不同分娩方式婴儿的气质与智力及体格发育

目的:探讨不同分娩方式对婴儿气质类型、智能和体格发育的影响。方法:采用儿童气质问卷和DST儿童智能发育量表调查364名顺产与剖宫产婴儿的气质和智能发育,并分别测量其体重、身长,观察不同分娩方式对婴儿气质类型、智能和体格发育的影响。结果:两组婴儿的气质类型、智力、体重和身长之间无统计学上的差异(P>0.05)。结论:不同分娩方式对婴儿气质、体格及智力水平无显著影响。     

贵阳市161例学习困难综合征有关因素临床分析

【目的】　探索智力、气质、行为、家族环境因素与儿童学习困难的关系。　【方法】　采用瑞文测验联合型 (CRT)或PPVT、中国 3～ 7岁及 8～ 12岁儿童气质量表分别评定儿童智力、气质及行为特征。并采用自拟问卷调查儿童的家庭环境状况。　【结果】　学习困难儿童 81.11%均为智力正常儿童 ;其气质类型中间近抚育困难型 (I D)、抚育困难型 (D)均高于贵阳市 1997年的流调资料 (P >0 .0 1) ;主要的行为问题是多动、攻击、违纪、交往不良、社会退缩等 ;家庭环境因素对学习困难儿童也有一定的影响。　【结论】　儿童气质、行为及家庭环境因素与学习困难儿童密切相关 ,对这一群体儿童、医务人员、老师及家长应给予其更多的关爱及有效的干预。     

儿童气质与行为、家庭教育的关系

【目的】了解学龄前儿童气质类型特点及与行为、家庭教养间的关系。【方法】采用中国学龄前儿童气质量表、Conners父母及教师问卷及子女教育控制源量表对190名儿童进行测查。【结果】平易型儿童占37．9％，中间偏易型儿童占40．5％，麻烦型占5．3％，中间偏烦型占9．0％，发动缓慢型占7．3％，麻烦型儿童易出现行为问题。各气质维度与其它多项行为因子有显著相关。母亲学历越高，儿童气质愈偏平易型；父母学历越高，儿童学习问题越少，气质类型越积极儿童，其父母的责任感越强，而儿童出现行为问题也越少。【结论】气质与儿童行为问题密切相关，父母对子女的教育方式也是影响行为的主要因素，并对儿童气质的形成起一定的作用。     

家庭养育环境因素对学龄前儿童气质及行为问题的影响研究

【目的】 研究家庭养育环境因素对学龄前儿童气质和行为问题的影响,为临床有效指导提供参考。 【方法】 采用McDevitt SC教授编制《3~7岁儿童气质问卷》测查儿童气质,采用CBCL儿童行为量表调查儿童行为问题,采用自拟的家庭因素调查表了解其家庭养育环境因素,采用Logistic回归分析的方法筛选儿童气质及行为问题的影响因素。 【结果】 许多家庭养育环境因素对学龄前儿童气质类型和维度及行为问题的发生有重要影响。 【结论】 育儿者要重视营造良好的家庭养育环境,为学龄前儿童气质和行为发展创造有利条件。     

儿童感觉统合失调和气质特点关系的研究

【目的】　探讨儿童感觉统合失调和其气质特征之间的关系。　【方法】　采用中国学龄前儿童气质量表(CPTS)和中国学龄儿童气质量表 (CSTS)对 1 2 2名 6～ 1 1岁儿童进行测查 ,对感觉统合失调儿童和正常儿童的气质特征进行了比较。　【结果】　感觉统合失调组儿童与正常儿童气质类型分布差异有高度显著性 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,感觉统合失调组儿童中以麻烦型及中间近麻烦型为多。感觉统合失调组儿童在活动水平、节律性、适应性、心境、持久性 5个气质维度的得分与正常组比较差异有显著性。　【结论】　感觉统合失调与气质特征有密切关系 ,临床进行治疗和干预时应注意儿童气质特征对感觉统合能力的影响     

哮喘儿童气质特征的临床研究

【目的】探讨儿童哮喘与其气质特征之间的关系。【方法】采用中国学龄前儿童气质量表(ChinesePreschool Children Temperament Scale,CPTS)和中国学龄儿童气质量表(Chinese School Children Temperament Scale,CSTS)对78例哮喘儿童和108例正常儿童进行测试。【结果】哮喘组儿童与正常组儿童气质类型分布差异有显著性(P<0.05),哮喘组中麻烦型、中间偏烦型和发动缓慢型等气质类型的比例较高。哮喘组儿童在趋避性、适应性、心境和持久性等气质维度得分与正常组儿童比较差异有非常显著性(P<0.01)。【结论】哮喘儿童的气质比正常儿童消极,儿童哮喘与气质特征关系密切。对哮喘儿童进行治疗和干预时应该考虑其气质特征对哮喘的影响。     

学龄前儿童气质与行为问题的关系探讨

【目的】探讨学龄前儿童气质与行为问题的关系，分析气质特征及其在儿童行为问题发生中的作用。【方法】采用《NYLS3～7岁儿童气质问卷》及《Conners’儿童行为家长问卷》对长春市四所幼儿园737名学龄前儿童进行测查。【结果】行为问题儿童与对照组儿章气质类型分布差异有显著性（P〈0．05），在行为问题组中难养型的比例明显增多且在活动水平、规律性、趋避性、反应强度、情绪本质、注意分散度这六个维度的得分与对照组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。不同气质类型儿童在品行问题、心身障碍、冲动多动、焦虑和学习问题这五个因子的得分比较差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。【结论】行为问题儿童的气质类型以难养型居多并存其独特性．应根据其气质特点，采取相应的教育措施。     

上海市徐汇区436名4～6岁儿童气质特点调研

【目的】了解上海市徐汇区学龄前儿童气质类型分布特点并探讨其影响因素。【方法】随机抽取上海市徐汇区不同类型的5所托幼机构436名4~6岁儿童,采用NYLS的3~7岁儿童气质量表的家长评定问卷和自拟影响因素问卷进行调查,应用"儿童气质量表"进行气质类型评定,用SPSS11.5软件进行统计分析。【结果】难养型占12.2%,易养型占9.2%,启动缓慢型占8.3%,中间型占70.4%。学龄前儿童的气质发展与养育类型、家庭类型、儿童出生时父母亲的年龄、母亲怀孕情况、儿童的主要照顾人以及儿童与父母亲的相处时间等因素有关。【结论】儿童气质的发展受多因素影响,必须从多方面综合分析其气质特征,使儿童的气质与周围环境相协调,有利于促进儿童心理的健康发展。     

8-12岁麻烦型气质儿童运动行为的心理教育探讨

【目的】研究8~12岁麻烦型气质儿童的运动行为的心理教育干预效果,为临床干预提供参考依据。【方法】采用中国学龄期儿童气质量表问卷方式对400名8~12岁学龄期儿童的气质类型进行综合评定划分出5个气质类型;对其中50名麻烦型气质儿童的运动行为问题(偏挑运动项目、运动情绪及运动速度)进行10节体育课的心理教育干预,并对其运动行为在心理教育纠正后进行5节体育课的观察和评定。【结果】心理教育对纠正学龄期麻烦型气质儿童的偏挑运动行为,改善运动情绪,提高运动速度有效。【结论】心理教育可以纠正麻烦型气质儿童的运动行为。     

学龄前儿童情绪问题气质特征的研究

【目的】 了解学龄前儿童不同情绪问题的气质特征。 【方法】 采用儿童气质量表对116名情绪问题儿童(包括特殊恐怖,社交退缩,分离焦虑)与116名正常对照儿童进行测查。 【结果】 情绪问题组与对照组气质类型分布差异有统计学意义,情绪问题组中麻烦型和缓慢型的比例明显比正常对照组的高(P<0.01)。情绪问题组在趋避性和情绪本质两个维度的得分与对照组差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。特殊恐惧、社交退缩和分离焦虑三种情绪问题在趋避性这一个维度评分与对照组差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。 【结论】 情绪问题儿童气质有其独特性。趋避性因子能够较好的反应行为抑制的气质特征,对情绪问题发生的有预测作用。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.