绒猴口服200mg碘油有效供碘时间及药代动力学研究

为了探讨目前国内广泛使用的２００ｍｇ小剂量碘油口服后的药代动力学和代谢规律，我们选择了灵长目动物绒猴为实验对象，以药代动力学方法，对尿碘、粪碘、血碘、ＴＳＨ、Ｔ３、Ｔ４等观测指标，进行了严格的观察。结果证明：绒猴在口服该剂量碘油后，吸收迅速，生物利用率高，其主要排泄途径是尿液。其排泄方式为二房室模型（具有快相和慢相）；碘在体内的贮存时间为１８０～２７０天（６～９个月）。     

2种剂量碘油丸口服后1年内儿童尿碘排泄观察

目的：了解2种剂量碘油丸口服后儿童尿碘排泄值和排泄规律。方法：选取7－12岁学生，分3个组，分别给予0．2，0．3g和安慰剂量碘油丸口服，观察尿碘排泄情况，结果：服碘油丸后5h尿碘达高峰，尿碘中位数分别为250000和232500ug/L,7d内排泄最快，14天以后排泄缓慢，3个月后尿碘中位数在200ug/L，上下波动，11个月后与对照组相同，第1，3，7天服0．3克组的尿碘中位数均大于服0．2克组，差异有显著,意义，第14天以后直到观察结束，2个组的尿碘中位数差异无显著意义。结论：2种剂量碘油丸口服后尿碘排泄规律一致，均有一个急剧排泄的阶段，时间很短，尿碘值很高，0．3g组高于0．2g组，表明多服多排，当用碘油丸作为补碘措施时，以小剂量为宜。／     

口服碘油与口服碘化钾在动物体内代谢的对比观察——口服碘油研究之三

根据我们先前的动物实验研究:口服碘油与肌注碘油在动物体内的代谢、储存及排泄等迥然不同。肌注碘油(一次)在机体内的储存时间是口服碘油(一次)的5倍。据此推测,口服碘油在人类的有效期仅有一年左右。     

育龄妇女孕前口服碘油后尿碘排泄水平的动态观察

在供应碘盐的碘缺乏病（ＩＤＤ）重病区，对育龄妇女孕前一次给予不同剂型和剂量的碘化油后尿碘动态观测表明：１．投药前１７．８％的观察对象尿碘不及１００μｇ／Ｌ；２．投药后尿碘排泄水平受服用剂量影响，不受剂型的影响；３．仅以尿碘为依据，口服０．２ｇ碘化油有效期不超过１年，口服０．１ｇ碘化油有效期仅为半年。据此建议，对育龄妇女实施强化补碘措施，一次投服碘化油剂量在０．２ｇ以上，每年投药１次，直至哺乳期满，才能达到预防临床型和亚临床型克汀病发生的目的。     

不同剂量碘油胶丸防治地方性甲状腺肿的效果及有效期的对比观察

本文对口服500毫克和800毫克碘油胶丸防治地方性甲状腺肿的效果和有效期做了对比观察。结果表明,两种剂量碘油胶丸的防治效果基本相同,大剂量组只在早期对甲状腺吸~(131)碘的抑制作用更强,使服药后早期尿中碘排出更多,未能提高防治效果和延长有效期。口服上述剂量碘油在体内的贮存时间均为半年左右,其实际有效期大致为一年至一年半。     

碘缺乏病重病区住读中学生口服碘油效果

对防治工作达标后的碘缺乏病重病区住读中学生补碘效果观察表明，一次口服０．４ｇ碘油胶丸后，甲状腺肿大率和患病率分别于６、１２个月明显下降，并在１２个月时的甲肿率和患病率都控制在最低水平，这可能是口服碘油最佳疗效时间。尿碘排泄在补碘后３天为最高，一月后明显降低，１２个月与补碘前接近。在防治工作达标后，为了巩固和扩大防治成果，除继续搞好碘盐供应外，仍有必要对特殊人群进行碘油防治，尤其是在碘缺乏病重病区。     

口服碘油在动物体内的吸收、排泄及贮存——口服碘油研究之一

目前,口服、肌注碘油已成为防治地方性甲状腺肿和地方性克汀病的主要手段之一。国内外资料均提示:肌注碘油一次可纠正碘缺乏,维持甲状腺正常功能达3—5年之久。对于口服碘油,近来国内外也有一些临床观察,虽然已证明有效,但一次用药可在体内储存多久,尚未完全肯定。Watanabe 等人认为:口服碘油与肌注碘油的效果相似,口服用药一次,有效期可达二     

氟碘双重病区中小学生口服碘油效果观察

对地氟病和碘缺乏病双重病区中小学生补碘效果进行了观察。结果表明，一次口服０．４ｇ碘油丸后，甲状腺肿大率和患病率分别从防治前的１９，２％，２．８１％降至７．９２％、０．９１％，１２个月时降至最低水平。尿碘排泄在补碘７天为最高，１个月后明显下降，１２个月与补碘前接近。由于氟碘双重病区生活饮用水中相应存在氟高碘低现象，中小学生甲状腺肿大率和患病率明显增高。因补以充足的碘可缓解氟对甲状腺功能的影响，又可防治碘缺乏病，是一举两得的有效防治措施。     

口服碘油在缺碘大鼠体内的药代动力学研究

本文采用药代动力学方法研究缺碘大鼠口服大、小剂量碘油制剂后的药物变化规律。以尿药排泄速率法计算出药代参数。结果表明药物排泄速率曲线符合二房室开放模型曲线;主要药代参数 t_(1/2)。为3.3～3.7天,t_(1/28)为55.9～72.2天;尿药排泄量占给药剂量的5.91～14.95%。该药药代动力学特点为口服吸收迅速、分布广泛、消除缓慢,肾外途径排泄较多。另外,两种不同厂家生产的碘油制剂在消除方面略有差异。     

哺乳妇女口服200mg碘油胶丸后乳汁碘及婴幼儿尿碘排泄研究

目的了解200 mg碘油胶丸对哺乳妇女乳汁碘及婴幼儿尿碘的有效保护期,并探索碘排泄规律。方法在阿克苏地区库车县牙哈镇四村选择了109名近半年内未服用过碘油丸的19～36岁哺乳期妇女及20天～18个月婴幼儿,用现场干预的方法,并于服药后的第1、3、7、14、30、50、75、100 d分别采集实验组及对照组的妇女乳汁及婴幼儿尿样,进行碘含量测定。结果本次研究哺乳妇女口服200 mg碘油胶丸后,乳汁碘及婴幼儿尿碘中位数在干预后第一天达到峰值,其值为1004.1μg/L、1383.9μg/L,1～7 d维持高值段,7～14 d碘值下降较快,14 d以后碘值缓慢下降,75～100 d碘值缓慢上升。干预组与对照组经非参数wilcoxon秩和检验显示,除了乳汁碘100 d外,干预组均大于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论库车牙哈镇哺乳期妇女通过口服200 mg碘油胶丸可对婴幼儿尿碘最长保护期为100 d。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.