迷路后桥脑小脑三角区内镜手术的应用解剖研究

目的：评价内镜在桥脑小脑三角区手术中的应用价值。方法：对5例10侧成人尸头进行大体解剖，熟悉桥脑小脑三角区诸结构解剖关系；在10例20侧成人尸头上模拟迷路后径路内镜手术，将镜下结构按解剖位置分为面神经、三又神经、舌咽神经三个区域，重点观察各区域各组颅神经之间、神经和血管之间关系；在15例标本上，于颞骨岩部后骨板平面测量内耳门外缘距后半规管外缘、颞骨表面距离，内耳门下缘距舌咽神经距离。结果：10例标本通过内压小脑均能成功导入内镜进行模拟手术；内耳门及第7、8颅神经可作为内镜手术的解剖标志。内耳门外缘距颞骨表面距离为（33．82±2．80）mm，距后半规管后缘距离为（13．24±2．55）mm，下缘距舌咽神经距离为（6．26±1．05）mm。结论：迷路后径路桥小脑角区内镜手术完全可行，较显微镜手术而言具有微创、能多角度观察病变区域、更清晰分辨血管神经关系等优点，更适合耳科医生采用，但需熟悉和掌握有关解剖知识以及内镜操作技巧。     

后组颅神经的颅底内镜手术解剖

目的：观察迷路后和乙状窦后径路后组颅神经内镜手术的相关解剖结构,为后组颅神经内镜手术提供解剖资料。方法：在8例16侧成人尸头上模拟实施迷路后和乙状窦后径路后组颅神经内镜手术,观察手术径路上各结构对手术的影响以及第9～12颅神经之间的解剖关系;去除顶骨、大脑以及部分小脑组织,暴露颈静脉孔、内耳门及其周围结构,测量颈静脉孔上缘距内耳门下缘垂直距离。结果：8例16侧标本均顺利完成迷路后径路模拟内镜手术;2例4侧在不损伤小脑情况下顺利完成乙状窦后径路模拟手术,小脑为内镜导入的主要障碍。镜下观舌咽和迷走神经之间间距相对较大,迷走神经和副神经发生部相距很近;舌下神经位于上述颅神经前、内、下方,形成5～8束较细神经纤维平行分布。颈静脉孔上缘距内耳门下缘垂直距离为（8．26±1．05）mm。结论：迷路后径路为后组颅神经内镜手术较理想径路,而单纯依靠乙状窦后“锁孔”入路实施内镜手术相当困难;内耳门是手术中可靠的定位标志。     

颅后窝内外面有关骨性结构的应用解剖学研究

目的:研究与斜坡区、桥小脑角区、及颈静脉孔外侧区手术入路有关的骨性结构,探讨其定位解剖和临床意义。方法:20具干性成人头颅标本,移去颅盖骨,观察、测量颅后窝内外面有关骨性结构。结果:硬脑膜窦角(STP)点距内耳门距离左侧(32.99±2.72)mm、右侧(37.84±2.58)mm,距颈静脉孔距离左侧(35.27±3.25)mm、右侧(34.63±3.25)mm。颈静脉孔上方约5mm为内耳门,下方约20mm为舌下神经管内口,前方为斜坡区。内耳门、颈静脉孔、舌下神经管内口三者近似在一条直线上。乳突尖距颈静脉孔距离左侧(22.62±1.90)mm、右侧(22.33±2.30)mm,距枕髁后外缘距离左侧(29.42±2.15)mm、右侧(29.08±2.29)mm,距枕大孔距离左侧(39.39±2.03)mm、右侧(38.47±1.96)mm。结论:STP点、颈静脉孔、内耳门是颅后窝内面重要骨性结构,乳突是颅后窝底外侧一个重要骨性标志结构;STP点、内耳门、颈静脉孔、乳突尖可作为颅后窝手术重要的定位标志。     

乙状窦后手术入路的显微解剖和虚拟解剖

目的 探索运用显微解剖和虚拟解剖的方法 研究乙状窦后手术入路,为该入路提供多种方式的形态学基础. 方法 10具(20侧)头颅固定标本,在显微镜下模拟乙状窦后入路手术,观察桥脑小脑三角内结构,并以岩上窦乙状窦汇合处、内耳门为基点进行相关测量;磨除内听道后壁,暴露其内结构;5例患者薄层CT和MRI影像数据,利用Dextroscope系统进行计算机三维重建,虚拟解剖乙状窦后入路手术过程. 结果 岩上窦乙状窦汇合处距三叉神经、面听神经复合体、舌咽神经、舌下神经穿硬膜处的距离分别是(38.50±2.64)mm、(27.80±2.25)mm、(32.70±2.11)mm、(44.30±2.05)mm;内耳门距三叉神经、展神经、小脑幕、舌咽神经穿硬膜处的距离分别是(5.68±1.55)mm、(13.80±1.81)mm、(5.00±0.66)mm、(6.34±1.24)mm.以面听神经复合体和舌咽神经为标志将桥脑小脑三角分为前、中、后3个间隙;在内听道后壁磨除后,该区结构层次充分显示.Dextroscope系统成功模拟乙状窦后手术入路,可显示星点、横窦乙状窦膝、颈静脉孔、内耳门、岩尖、基底动脉系统等结构及其空间关系. 结论 将桥脑小脑三角分为前、中、后3个间隙,有助于了解其内神经血管等结构的层次特点;以岩上窦乙状窦汇合处、内耳门为基点进行测量,可量化结构间的关系,有助于判断各间隙深浅、空间大小;识别内听道内的解剖标志,有利于手术时保护其内结构;通过Dextroscope系统能个体化显示局部结构,方便术前方案的设计.两种方法 各有优缺点,两者互补能提高对乙状窦后入路手术时桥脑小脑三角内结构的认识.     

脑桥小脑三角的应用解剖学

目的为听神经瘤显微外科治疗提供解剖学参数.方法对35具甲醛固定的男性成人尸颅的脑桥小脑三角及毗邻结构进行解剖学测量.结果横窦乙状窦膝至内耳门后缘的距离约为(35.1±0.2)mm.乙状窦起始端最大宽为13.4 m.内耳门后缘至内淋巴囊裂孔的距离为(10.5±0.2)mm,内耳门至岩上窦的距离通常小于5 mm.内耳门至颈静脉孔的距离为5.4 mm.横窦乙状窦膝在小脑表面对应的膝点至绒球外侧缘的距离左侧为(31.3±0.5)mm,右侧为(30.4±0.5)m;至扁桃体内侧缘的距离左侧为(44.1±0.4)mm,右侧为(43.3±0.4)mm.结论这些数据是重要的解剖参数,是保证手术顺利进行、不损伤重要结构的解剖学依据.     

颅中凹进路内耳道定位研究

采用50侧成年头部标本,经颅中凹手术进路,以棘孔的胸膜中动脉、面神经管裂孔和上半规管拱峰为标志,对内耳道的位置进行确定。观测棘孔至面神经管裂孔的距离、面神经管裂孔至内耳道底面神经管内口的距离。膝状神经节裸露率,弓状隆起与上半规管拱峰的关系、上半规管拱峰至内耳道后壁的距离、内耳道上壁至岩上窦的距离,内耳道内上方骨突率,并提出不同手术应采取不同的标志对内耳道进行定位。     

面神经颞骨内段显微解剖及其临床意义

目的对面神经颞骨内段进行的显微解剖,为临床手术提供解剖学参数。方法应用10%福尔马林充分固定的成人尸头标本10例20侧;漂白干颅骨10例20侧。结合手术入路对面神经及其毗邻结构进行测量和拍照。结果面神经颞骨骨质内分支分为四段,即内耳道段、迷路段、鼓室段和乳突段,分别长为(10.11±1.41)、(3.81±0.74)、(10.51±1.44)、(15.51±1.94)mm。内耳道段与位听神经伴行,鼓室段与骨迷路和中耳关系密切,经茎乳孔出颅。结论(1)经岩前入路中可利用弓状隆起和岩大神经定位。(2)经迷路入内耳道底的Bill嵴是寻找面神经内耳道段的重要标志。(3)岩大神经起点内侧5mm的垂直线是定位耳蜗方便、可靠的标志线。(4)弓状隆起和岩大神经的夹角平分线是从颅中窝寻找内耳道的最好的解剖标志。     

经脑干腹侧至面神经脑桥小脑三角段的显微外科解剖

目的:研究面神经脑桥小脑三角段与周围神经血管等结构的解剖关系,为显微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛提供显微解剖参数。方法:成人头颅标本,经口咽至斜坡暴露脑干腹侧面,经脑干腹侧面对面神经脑桥小脑三角段及周围诸结构进行显微测量。结果:面神经与脑桥分离点至面神经实际出入脑干处、内耳门距离为(6.08±0.85)mm、(11.55±1.11)mm;前庭蜗神经与脑桥分离点至前庭蜗神经实际入脑干处、内耳门距离为(6.86±0.91)mm、(10.20±1.19)mm。面神经实际出入脑干处、面神经与脑桥分离点位于舌咽神经出入脑干处、前庭蜗神经与脑桥分离点、绒球内侧缘内侧,是面神经减压重要区域。面神经实际出入脑干处至舌咽神经出入脑干处、前庭蜗神经与脑桥分离点、绒球内侧缘距离分别为(2.12±0.44)mm、(6.32±0.76)mm、(5.65±0.99)mm。面神经与桥脑分离点至舌咽神经出入脑干处、前庭蜗神经与脑桥分离点、绒球内侧缘距分别为(5.95±0.70)mm、(1.18±0.53)mm、(2.98±0.73)mm。结论:面神经实际出入脑干处、面神经与脑桥分离点与血管压迫关系密切,空间位置较深,是术中减压和避免损伤的操作重点。舌咽神经、前庭蜗神经、绒球可作为术中快速定位面神经脑桥小脑三角段进行减压的重要标志。     

内镜辅助下经口径路咽旁间隙的解剖

目的 探讨内镜辅助下经口径路咽旁间隙的解剖结构,了解该径路重要的解剖标志及颈内动脉、颈内静脉及后组颅神经等解剖结构的毗邻关系,为内镜辅助下经口径路切除咽旁间隙肿瘤提供解剖学依据。方法 在内镜辅助下对新鲜尸头标本5例(共10侧)行经口径路咽旁间隙解剖。结果 茎突前间隙以咽上缩肌及翼内肌作为解剖标志,茎突咽肌、茎突舌肌是茎突前间隙的后界也是进入茎突后间隙的标志,重要的血管及后组颅神经（舌咽神经、迷走神经、副神经、舌下神经）位于茎突后间隙。以茎突尖端为标志测量距舌咽神经、舌下神经及迷走神经的水平距离分别为（3.05±0.08）mm（2.94～3.14 mm）、(2.94±0.04）mm（2.44～2.56 mm）、（1.50±0.03）mm（1.46～1.56 mm）;以茎突咽肌为标志进行测量,距舌下神经及迷走神经的水平距离分别为;（3.00±0.03）mm（2.96～3.04 mm）、（5.99±0.03）mm（5.94～6.04 mm）,而舌咽神经基本紧贴该肌内侧面。副神经的走行距离茎突及茎突咽肌较远,经口手术径路几乎不会碰到。结论 内镜辅助下经口径路可较好的暴露咽旁间隙结构,咽上缩肌、翼内肌、茎突咽肌、茎突舌肌是重要的解剖标志。     

国人内耳门的应用解剖学研究

目的：观测内耳门的形态、位置及毗邻关系，为神经外科及耳外科手术提供解剖学依据。方法：观察40例头颅标本内耳门的形态、位置，测量其长度、宽度及与毗邻结构间的距离，并对所得结果用SPSS软件分析。结果：内耳门位于颞骨岩部后面，83．3％呈椭圆形，25．0％有内耳道口上棘，内耳门与颈静脉孔、后半规管间的平均距离分别为7．45mm和15．64mm，双侧数据间无显性意义。结论：内耳门是颞骨岩部后面一个重要的骨性标志，其与毗邻结构间有稳定的解剖关系。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.