛋白I与脂联素对新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的诊断价值

目的 探讨心肌肌钙蛋白I(cardiac troponin I,cTn I)、脂联素对新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(hypoxic is chemic encephalopathy,HIE)的诊断价值.方法 将46例新生儿HIE患儿分为轻度HIE组16例,中度HIE组18例,重度HIE组12例;对照组40例,为同期正常新生儿.HIE患儿组分别于出生后24h、3d、5d及7d采血,进行外周血cTnI和脂联素含量动态监测.对照组于出生后24h采血,检测外周血cTn I和脂联素,将结果设定为参考值.结果 出生24h,HIE组患儿血清cTn I测定值显著高于对照组参考值,病情越重cTnI水平越高,轻度HIE组、中度HIE组、重度HIE组相比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).轻度HIE组3d后,中度HIE组5d后,重度HIE组7d后,cTnI水平与对照组参考值比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).出生24h,HIE组血清脂联素水平明显低于对照组参考值,轻度HIE组、中度HIE组、重度HIE组相比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).HIE患儿的脂联素水平随病情的好转呈上升趋势,在治疗第3、5天,HIE各组脂联素水平与对照组参考值比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),在治疗第7天,轻度组和中度组与对照组参考值比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),而重度组与对照组参考值比较差异仍有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 通过动态监测cTn I和脂联素水平变化,可以较准确判断有无心肌损害、HIE及严重程度,因此cTnI和脂联素水平可作为判断HIE严重程度的指标和重要依据.     

缺氧缺血性脑病新生儿脑型肌酸激酶同工酶、胱抑素C的变化及其临床意义

目的探讨HIE新生儿血清脑型肌酸激酶同工酶（CK—BB）、胱抑素C（CysC）的变化。方法对56例HIE患儿（轻、中、重度分别为18、19、19例）及42例正常新生儿用日本O（ympus AU 1000全自动生化分析仪测定其血清CK—BB、CysC。结果1．中度HIE患儿血清CK—BB与对照组比较明显增高（P〈0．05），重度与轻度组比较明显增高（P〈0．05），重度组与对照组比较显著增高（P〈0．01）；各组HIE患儿CySC与对照组比较明显增高（P均〈0．01），中重度HIE患儿与轻度组比较血清CysC均显著升高（P均〈0．01）。2．新生儿血清CK—BB与CysC呈高度正相关（r=0．85P〈0．01）。结论联合检测血清CK—BB、CysC水平，可尽早发现HIE患儿的脑、肾损害。     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病血清IL-6水平变化及与脑实质CT值的相互关系

目的：探讨新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)患儿血清IL-6水平 与脑实质CT值的变化规律及其相关性。方法：采用ELISA法对37例HIE患儿 和12例对照组新生儿血清IL-6水平进行动态测定。同时采用西门子Smatom CR型全身CT扫 描机单纯头颅平扫，在CT诊断分度的同时测定脑实质CT值。结果：轻、中 、重度HIE患儿急性期血清IL-6水平均较恢复期明显增高(均P<0.01)，并明显高于 同期对照组水平(均P<0.01)，3组患儿中尤以重度组增高显著；恢复期重度HIE组血 清IL-6水平仍高于对照组(P<0.01)，而轻、中度HIE组与对照组无显著性差异。轻 、中、重度HIE患儿脑实质CT值均明显低于对照组(均P<0.01)；相关分析发现，急 性期患儿血清IL-6水平与脑实质CT值呈显著负相关(r=-0.893，P<0.01) ，而恢复期患儿血清IL-6水平与脑实质CT值无相关关系。结论：IL-6在 新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的发病中起重要作用。血清IL-6水平测定可作为HIE诊断及评价脑损 伤程度的重要参考指标。     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病血及脑脊液中cAMP,cGMP水平研究

为了解cAMP与cGMP在新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）中的作用，本文应用放射免疫分析法检测了37例患儿血浆及脑脊液（CSF）中cAMP、cGMP含量，其中轻度8例、中度18例、重度11例，结果表明HIE时CSF中cAMP含量较对照组明显升高（P<0．01），中、重度恢复期较急性期明显下降，而cGMP除轻度外轻对照组明显下降，恢复期较急性期升高；血浆中cAMP水平均较对照组升高（P<0.01），恢复期屯较急性期下降，cGMP与对照组无差异。结果提示cAMP、cGMP与HIE的发病相关。     

肺炎支原体肺炎患儿血清白细胞介素-10、转化生长因子-β1检测的意义

目的探讨肺炎支原体肺炎（MPP）患儿急性期及恢复期外周血IL-10、转化生长因子-β1（TGFβ-1）水平变化的临床意义。方法采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）测定26例MPP急性期和其中恢复期9例患儿及12例健康儿童血清IL-10、TGFβ-1水平。比较MPP急性期与恢复期IL-10、TGFβ-1的差异。结果MPP急性期及恢复期患儿血清IL-10水平均显著低于对照组（P〈0.01,0.05）,急性期及恢复期MPP患儿血清TGFβ-1均明显高于对照组（Pa〈0.01）。MPP患儿急性期与恢复期IL-10、TGFβ-1无明显差异（Pa〉0.05）。结论IL-10低水平表达与MPP发病可能有关,存在炎症反应失控,同时存在以TGFβ-1高水平表达的抗感染反应占优势。     

缺氧缺血性脑病新生儿血清白细胞介素-1β水平检测及临床意义

目的探讨新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)患儿血清白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)水平的变化及其临床意义。方法选择我院儿科2010年7月至2011年6月收治的HIE患儿为HIE组,排除HIE的足月新生儿为对照组,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测两组患儿急性期(生后3天)和恢复期(生后7天)血清IL-1β的水平。HIE患儿按病情分为轻、中、重度3个亚组。结果生后3天和7天各组IL-1β水平(ng/ml)分别为[对照组:(21.9±6.0)和(21.4±5.0),轻度HIE组:(23.4±4.0)和(19.7±4.1),中度HIE组:(30.1±3.7)和(26.7±4.4),重度HIE组:(38.5±4.5)和(30.9±5.2)],中、重度HIE组明显高于轻度HIE组和对照组(P<0.01),重度HIE组高于中度HIE组(P<0.01),轻度HIE组与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。各HIE组患儿7天时血清IL-1β水平均较3天时显著降低(P<0.01)。生后3、7天IL-1β水平与病情分度呈正相关[3天:r=0.80,7天:r=0.72,P均<0.01]。结论检测HIE患儿血清IL-1β水平对HIE的辅助诊断和病情判断有重要意义。     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病甲状旁腺素、降钙素与血钙水平变化的研究

研究新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）的甲状旁腺素（PTH）、降钙素（CT）及血钙水平变化,为临床治疗HIE提供参考依据。应用放射免疫法对59例足月HIE患儿（轻度组18例,中度组21例,重度组20例）,于急性期及恢复期各测定一次血清PTH、CT及钙水平,并以20例正常足月新生儿作为对照组。结果显示:轻、中、重度HIE组患儿急性期血钙水平分别为2.23±0.21、2.06±0.23、1.88±0.25,均低于对照组2.39±0.28（P值分别为<0.05、0.001、0.001）,且临床分度愈重,血钙下降愈明显,HIE各组间差异显著;中、重度HIE组PTH水平分别为210.356±56.142、201.461±62.763;CT水平分别为115.879±36.469、124.765±48.571,较对照组及轻度HIE组PTH降低、CT升高（P<0.05）。HIE各组患儿恢复期血钙复升,中、重度HIE组PTH复升、CT下降,与急性期比较有显著差异（P<0.05）,但重度HIE组恢复缓慢。结论:HIE时PTH下降、CT升高与血钙降低有关,在治疗HIE患儿时应严密监测血钙,应用钙剂应掌握适应症和剂量,极为重要。     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病白细胞介素-6和肿瘤坏死因子-α水平变化及与脑损伤关系的研究

目的研究缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）新生儿血清白细胞介素-6（IL-6）和肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平的动态变化，并探讨其在HIE发病和病程监测中的意义。方法用ELISA双抗体夹心法检测轻、中、重度HIE患儿出生后第1、3、7天血清IL-6和TNF-α的动态水平，以同期正常足月新生儿为对照。结果HIE新生儿血清IL-6和TNF-α水平均显著高于正常对照组（P〈0．01），并与HIE严重程度有关。随着疗程进展，IL-6和TNF-α水平均有明显下降（P〈0．01），但仍高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）。结论发生HIE时，患儿血清IL-6和TNF-α升高，并与病症严重程度和治疗进程相关；IL-6和TNF-α可能参与了HIE的病理生理过程，并可用于监测临床病程进展。     

Pubertal growth and development and prenatal and lactational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene

OBJECTIVES: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene (DDE) are ubiquitous toxic environmental contaminants. Prenatal and early life exposures affect pubertal events in experimental animals. We studied whether prenatal or lactational exposures to background levels of PCBs or DDE were associated with altered pubertal growth and development in humans.Study design: Follow-up of 594 children from an existing North Carolina cohort whose prenatal and lactational exposures had previously been measured. Height, weight, and stage of pubertal development were assessed through annual mail questionnaires. RESULTS: Height of boys at puberty increased with transplacental exposure to DDE, as did weight adjusted for height; adjusted means for those with the highest exposures (maternal concentration 4+ ppm fat) were 6.3 cm taller and 6.9 kg larger than those with the lowest (0 to 1 ppm). There was no effect on the ages at which pubertal stages were attained. Lactational exposures to DDE had no apparent effects; neither did transplacental or lactational exposure to PCBs. Girls with the highest transplacental PCB exposures were heavier for their heights than other girls by 5.4 kg, but differences were significant only if the analysis was restricted to white girls. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal exposures at background levels may affect body size at puberty.     

Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia in Infants and Children: Pathophysiology and Treatment

Potassium is the second most abundant cation in the body. About 98% of potassium is intracellular and that is particularly in the skeletal muscle. Electrical disturbances associated with disorders of potassium homeostasis are a function of both the extracellular and intracellular potassium concentrations. Clinical disorders of potassium homeostasis occur with some regularity, especially in hospitalized patients receiving many medications. This article will review the pathophysiology of potassium homeostasis, symptoms, causes, and treatment of hypo- and hyperkalemia.     

Prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents

Increasing numbers of obese children and adolescents all over the world demand an investment in the primary and secondary prevention of obesity and overweight in this age group. The goal of preventive measures in children is to avoid the negative short- and long-term health problems associated with obesity. Primary prevention aims at establishing a healthy, active lifestyle and keeping children and adolescents within a range of body weight which is considered to be healthy. Constant availability and affordability of palatable and energy-dense food in the affluent society of the western world demands preventive strategies. Universal or public health prevention seems to be the most suitable form because several other cofactors of morbidity and mortality of affluent societies can also be prevented. However, in most European countries there is a lack of awareness of the necessity of prevention programmes, not only among the general population but also among the medical society. More awareness and consciousness to the problem of obesity must be generated in order to lead to effective therapeutic programmes. For those children and adolescents who are already obese, secondary prevention is mandatory. Therapeutic intervention programmes for the obese aim at long-term weight maintenance and normalisation of body weight and body fat. They have to modify eating and exercise behaviour of the obese child and establish new, healthier behaviour and lifestyle. Treatments programmes must include behavioural components in order to permanently change nutrition and physical exercise of the obese children and adolescents. However, long-term results of treatment programmes in European countries are scarce and the reported results, even of multidisciplinary regimens, are not impressive. Conclusion In most European countries there is an urgent need not only for a growing awareness of the problem of obesity in children and adolescents but also for development of new comprehensive approaches in treating this group.