颅内软骨瘤的CT与MRI诊断

目的分析颅内软骨瘤的cT、MRI表现特点。方法对经手术病理证实的4例颅内软骨瘤进行回顾性分析,3例行颅脑CT平扫,1例同时行颅脑CT增强扫描,4例均行颅脑MR平扫及增强扫描。结果4例颅内软骨瘤中,位于颅底3例（前颅窝底1例,蝶鞍1例,左侧中颅窝底1例）,大脑镰区1例。CT平扫示3例肿瘤均边缘清楚,内均见明显钙化灶,其中2例肿瘤的未钙化部分呈不均匀的稍高密度,1例呈“石榴籽”样低密度;CT增强扫描肿瘤呈不均匀强化;MRI平扫肿瘤均表现为混杂信号,其中钙化部分呈长T1短T2信号,未钙化部分呈不均匀的长T1长T2信号,其中1例肿瘤呈“石榴籽”样明显长T1长T2信号：MRI增强扫描肿瘤均呈不均匀强化。结论颅内软骨瘤好发于颅底、大脑镰区,密度／信号欠均匀,内可见到明显的钙化,周围无脑水肿,增强扫描呈不均匀强化。大多数情况下CT、MRI诊断较困难,病理仍是主要的确诊手段。     

颅内软骨瘤的CT与MRI诊断

目的分析颅内软骨瘤的CT、MRI表现特点。方法对经手术病理证实的4例颅内软骨瘤进行回顾性分析,3例行颅脑cT平扫,1例同时行颅脑CT增强扫描,4例均行颅脑MR平扫及增强扫描。结果4例颅内软骨瘤中,位于颅底3例（前颅窝底1例,蝶鞍1例,左侧中颅窝底1例）,大脑镰区l例。CT平扫示3例肿瘤均边缘清楚,内均见明显钙化灶,其中2例肿瘤的未钙化部分呈不均匀的稍高密度,1例呈“石榴籽”样低密度;CT增强扫描肿瘤呈不均匀强化;MRI平扫肿瘤均表现为混杂信号,其中钙化部分呈长T1短T2信号,未钙化部分呈不均匀的长T1长T2信号,其中1例肿瘤呈“石榴籽”样明显长T1长T2信号;MRI增强扫描肿瘤均呈不均匀强化。结论颅内软骨瘤好发于颅底、大脑镰区,密度／信号欠均匀,内可见到明显的钙化,周围无脑水肿,增强扫描呈不均匀强化。大多数情况下CT、MRI诊断较困难,病理仍是主要的确诊手段。     

颅底软骨瘤的CT诊断

目的：探讨颅底软骨瘤的CT影像学表现,以提高其诊断准确性。方法回顾性分析8例经手术病理证实的颅底软骨瘤的CT征象。结果8例病灶位于颅底鞍旁区硬膜外,病灶呈不均匀混杂密度,病灶及包膜呈轻中度强化,8例病灶内见点条状、分隔状或边缘不规则弧形钙化,3例邻近骨质呈压迫性骨缺损。结论在颅底鞍旁区硬膜外的类圆形或分叶状肿块中,如其内或边缘出现形态多样的钙化灶时,需考虑颅底软骨瘤的诊断。     

肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤影像学诊断（附5例报告）

目的总结肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤（AML）CT和MRI特征。方法回顾性分析5例手术后病理证实AML病例,其中3例行CT平扫及增强扫描,2例行CT平扫及MRI平扫。分析病变CT平扫和增强表现及MRI平扫征象。结果 5例均为单发,术前均诊断正确。其中左侧3例,右侧2例;病变大小3~18cm,呈圆形或类圆形,边界清楚,CT值-90~40Hu;其中1例病变内见斑点状钙化;3例增强病变呈轻度不均匀强化;2例MRI平扫T1WI见高低混杂信号,T2WI脂肪抑制呈低高混杂信号。结论 CT和MR平扫对AML诊断特异性高,增强扫描更有诊断价值。     

桥脑小脑角区占位性病变的影像学分析

目的通过对桥脑小脑角区占位性病变的CT表现及MRI表现进行分析,进一步提高对该区占位性病变的诊断及鉴别诊断水平。方法对经手术病理证实的52例桥脑小脑区占位性病变的CT及MRI表现进行分析。结果听神经瘤CT平扫为等密度或等、低混杂密度,内见囊变区,囊变部分无强化,增强扫描实质部分明显均匀强化;MR平扫T1WI为等或等、低混杂信号,T2WI为高信号,实性部分明显强化,囊变区无强化。脑膜瘤CT平扫为等或高密度,部分见沙砾状钙化,明显均匀强化;MRI平扫T1WI呈等或稍低信号,T2WI呈等或稍高信号,部分见细血管流空信号,明显均匀强化。胆脂瘤的CT平扫低于脑脊液密度,均无明显强化;MRI平扫T1WI呈不均匀低信号,内见比脑脊液高的信号,无强化。三叉神经瘤跨越后、中颅窝生长,呈哑铃状,为等密度,有明显强化;MRI平扫T1WI为稍低信号,T2WI为高信号,明显强化。结论 CT及MRI检查对桥脑小脑角区占位性病变的定位及定性有重要价值。     

颅内软骨瘤7例MR分析

目的探讨颅内软骨瘤的MR特征以提高其诊断水平。方法回顾性分析7例经病理证实的颅内软骨瘤的MR表现。结果 7例肿瘤中,位于鞍区3例,前颅窝底2例,大脑镰旁及颞部各1例。MR检查示:肿瘤在T1WI上呈不均匀等低信号,其中1例夹杂片状高信号,在T2WI中呈以片带状高信号为主的混杂信号;1例高信号区呈囊泡状改变,其钙化部分6例在T1WI及T2WI中均为低信号影;1例在T1WI中为高信号,在T2WI中为等低信号影;注射Gd-DTPA增强扫描,5例瘤周呈花环状强化,2例周缘强化不明显,瘤内呈斑片状不均匀轻度强化,所有病例边界清晰,均未见瘤周水肿及瘤内出血。结论颅内软骨瘤好发于颅底及大脑镰区,钙化多见,具有延迟强化特点,确诊依靠病理检查。     

颅咽管瘤的MRI诊断

目的探讨颅咽管瘤的MRI特点,提高诊断水平。方法回顾性分析经病理证实的14例颅咽管瘤病例,所有患者均行MRI平扫及增强扫描,分析其MRI表现。结果 14例病灶中,8例位于鞍上,4例位于鞍内及鞍上,2例位于鞍旁;7例病灶呈分叶状,7例呈类圆形。病灶均为囊实性病灶,6例囊性部分呈T1WI低信号,5例为T1WI高信号,3例为T1WI等信号,T2WI均为高信号。实性部分在T2WI呈高信号或高低混杂信号,T1WI等信号（8例）或稍低信号（6例）。增强后病灶14例患者实性部分均见强化,其中11例为网格状强化,3例为均匀强化。结论颅咽管瘤具有一定的MRI特点,结合该特点有助于在术前正确诊断。     

单发型四肢长骨内生软骨瘤影像学诊断

目的：探讨单发型四肢长骨内生软骨瘤的临床和影像学特征。方法回顾性分析12例经手术病理证实的单发型四肢长骨内生软骨瘤的临床和影像资料。结果 X线平片12例,分为三种表现：2例仅表现为钙化,1例仅表现为骨质破坏,骨质破坏伴钙化9例。CT检查8例,所有病例均显示骨质破坏伴瘤内不同程度的钙化,CT显示小的骨质破坏及细微钙化更有价值。MRI检查7例,所有病灶境界清楚,平扫T1WI呈低信号为主,1例病灶内见斑片状高信号,T2WI均呈不均匀明显高信号,增强后4例病灶呈环形不均匀强化,3例呈斑片状不均匀强化。X线平片、CT及MRI图像所有病例均未见骨膜反应及软组织肿块。结论单发型长骨内生软骨瘤多具有典型的影像学特征,综合X线平片、CT和（或） MRI对本病大多数可做出定性诊断与鉴别诊断。     

中枢神经系统原发性淋巴瘤的影像学诊断

目的 总结中枢神经系统原发性淋巴瘤的CT及MRI表现,提高诊断率.方法 选取6例经手术及病理证实的中枢神经系统原发性淋巴瘤患者,其中男2例,女4例.术前2例行CT横断扫描,5例行MRI扫描,其中1例CT平扫加增强扫描,1例CT平扫及MRI平扫加增强扫描,2例MRI平扫加增强扫描,2例MRI单纯平扫.总结此病的CT及MRI影像学表现.结果 6例患者中5例为单发病灶,1例为多发病灶,共7个病灶.患者的CT及MRI表现具有一定的特性:6个病灶位于近中线大脑深部,边界一般较清楚,CT检查呈略高密度,MRI检查显示T1WI呈等或稍低信号,T2WI呈等或稍高信号,注射造影剂后显著均匀强化,其中1例呈斑片状强化.结论 CT及MRI检查可作为中枢神经系统原发性淋巴瘤的首选检查.     

肾上腺肿瘤的MSCT、MRI诊断

目的 探讨MSCT、MRI对肾上腺肿瘤的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析28例经病理证实的肾上腺肿瘤的MSCT及MRI表现.28例均行MSCT扫描(平扫及增强),19例患者加行MRI扫描,分析肿瘤的位置、形态、大小、边界、信号及强化特征.结果 28例共31个病灶,肾上腺腺瘤9例,边界清晰,CT表现为低密度或等密度,未显示钙化,有轻度强化,MRI表现为信号均匀,无坏死囊变;嗜铬细胞瘤6例,呈混杂密度和信号,CT明显不均匀强化,MRI T1WI类似于肝脏,T2WI呈明显高信号,信号不均匀;皮质癌5例.CT呈不规则大肿块,边缘模糊,不均匀增强,MRI表现为稍长或等T1混杂T2信号;转移瘤2例,源于肺癌及乳腺癌转移,CT呈均匀稍低密度,有轻微强化,MRI为长T1长T2信号;节细胞神经瘤1例,CT为实质性肿块,增强不明显,MRI为长T1长T2信号;髓质脂肪瘤3例,表现规则肿块,边界锐利,呈脂肪性密度强化不明显,MRI短T1长T2信号;囊肿2例,较规则,边界清晰,增强无强化.结论 MSCT、MRI对评价肿瘤与周围结构的关系和制定手术方案具有重要意义,对肾上腺肿瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要价值.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.