Anatomical transverse patella double tunnel reconstruction of medial patellofemoral ligament with a hamstring tendon autograft for recurrent patellar dislocation

Introduction  

The purpose of this study was to describe our transverse patella double tunnel technique to reconstruct the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) with a hamstring tendon autograft in patients who suffered recurrent dislocation of the patella, and to evaluate the intermediate-term outcomes of reconstruction treatment.     

关节镜下髌韧带和六股异体腘绳肌腱单束重建前交叉韧带的临床研究

目的 比较关节镜下采用髌韧带和六股异体腘绳肌腱单束重建前交叉韧带的临床效果.方法 回顾性分析2006年10月至2009年12月我科采用关节镜下异体移植物单束重建前交叉韧带(ACL)的108例患者的临床资料,其中六股异体腘绳肌腱58例(腘绳肌腱组),异体髌韧带50例(髌韧带组).术后应用Lachman和pivot-shift试验以及KT-1000评估膝关节稳定性,按照国际膝关节评分委员会(IKDC)、Lysholm膝关节评分评价膝关节功能.结果 术后患者随访时间12～38个月,平均为28.6个月.腘绳肌腱组KT-1000检查示双侧膝关节前向松弛度差异为(1.2±1.2)mm,显著小于髌韧带组(1.8±1.5)mm,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).腘绳肌腱组轴移试验阴性55例(94.8%),阳性3例(5.2%),髌韧带组阴性41例(82.0%),阳性9例(18.0%),差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).术后腘绳肌腱组和髌韧带组IKDC评分为(90±5)分和(89±5)分,Lysholm评分为(94±5)分和(93±6)分,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 关节镜下单束重建前交叉韧带采用六股异体腘绳肌腱较髌韧带能够明显提高膝关节稳定性.

Abstract：

Objective To compare the outcome of arthroscopic single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)reconstruction with six-strand hamstring tendon and patellar tendon allograft.Methods From October 2006 to December 2009,108 patients with arthroscopic single-bundle ACL reconstruction were retrospectively reviewed,with 58 patients with six-strand hamstring tendon(Group H),and 50 patients with patellar tendon allograft(Group P).Patients were available for clinical evaluation with KT-1000 arthrometer measurements,Lachman and pivot-shift test,and knee function with the Internationa]Knee Documentation Committee(IKDC),Lysholm scores.Results All the patients were followed up at an average of 28.6 months(range 12-38 months).The average side-to-side difference was lesser for group H(1.2 ± 1.2)mm than group P(1.8 ±1.5)mm(P＜0.05).On the pivot-shift test,55(94.8%)patients were negative and 3(5.2%)were positive in group H,whereas 41(82.0%)were negative and 9(18.0%)were positive in group P,with significant difference between two groups(P＜0.05).All knee function scores were improved postoperatively,without statistically significant difference between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion Arthroscopic single-bundle ACL reconstruction with six-strand hamstring tendon will achieve better knee stability than patellar tendon allograft.     

Isokinetic evaluation of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: hamstring versus patellar tendon.

The purpose of the study was to compare the hamstring and quadriceps isokinetic results 6 months postoperatively in patients having patellar tendon or hamstring anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The study group was comprised of 106 randomly selected patients who had ACL reconstruction with either autogenous patellar tendon (PT), semitendinosus (ST), or semitendinosus and gracilis (ST/G). Hamstring and quadriceps isokinetic strength were assessed at 180 degrees/sec and 300 degrees/sec with the results of the operatively treated leg expressed as a percent compared with the nonoperative leg. The mean results for knee extension at 180 degrees/sec were 68.3%, 74.3%, and 78.1%; and at 300 degrees/sec were 70.7%, 76.7%, and 81.7% for PT, ST, and ST/G, respectively. The mean results for knee flexion at 180 degrees/sec were 86.1%, 80.6%, and 81.7%; and at 300 degrees/sec were 77.6%, 79.1%, and 75.6% for PT, ST, and ST/G, respectively. No statistically significant differences were found in regard to knee extension or flexion strength when evaluating the different tissue sources. The results show that selection of autogenous hamstring or PT used for ACL reconstruction should not be based solely on the assumption of the tissue source altering the recovery of quadriceps and/or hamstring strength. In addition, a majority of the patients had not achieved adequate strength to safely partake in unlimited activities at 6 months postoperatively.     

Arthroscopy-assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patellar tendon or hamstring autografts

Isolated ACL reconstructions were performed in 138 patients between 1994 and 1998. Patellar bone-patellar tendon-bone, and hamstring tendon autografts were used in 88 patients, and allografts were used in 50 patients. Eighty-eight knees of 88 patients with autograft reconstructions (17 female, 71 male) were included in this study and evaluation of the patients with allograft reconstruction reported separately. The mean age at the time of the operation was 32 years. All ACL reconstructions were performed arthroscopically. Twenty-seven bone-patellar tendon-bone, and 61 hamstring tendon autografts were used. The mean follow-up was 29 months. In the postoperative course the Lachman test was negative in 62 patients, 1+ in 22 patients, and 2+ in 4 patients. In 17 patients, anterior drawer sign were 1+ in comparison to the contralateral side. Pivot shift test was moderately positive only in 5 cases in the bone-patellar tendon-bone and hamstring tendon autograft groups postoperatively. There were 3 patients with subjective "giving way" symptoms. Second look arthroscopy revealed rupture of the neo-ligament. Arthroscopic washout and debridement were performed, and no revision ligamentoplasties were performed. Two of these patients improved with accelerated proprioceptive physical therapy, and one had to decrease his previous level of activity. There were no cases of arthrofibrosis, infection, or extension lag. Clinical results of patellar bone-tendon-bone and hamstring groups did not show any significant clinical difference. Avoiding the disturbance of the extensor mechanism of the knee is probably the most significant advantage of the hamstring autograft.     

Combined anterior cruciate-ligament reconstruction using semitendinosus tendon and iliotibial tract

We are reporting the results of a reconstructive procedure designed to decrease anterior tibial subluxation due to disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament. The operation combines both intra-articular and extra-articular methods. The semitendinosus tendon and the iliotibial tract are both routed from opposite directions over the top of the lateral femoral condyle and through the same oblique drill-hole in the proximal part of the tibia: the semitendinosus tendon is passed up through the tibial drill-hole, across the knee joint, over the top of the lateral femoral condyle, and deep to the fibular collateral ligament, and the iliotibial tract is passed deep to the fibular collateral ligament, over the top of the lateral femoral condyle, across the knee joint, and down through the drill-hole. Both grafts are simultaneously pulled tight while the semitendinosus tendon is sutured to the iliotibial tract laterally and the iliotibial tract is sutured to the semitendinosus tendon medially below the drill-hole. The posteromedial and lateral parts of the capsule are advanced to tighten the secondary restraints. One hundred of the first 106 consecutive patients with chronic instability who had this procedure were evaluated using subjective and objective criteria at three to seven and one-half years after surgery. The positive anterior-drawer sign tested at 25 degrees of flexion was eliminated or reduced to 1+ in eighty knees, and the positive pivot shift was reduced to zero or 1+ in ninety-one knees. The objective assessment of isokinetic muscle performance and passive tibial rotation showed significant improvements in strength and normalization of tibial rotation.     

肌腱结嵌压固定保留胫骨止点的腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带

目的：探讨以自体骨栓肌腱结嵌压固定保留胫骨止点的胭绳肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带的临床效果及应用价值。方法：采用自体骨栓肌腱结嵌压固定保留胫骨止点的胭绳肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带断裂20例,男15例,女5例;年龄18～32岁,平均22岁;左、右膝各10例。取自体胭绳肌腱,保留肌腱的胫骨止点,两端编织缝合后预张。建立胫骨、股骨隧道,并制作胫骨骨桥结构,股骨隧道为内窄外宽结构。骨栓肌腱结嵌入股骨隧道内,牵引线带着肌腱结远端的腱束经股骨、胫骨隧道穿出,与胫骨止点上的肌腱交叉,在胫骨骨桥上打结并缝合固定。术后患膝以支具固定在屈曲45。位。结果：20例患者均获得随访,随访时间8—24个月,平均11个月。膝关节功能评估采用Lysholm功能评分标准,术前平均（61．5±4．6）分,终末随访时平均（92．5±3．7）分,差异有统计学意义,P〈0．05。结论：骨栓肌腱结嵌压固定保留胫骨止点的胭绳肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带的方法为生物学固定,避免使用高值耗材,降低了手术费用,且有利于腱-骨愈合。     

A comparison of autogenous patellar tendon and hamstring tendon grafts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Several graft options exist for reconstruction of the deficient ACL. The most commonly used grafts are the BPTB and quadrupled hamstring tendon autografts. Based on a comprehensive review of the literature, one graft is not superior to the other. Advantages and disadvantages are associated with the use of each graft. Surgeons who perform ACL reconstruction should be familiar with the use of both grafts.     

Arthroscopic transtibial single-bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using patellar tendon graft compared with hamstring tendon graft

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes of arthroscopic transtibial single-bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using autologous patellar tendon and hamstring tendon grafts.

Methods

From 1998 to 2007, 59 patients with symptomatic isolated posterior cruciate ligament injury were included in this retrospective study. Twenty-five knees were reconstructed using bone-patellar tendon-bone graft, and 34 knees were reconstructed using hamstring graft. In both groups, surgical techniques were similar, except material of fixation screws. Patients were evaluated pre-operatively and post-operatively at the latest follow-up with several parameters, including symptoms, physical examination, outcome satisfaction, functional scores, radiography and complications.

Results

Average follow-up period was 51.6 months in patellar tendon group and 51.1 months in hamstring tendon group. Significantly more kneeling pain (32 vs. 3 %), squatting pain (24 vs. 3 %), anterior knee pain (36 vs. 3 %), posterior drawer laxity and osteoarthritic change were shown in patellar tendon group than in hamstring tendon group post-operatively. No significant differences were found in other parameters between both groups.

Conclusions

Several shortcomings, including anterior knee pain, squatting pain, kneeling pain and osteoarthritic change, have to be concerned when using patellar tendon autograft. In conclusion, hamstring tendon autograft may be a better choice for transtibial tunnel PCL reconstruction.     

A new technique of harvesting patellar tendon autografts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

A new surgical technique to uniformly harvest the middle one-third of the patellar tendon for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is described. The technique uses a guide system of 8 templates of varying widths to guide the saw cuts and "collared," depth-controlled saw blades and drill bits to produce a standard cutting and drilling depth. This kind of template system lessens the risks of graft harvesting complications such as patella fracture, bone graft fragmentation, suture pull out, and judgment errors pertaining to graft depth, length, or width. The Patellar Tendon Graft Guide was used to obtain a patellar tendon graft in 65 patients. Fifty-nine arthroscopic-assisted and 6 open anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions were performed. Of the 65 grafts harvested, 63 consistently demonstrated bone portions 20 mm in length, 7 mm in depth, and a width corresponding to the template chosen (usually 10 mm). Two grafts supposed to be 10 mm in width turned out to be 9 mm in width because of a technique related problem.     

Chronic rupture of a patellar tendon: A technique for reconstruction with achilles allograft

Chronic ruptures of the patellar tendon fortunately are an uncommon event. These ruptures are often difficult to repair because they are generally accompanied by quadriceps muscle contracture and a great deal of scar tissue formation. We report the case of a repair of a chronic patellar tendon rupture. The patient's right patellar tendon was reconstructed approximately 10 months after the injury using quadricepsplasty and an Achilles tendon allograft with a suprapatellar wire for tension release. Four weeks postoperatively, he had attained 60° of flexion and full active extension. At 8 weeks, the suprapatellar wire was removed allowing the distribution of stresses on the reconstructed patellar tendon. At 6 months, the patient had 130° of flexion and full extension, but showed a persistent 40% deficit in right quad strength. The technique accomplished the preoperative goals of restoring quadriceps function, restoring the anatomic position of the patella, and allowing early mobilization after surgery. Although the use of a suprapatellar wire to reduce tension on the reconstructed tendon required a second operation for removal, it allowed early mobilization and better healing of the repair.     

Chronic patellar tendon rupture: surgical reconstruction technique using 2 Achilles tendon allografts

Delayed reconstruction of chronic patellar tendon ruptures classically has yielded suboptimal results. Quadriceps contracture, distal patella mobilization, quadriceps lengthening (eg, V-Y lengthening), prolonged postoperative immobilization, residual quadriceps weakness, surgical macro failure, and loss of knee flexion are some of the complications associated with treatment for chronic patellar tendon rupture. Reinforcement hardware (eg, cerclage wire) may necessitate subsequent removal and the possibility of breaking with migration through the body. This article details the use and short-term success of a surgical technique using 2 Achilles tendon allografts for reconstruction of a chronic patellar tendon rupture.     

Acute patellar tendon rupture: A new surgical technique

Summary: The most common method used in the treatment of acute patellar tendon ruptures is primary end-to-end repair. The use of the Acufex ACL guide (Acufex Microsurgical, Mansfield, MA) provides efficient and accurate placement of transosseous drill holes in the patella and minimizes the risk, tourniquet time, and surgical time of acute patellar tendon repairs.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related surgery, Vol 16, No 8 (November-December), 2000: pp 869–870     

关节镜下自体腘绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位

目的探讨关节镜下采用自体腘绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位的疗效。方法 2005年1月-2010年1月,对22例(22膝)复发性髌骨脱位患者采用关节镜下外侧支持带松解,取自体腘绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带治疗。男5例,女17例;年龄15～19岁,平均17.3岁。髌骨脱位3～8次,平均4次。主要临床症状为患膝关节疼痛、肿胀、无力,活动受限。髌骨倾斜试验、恐惧试验、内侧髌股韧带止点处压痛、髌骨向外推移时恐惧征均呈阳性。根据国际膝关节文献委员会(IKDC)评分标准,膝关节功能主观评分为(36.7±4.7)分,Lysholm评分为(69.3±3.8)分。X线片示患者髌骨向外倾斜。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。患者均获随访,随访时间18～49个月,平均34个月。术后患者关节疼痛、肿胀、无力等症状较术前明显改善。随访期间患者髌骨脱位无复发。末次随访时,IKDC膝关节功能主观评分为(92.4±5.3)分,Lysholm评分为(91.7±5.2)分,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论关节镜下取自体腘绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带可明显改善髌骨稳定性,是治疗复发性髌骨脱位的有效方法之一。     

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: comparison of male and female athletes using the patellar tendon and hamstring autografts

Few authors have studied the effects of gender on the outcome of ACL reconstruction in athletes. This retrospective-prospective study compared the treating results using the patellar tendon (LP) and hamstring (StG) techniques in men and women. We followed 40 athletes (23 males, 17 females) from population of 120 patients operated at Institute for Orthopaedic Surgery Banjica. There were 13 males and 7 females in the LP group and 11 males and 9 females in the StG group. Patients were operated by the same surgeons within 6 month from injury and underwent the same rehabilitation program. After an average of 24 months they were assesed by clinical evaluation, knee laxity analysis and standard knee scores. Among LP patients there were no significant differences between males and females regarding knee evaluation form, laxity or functional tests. Females in the hamstring group had significantly grater laxity and significantly higher deficit in flexion and extension. We suggest further studies on the clinical significance of these findings, particularly on their ramifications of return to sports and rehabilitation of female athletes.     

Comparison of clinical outcomes of reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament: autogenous patellar tendon and hamstring grafts

In this critical review, we summarize the literature comparing the 2 grafts most frequently used in reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament--patellar tendon and hamstring autografts. We evaluate the biomechanical properties, comorbidities, and clinical performance of the grafts and focus our review on clinical outcomes reported in prospective randomized studies. Although the overall profile of the autogenous hamstring graft with respect to biomechanics and side effects seems equal or superior to that of the patellar tendon graft, there is little difference in clinical outcomes. From review of prospective randomized trials and a large controlled retrospective study, the trend suggests if fixation is controlled, outcomes are similar with the 2 grafts, with the possible exception of when they are used with high-demand athletes, in whom patellar tendon grafts may show a slight disadvantage. Large-scale prospective randomized studies with careful data collection and control are needed to better define graft performance in vivo.