microRNA在甲状腺乳头状癌中作用机制的研究进展

microRNA(miRNA)是一类长约22个核苷酸的非编码单链RNA分子。miRNA通过结合mRNA 3'非编码区(3'-UTR)调节基因的表达,抑制蛋白质的翻译。甲状腺癌是常见的内分泌系统恶性肿瘤,甲状腺乳头状癌是甲状腺癌中最常见的类型,它的发病率逐年上升。近年来,大量研究表明miRNA在甲状腺乳头状癌中发挥重要的作用,对癌的发生、发展及预后评估等方面具有重要意义。     

12例甲状腺微小乳头状癌形态学观察及病理学分析

甲状腺乳头状癌是甲状腺癌中最常见的类型,约占甲状腺癌的60%左右.诊断甲状腺乳头状癌一般情况下并不难,但甲状腺微小乳头癌容易被忽视.本文就我院2000年至2004年确诊12例甲状腺微小乳头状癌的诊断情况报告如下.     

Tg与分化型甲状腺癌的研究进展（文献综述）

1分化型甲状腺癌的临床流行病学现状甲状腺癌是常见的内分泌系统恶性肿瘤,约占全身肿瘤的1%。目前认为,甲状腺癌的发病机制主要是电离辐射;碘摄取异常;遗传因素;甲状腺自身免疫性疾病。甲状腺癌常见的病理分类包括：乳头状癌（papillary thyroid carcino-ma,PTC）、滤泡状癌（follicular thyroid carcinoma,FTC）、髓样癌（medullary thyroid carcinoma,MTC）和未分化癌（anaplasticthyroid carcinoma,ATC）。其中PTC和FTC在临床上最为多见（占90%）,因两者分化较好,     

22例儿童甲状腺癌临床病理分析

为探讨儿童甲状腺癌的临床病理特点、预后相关因素,回顾性总结了22例儿童甲腺状癌患者的临床病理特征及预后.结果显示,22例经病理组织学检查证实为儿童甲状腺癌的患者中,有4例为术前穿刺标本病理诊断为甲状腺癌,18例为术中病理冰冻切片诊断为甲状腺癌.22例均行手术切除治疗,其中19例为乳头状癌,2例为滤泡癌,1例髓样癌,淋巴...     

乳头状甲状腺癌相关的分子生物学研究进展

甲状腺癌（thyroidcarcinoma,TC）是最常见的内分泌系统恶性肿瘤。甲状腺癌在组织学上主要具有4种类型：乳头状甲状腺癌（PTC）、滤泡状甲状腺癌（FTC）、甲状腺髓样癌（MTC）以及未分化型甲状腺癌（ATC）,其中PTC和FTC同属于分化型甲状腺癌（DTC）。PTC约占全部甲状腺恶性肿瘤的80％。     

甲状腺滤泡癌的分子生物学研究进展

甲状腺癌是常见的一类发生在内分泌腺的恶性肿瘤,其常见类型为甲状腺乳头状癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma),甲状腺滤泡癌(follicular thyroid carcinoma)次之。典型的甲状腺滤泡癌易于诊断。多年来研究表明甲状腺滤泡癌与乳头状癌,在病因、形成机制、生物学行为及预后上都有很大差别。另外,甲状腺滤泡癌在冷冻切片、细针穿刺诊断中,常常     

miR-24在肿瘤中的作用

MicroRNA(miR)是一种非编码蛋白的小分子单链内源性RNA,microRNA与组织器官的生长发育、细胞增殖、细胞分化与凋亡、肿瘤的发生发展具有密切的联系。而miR-24作为microRNA家族中重要的一员,在肿瘤患者的病灶组织或血液中,miR-24参与了细胞癌变的过程,并且在不同病理类型的恶性肿瘤中存在有促癌或抑癌的作用,例如,在肝癌、乳腺癌、肺癌、唾液腺腺样囊性癌、神经胶质瘤等肿瘤中,miR-24起到了促癌作用,在喉癌、鼻咽癌、结肠癌、子宫内膜癌、宫颈癌等肿瘤中,miR-24起到了抑癌作用,而在胃癌中,miR-24通过作用于不同的靶基因分别起到了促癌或抑癌的作用。     

甲状腺癌组织中VEGF和VEGF-C的表达及意义

目的　探讨血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、VEGF- C在甲状腺癌中的表达及其意义。方法　应用免疫组化S P法检测44例甲状腺癌中VEGF、VEGF C的表达情况,并以17例癌旁正常甲状腺组织作对照。结果　VEGF、VEGF- C在甲状腺癌中呈高水平表达(88. 6%、81. 8% )。VEGF表达随癌组织分化程度的减低而增高, 9例死亡病例均为阳性表达;VEGF- C表达随癌组织分化程度的减低而减低,乳头状癌阳性表达(88 .9% )高于其它类型,VEGF- C阳性率在有淋巴结转移组(92. 0% )明显高于无淋巴结转移组(68. 4% ) (P<0. 05)。9例死亡病例中7例为阳性表达,且7例同时VEGF呈阳性表达。结论　VEGF、VEGF- C表达与甲状腺癌病理分型及预后可能有一定关系,VEGF- C与甲状腺癌淋巴结转移密切相关。     

甲状腺癌超声诊断与病理诊断对比分析和研究

目的 比较超声诊断与病理诊断甲状腺癌的符合率,探讨甲状腺癌超声诊断的特点以及临床诊断价值.方法 对159例甲状腺疾病患者超声诊断后,诊断结果与术后病理学检查和穿刺细胞学诊断确诊结果比较分析.结果 159例患者超声诊断甲状腺癌47例(与病理诊断结果相比符合率68.1％)、甲状腺良性肿瘤40例(83.3％)、甲状腺炎42例(100％),与病理诊断结果相比,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).30例诊断不符合,其中22例甲状腺癌被误诊为良性肿瘤,6例良性肿瘤被误诊为甲状腺炎,2例良性肿瘤被误诊为甲状腺癌.甲状腺癌确诊病例中,超声确诊乳头状癌40例(81.6％),滤泡状癌5例(41.7％),髓样癌2例(25.0％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);不同甲状腺癌超声影像表现中,乳头状癌与滤泡状癌和髓样癌超声影像相比,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),滤泡状癌和髓样癌超声影像比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 超声检查诊断甲状腺癌具有优缺点,合理运用可提高诊断准确率     

甲状腺癌中BRAF^V600E突变的表达及意义

甲状腺癌起源于滤泡细胞,是最常见的内分泌肿瘤,其组织学类型主要包括乳头状癌（PTC）,滤泡状癌（FTC）,未分化癌（ATC）和髓样癌（MTC）,其中以PTC所占比例最大。丝裂原活化的蛋白激酶（MAPK）通路的激活与VIE的发生和进展有密切关系,     

Thyroid Cancer,Thyroiditis and Dietary Iodine: A Review Based on the Salta,Argentina Model

Factors that should be considered when studying the effect of dietary iodine in the development of thyroid cancer include pathological criteria, diagnostic techniques, screening programs, radioactive fallout, and standard of medical care in the studied population. In most surveys, papillary carcinoma forms the largest group of thyroid malignancies, both before and after iodine prophylaxis where an increase in the papillary:follicular carcinoma ratio is also noted. Undifferentiated carcinomas decrease after salt prophylaxis. In Salta, Argentina, the increasing incidence of clinically significant papillary thyroid cancer and the decrease of undifferentiated carcinoma after iodine prophylaxis are probably due to better access to health centers and consequent earlier detection of differentiated precursor tumors. Autoimmune focal and diffuse or Hashimoto’s thyroiditis are linked to dietary iodine. Pathological studies made in different regions indicate that these types of thyroiditis occur more frequently in areas of iodine sufficiency than in areas of iodine deficiency, and increase after iodine prophylaxis both in non-goitrous and iodine-deficient areas like Salta, Argentina. An increase of lymphocytic thyroiditis could be linked to an increased incidence of primary thyroid lymphoma, and thyroiditis is more commonly associated with papillary carcinoma than with other types of thyroid follicular or C-cell derived carcinomas regardless of iodine intake.     

Occult thyroid carcinoma: a rare case report and review of literature

Occult thyroid carcinoma is very common in the clinic and is generally divided into four groups. Here, we proposed two types of occult thyroid carcinoma as the fifth group. The first type was locoregional lymph node metastases from thyroid carcinoma, and the second type was distant organ metastases from thyroid carcinoma. The unique aspect of the fifth group was that the primary carcinoma of the fifth group was not finally found by pathological examination. To better understand the fifth group, we reported a typical case. Furthermore, we discussed the diagnostic criteria and procedures and the management of the fifth group of occult thyroid carcinoma.     

Special types of thyroid carcinoma

This article reviews the small percentage of thyroid tumours that are not classified as classic papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular thyroid carcinoma, and medullary thyroid carcinoma. It includes subtypes of papillary thyroid carcinoma, including, tall‐cell, hobnail/micropapillary, columnar cell, diffuse sclerosing and solid variants. Poorly differentiated carcinoma, high‐grade carcinoma and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma are reviewed. Also discussed are entities that are unusual but need to be recognized as primary thyroid neoplasms, i.e. mucoepidermoid carcinoma, sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia, and mammary analogue secretory carcinoma/secretory carcinoma. The pathological features and prognostic factors are described; a brief review of molecular correlates of these neoplasms is included.     

Primary papillary carcinoma of the thyroglossal duct cyst--a case report

Thyroglossal duct cyst is the most common developmental anomaly of the thyroid gland, presenting as a mid line neck swelling. Malignancy arising in them is a rare event, with papillary thyroid carcinoma being the commonest. Thyroglossal duct cyst carcinomas are usually asymptomatic and are not suspected preoperatively in most instances, hence the need for surgical excision and careful pathological examination of these cysts. We present a case of a 57 year old lady who underwent a Sistrunk procedure for the removal of thyroglossal duct cyst, which was responsible for a progressive mid line neck swelling of 2 months duration. The thyroid gland was normal. Histological examination of the excised cyst showed a papillary thyroid carcinoma arising in the thyroglossal duct cyst. Long term survival of patients with thyroglossal duct cyst carcinoma is excellent.     

Hobnail Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: a Literature Review

Papillary thyroid carcinoma is the most common thyroid malignancy and it is usually associated with a good prognosis. However, recurrence, metastases, and cancer death may occur in 10 to 15% of patients with more aggressive types of papillary thyroid carcinoma, such as tall cell, columnar cell, solid variant, or the more recently described hobnail variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Papillary thyroid carcinoma with a prominent hobnail pattern is a moderately differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma variant with aggressive clinical behavior and significant mortality. The hobnail variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma shows prominent hobnail features, which have also been referred to as micropapillary. The typical hobnail/micropapillary morphological features show loss of cellular polarity/cohesiveness and support an epithelial-mesenchymal transition as a possible mechanism of metastasis. BRAF p.V600E is the most common mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma, including the hobnail variant; recent and continuing studies are focused on defining other molecular anomalies that may be useful for prognostic stratification and may provide therapeutic targets.     

血清甲状腺激素水平与甲状腺"温"结节临床关系的初步观察

探讨血清甲状腺激素水平与核素99mTcO-4甲状腺显像为"温"结节的甲状腺肿块的病理分型的关系和对甲状腺结节样增生患者实施保守治疗的效果.观察了53例手术治疗的甲状腺"温"结节患者术前的甲状腺激素水平和术后的病理类型.病理结果显示,结节样增生、增生样囊性变与囊腺瘤、纤维样增生腺瘤、甲状腺滤泡状癌比较,前两种病例血清的TT3、TT4、FT3及FT4的水平明显低于后三种病例,而sTSH值却有所上升.根据上述结果,选择了65例甲状腺激素水平类似于甲状腺结节样增生的"温"结节患者,给予甲状腺片补充治疗.治疗后六个月后,B超检查有9例患者增生的肿块基本消失,其他患者的肿块均有不同程度的缩小,平均缩小率34.8%.TT3、TT4、FT3、FT4值均在正常值内有所提高.而sTSH值在正常值内有所降低(P＜0.01).治疗中患者均没有主诉发生不良反应.这提示"温"结节的患者血清TT3、TT4、FT3、FT4值在正常值范围低值,而sTSH值大于2.5mol/L以上时,替代治疗可能是一种较有价值的观察治疗方法.     

Definition of poorly differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid: The Japanese experience

The terminology and definitions pertaining to thyroid malignancies of follicular cell origin that are neither well-differentiated papillary or follicular carcinomas nor undifferentiated anaplastic carcinomas remain controversial. Against this background, we previously proposed that “poorly differentiated carcinoma” should be added to the classification of thyroid carcinoma arising from follicular epithelium. The histological criteria and biological characteristics of poorly differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid were described. In this discussion, we make a new proposal concerning the histological classification of thyroid cancers derived from follicular epithelium. According to this proposal, thyroid cancers can be divided into common types and special types. In the common types, the usual histology should be included. The common types are well-differentiated carcinoma, poorly differentiated carcinoma, and undifferentiated carcinoma. The specific types include columnar-cell carcinoma, tall cell carcinoma, cribriform carcinoma, and other rare carcinomas.     

The thyroid gland: recurring problems in histologic and cytologic evaluation

Nodules of the thyroid gland are frequently encountered, occurring in up to 7% of the population, and although most of these nodules are benign, carcinomas of the thyroid gland are the most common malignancy of the endocrine system. Although the different types of thyroid carcinoma are few, a wide variety of recurring problems exists in both their histologic and cytologic evaluation. Here, I will review a selected group of problematic areas, including unusual histologic variants of follicular adenoma, criteria for diagnosing minimally invasive follicular carcinoma, the use of fine-needle aspiration as a screening test for follicular neoplasia, challenging variants of papillary carcinoma, and features of poorly differentiated carcinoma.     

甲状腺乳头状癌CD151和CK19mRNA表达及意义

目的探讨甲状腺乳头状癌中CD151和CK19 mRNA表达及其意义。方法采用RT—PCR方法检测54例甲状腺的良恶性病变组织中CD151和CK19 mRNA的表达,并与临床及病理资料进行分析比较。结果CD151和CK19 mRNA在甲状腺乳头状癌组中的表达与滤泡性腺瘤组、结节性甲状腺肿组以及正常甲状腺组比较均差异具有显著性（P〈0．01）;CK19 mRNA表达与甲状腺癌淋巴结转移有关（P〈0．05）;在甲状腺乳头状癌中,CD151和CK19基因mRNA的表达呈正相关（P〈0．01）。结论CD151和CK19基因共同参与甲状腺癌的发生、发展,并对淋巴结转移的判断有意义。     

6种癌基因蛋白产物在甲状腺癌中的表达及意义

目的；探讨甲状腺癌癌变的机理，方法：应用免疫组化Ｓ－Ｐ法于石蜡切片对４３例甲状腺癌，１７例腺瘤，１９例瘤旁甲状腺组织进行了ｃ－ｅｒＢ－２，ｐ２１，ｐ５３，Ｂｃｌ－２，ｃ－ｍｙｃ，ｐ１６癌基因产物的检测。结果：癌组织中均有不同程度，１种或１种以上基因产物表达与腺瘤及瘤旁组织间均存在高度显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０１），ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２，ｐ２１表达随癌组织分化程度增高而增高，ｐ５３表达随癌组织分化程度增高而