Laparoscopic management of splenic cysts: marsupialization, cavity lining with surgicel and omentopexy to prevent recurrence

INTRODUCTION: Open total splenectomy, once the treatment of choice for splenic cysts, has largely been replaced by laparoscopic, splenic preserving procedures. These techniques have resulted in reduced hospitalization times and rates of overwhelming postsplenectomy infection. We report 2 cases of laparoscopic management of large, symptomatic splenic cysts. METHODS: Two patients presented with symptomatic splenic cysts. The first was a simple cyst by history, the second a posttraumatic cyst. Both patients were treated by laparoscopic cyst marsupialization followed by lining the cavity with Surgicel (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ) and performance of an omentopexy. RESULTS: Both procedures were performed without complication. At 25 months, neither patient showed any evidence of symptomatic or radiologic recurrence. Pathology confirmed the preoperative diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic marsupialization of splenic cysts in combination with lining the cyst cavity with Surgicel and omentopexy is a safe, feasible, and efficacious method of management with excellent results at 25-month follow-up.     

Laparoscopic marsupialization and hemisplenectomy for splenic cysts

BACKGROUND: Splenic cysts are a rare clinical entity in the United States, and historically, management has consisted of either partial or total splenectomy via an open approach. Laparoscopic treatment of splenic cysts with preservation of splenic parenchyma offers several advantages. Compared with the open approach, a laparoscopic approach may result in less postoperative pain and a more rapid return to full activity. Compared with total splenectomy, splenic preservation eliminates the risk of overwhelming postsplenectomy infection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We present two patients with splenic cysts. One patient was treated with laparoscopic marsupialization of the cyst and the other with laparoscopic hemisplenectomy. RESULTS: Both patients are without further symptoms at 26 and 5 months' follow-up, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic marsupialization and hemisplenectomy are appropriate treatment options for patients with splenic cysts.     

Laparoscopic management of symptomatic and large adrenal cysts

PURPOSE: We present the feasibility and results of the laparoscopic management of symptomatic and large adrenal cysts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From June 1993 to April 2004 we performed 149 laparoscopic adrenalectomies. In this series 8 patients with symptomatic adrenal cysts or pseudocysts were treated laparoscopically. Surgical indications for laparoscopic management of adrenal cysts were abdominal pain in 5 cases and cyst size 5 cm or greater in 3. RESULTS: The incidence of adrenal cyst was 5.4% (8 of 149 cases). Six patients underwent laparoscopic adrenal cyst decortication and marsupialization, 1 underwent laparoscopic partial adrenalectomy and 1 underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Mean operative time was 77.5 minutes. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. Mean hospital stay was 1.7 days. At a mean followup of 18.5 months all patients were asymptomatic and without radiographic evidence of cyst recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic conservative management of adrenal cysts is safe and feasible. Laparoscopic decortication and marsupialization should be the preferred treatment option for symptomatic adrenal cysts. Laparoscopic partial adrenalectomy or a total adrenalectomy can be performed in cases of larger cysts which compromise most of the adrenal gland. To our knowledge, this represents the largest series of symptomatic adrenal cysts managed laparoscopically.     

A ten-year experience with laparoscopic treatment of splenic cysts.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The management of symptomatic splenic cysts lacks clear, evidence-based guidelines due to its low incidence. Recently, laparoscopic treatment has been described. We present our experience with the laparoscopic management of solitary splenic cysts with a review of the existing literature, and recommendations for therapy. METHODS: All patients who underwent laparoscopic treatment of splenic cysts over a 10-year period were identified. The medical records of these 9 patients were reviewed. RESULTS: All surgeries were performed laparoscopically, with no conversions. Two patients underwent cyst decapsulation, and 7 patients underwent cyst unroofing. No major complications occurred. Recurrence occurred in 33.3% of patients; unroofing had a recurrence rate of 42.9% compared with 0% after decapsulation. Pseudocysts were found in 66.7% of patients and true cysts on final pathology were found in 33.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic decapsulation and unroofing of splenic cysts are safe procedures that confer the advantages of both splenic preservation and minimally invasive surgery. Cyst unroofing has a high recurrence and should be selectively used. Laparoscopic cyst decapsulation is associated with longer operative time, but should be considered as first-line therapy.     

Laparoscopic marsupialization of a giant posttraumatic splenic cyst.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Nonparasitic cysts are rare clinical lesions of the spleen. Causes include congenital malformations and trauma. Historically, management has entailed partial or total splenectomy using an open approach. Recently, laparoscopic approaches have been developed. In this report, we describe laparoscopic marsupialization of a giant splenic cyst (diameter > 15 cm). METHODS: A 25-year-old African-American man presented with a 9-month history of early satiety, constipation, and left upper quadrant pain. Additionally, he reported blunt trauma to the abdomen 2 years earlier. Physical examination revealed a large, fixed, nontender left upper quadrant mass. Computed tomography scan confirmed a simple cyst within the spleen, measuring 20 x 25 cm. Echinococcus and Entamoeba histolytica serologies were negative. Laparoscopic exploration was performed. Four liters of brown fluid were aspirated and intraoperative cytology confirmed a nonparasitic cyst. The cyst wall was excised and the cavity was packed with omentum. RESULTS: The patient's recovery was uneventful, and he was discharged to home tolerating a regular diet on postoperative day 3. At 6-month follow-up, the patient was asymptomatic and showed no evidence of recurrence. CONCLUSION: Nonparasitic splenic cysts are rare lesions. Laparoscopic marsupialization is safe and effective for giant nonparasitic splenic cysts and should be considered the treatment of choice.     

Recurrence after laparoscopic excision of nonparasitic splenic cysts

Background

Minimally invasive treatments for nonparasitic splenic cysts are well described. Recent evidence suggests that laparoscopic splenic cystectomy is associated with high recurrence rates in children. Because these cysts are uncommon, no large series is available. We reviewed our clinical data focusing on cyst recurrences and their management.

Methods

All children who underwent laparoscopic excision of a nonparasitic splenic cyst from January 2002 to December 2006 were identified. Medical and surgical records were reviewed for perioperative details, hospital course, and outcome.

Results

Eight children (median age, 13 years; range, 7-16 years) who underwent laparoscopic splenic cystectomy were identified. The most common presenting complaint was left upper quadrant pain or mass (n = 6; 75%). Median cyst size was 13 cm (range, 4-20 cm). There were no conversions to an open technique, completion splenectomies, or perioperative complications. Cysts were identified pathologically as epidermoid (n = 6) or posttraumatic (n = 2). Median hospital stay was 1.5 days. One child required partial splenectomy because of cyst anatomy and remains recurrence-free at 12 months. Cyst recurrence occurred in 7 patients (88%) at a median of 9.4 months (range, 3-18 months) after initial surgery. Median recurrent cyst size was 5.6 cm (range, 3-11 cm). Of 7 recurrences, 4 (57%) were symptomatic. Percutaneous ultrasound-guided cyst drainage and sclerosis were performed in 2 children with symptomatic recurrences, one of whom required 4 separate interventions. There were no complications during management of cyst recurrences. Five children with recurrence (71%) have been followed conservatively and are free of morbidity at a median of 23 months (range, 8-55 months).

Conclusions

Laparoscopic excision of nonparasitic splenic cysts in children is associated with a high recurrence rate and may be insufficient treatment. Partial splenectomy may decrease recurrence rates. Conservative management of splenic cyst recurrence after laparoscopic excision is associated with good short-term outcomes. If necessary, image-guided management of symptomatic recurrences can be performed safely.     

Partial laparoscopic decapsulation of splenic cysts: long-term results

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of laparoscopic decapsulation in the management of splenic cysts. Cystic disease of spleen is an infrequent entity. Laparoscopic surgery should be considered as the method of choice for the greater of patients diagnosed with a splenic cyst. We provide 2 new cases of splenic cysts treated with partial laparoscopic decapsulation using harmonic scalpel. The patients were examined 5 years later and no cysts recurrence was found.     

Laparoscopic management of renal cystic disease

Laparoscopic management of renal cystic disease is a highly effective, safe, and minimally invasive alternative to open surgery and antegrade or retrograde endoscopic procedures. Simple renal cysts can be accessed either transperitoneally or retroperitoneally. Almost all studies of the laparoscopic approach have demonstrated great satisfaction in terms of efficacy, minimal complications, operative time, minimal blood loss, hospital stay, recuperation, and cosmesis over other methods of treating renal cysts. Laparoscopic unroofing of peripelvic cysts is more challenging owing to their proximity to hilar vessels and the collecting system. Such surgery should be considered an advanced laparoscopic procedure. Access may be achieved either transperitoneally or retroperitoneoscopically. The basic principle of adequate exposure is essential for effective treatment. If the cyst is not completely excised, the surgeon must fulgurate the edge and tack perirenal fat in the residual cyst cavity to prevent recurrence and facilitate drainage. Laparoscopic evaluation of complex cysts seems to be sound. The results are promising, and follow-up does not show any increase in peritoneal seeding, tract recurrence, or distant metastases in the small number of neoplasms diagnosed at laparoscopy. Nevertheless, more studies are required with long-term follow-up. Bosniak type IV renal cysts or malignancy in renal cysts can be managed by laparoscopic radical nephrectomy with either access. Laparoscopic cyst marsupialization in patients with ADPKD is the latest emerging indication for laparoscopy in renal cystic disease. This procedure not only effectively reduces pain in some patients but also improves hypertension and stabilizes renal function, delaying renal replacement therapy. Long-term follow-up and further evaluation are needed.     

Laparoscopic decapsulation of congenital splenic cysts: a step forward in splenic preservation

Purpose

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of laparoscopic decapsulation in the management of congenital splenic cysts in children.

Methods

Patients who presented over the last decade with congenital splenic cysts and were treated with laparoscopic decapsulation were reviewed retrospectively. The authors performed 4 procedures in 3 patients aged 10, 11 (and later 13), and 13 years. In all cases there was progressive enlargement of a single cyst, which lay in the upper pole of the spleen in 3 instances and in the lower pole in the fourth. Pneumoperitoneum was induced using the Veress needle technique, and 3 or 4 ports were utilized. Cysts were aspirated initially before marsupialization with excision of around two thirds of the cyst wall. Both endoshears and the harmonic scalpel were used with good hemostatic effect.

Results

All patients had a good outcome with cyst resolution on long-term follow-up using serial ultrasound scanning. The first patient (in 1993) remained 3 days as an in patient postoperatively, and the others stayed overnight only. One patient had a new cyst near the first 30 months after the initial procedure. This again was dealt with laparoscopically, with patient discharge the following day. There were no complications in the short or long term. Histology in all cases confirmed a simple epithelial cyst. Median follow-up was 2 years (range, 6 months to 8 years).

Conclusions

Our experience shows that laparoscopic decapsulation is an effective means of managing congenital splenic cysts and that both harmonic scalpel and endoshears are satisfactory dissecting instruments. Extensive marsupialization is probably unnecessary in these larger cysts, because long-term follow-up has shown no increased risk of recurrence after leaving a significant proportion of the cyst wall behind. This approach helps avoid major surgery in these cases.     

Laparoscopic splenectomy for recurrent splenic cyst after laparoscopic marsupialization

We describe laparoscopic splenectomy for recurrent splenic cyst after laparoscopic marsupialization. The patient was a 24-year-old woman with a 20-cm palpable mass in the left upper quadrant. She had undergone laparoscopic marsupialization for splenic cyst 62 months previously. Abdominal ultrasonography and computed tomography revealed a huge cystic lesion of the spleen, and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated multiple cystic lesions occupying almost the entire spleen. We performed laparoscopic splenectomy for the recurrent splenic cyst. The operation took 170 minutes. Histologic examination of the resected spleen revealed a hemangioma with cyst formation. The cyst wall consisted of fibrous tissue, covered by stratified cuboid or squamous epithelium. The patient had no abdominal symptoms during 13 months of follow-up. Postoperative follow-up examination by ultrasound or computed tomography is required after surgical treatment for splenic cyst to exclude the possibility of recurrence after preservation of the spleen.     

腹膜后腹腔镜肾囊肿去顶术65例报告

目的:总结腹膜后腹腔镜肾囊肿去顶术的手术经验。方法:回顾分析2004年8月至2011年6月为65例患者行腹膜后腹腔镜肾囊肿去顶术的临床资料。其中男44例,女21例;28～77岁,平均53岁。结果:65例均顺利完成腹膜后腹腔镜手术,无一例中转开放。64例行肾囊肿去顶术,1例改行腹腔镜肾部分切除术。手术时间30～120 min,平均42 min。患者均未输血。术中、术后无明显并发症发生。65例患者均获随访,随访3～60个月,行B超或CT检查,均无囊肿或肿瘤复发。结论:腹膜后腹腔镜肾囊肿去顶术治疗单纯性肾囊肿安全、有效,值得推广应用。     

Laparoscopic splenic total cystectomy in a patient with elevated CA 19-9.

True nonparasitic splenic cysts are rare. Reports of approximately 30 cases of benign true splenic cysts producing elevated CA 19-9 serum levels have been published. The traditional treatment of splenic epidermoid cysts is splenectomy. However, with all the advances in laparoscopic surgery, conservative laparoscopic approaches are accepted as the most preferred techniques for this benign disease. Laparoscopic cystectomy with its minimal invasiveness and low morbidity is the ideal technique for properly selected patients. So far, only one case report of laparoscopic cystectomy for splenic epidermoid cyst with elevated CA 19-9 levels has been published. This is the second known report of this procedure being performed to remove a splenic epidermoid cyst in a patient with elevated CA 19-9 levels.     

腹腔镜开窗引流术治疗儿童非寄生虫性脾囊肿的单中心经验

目的:探讨腹腔镜下开窗引流术治疗儿童非寄生虫性脾囊肿的应用价值。方法:回顾分析2017年5月至2020年5月为6例脾囊肿患儿行腹腔镜脾囊肿开窗引流术的临床资料,统计分析囊肿大小、患儿年龄、手术时间、术中出血量、腹腔引流管留置时间及术后住院时间等相关指标,并进行长期随访,观察复发及并发症等情况。结果:6例患儿均成功完成腹腔镜脾囊肿开窗引流术,无中转开腹。患儿4~15岁,手术时间75~150 min,术中出血量10~30 mL,术后留置腹腔引流管4~19 d,术后住院4~19 d。术后随访0.5~3年,2例复发。结论:腹腔镜下脾囊肿开窗引流术治疗儿童脾囊肿安全、可行,操作简单。     

腹腔镜治疗非寄生虫性脾囊肿3例附文献复习

目的:探讨腹腔镜治疗非寄生虫性脾囊肿的可行性.方法:2007年7月至2010年7月为3例脾囊肿患者行腹腔镜脾囊肿去顶减压术,用超声刀切开囊壁,完全暴露囊腔,在囊壁与正常脾脏组织交界0.5cm处切除囊壁,并直接取出.结果:3例均成功完成腹腔镜脾囊肿去顶减压术,无一例中转开放手术.手术时间分别为45min、30min、35...     

Long-term outcome after surgical treatment of nonparasitic splenic cysts

Background The optimal treatment for patients with nonparasitic splenic cysts is controversial. This study aimed to evalulate the clinical outcome of patients treated for a symptomatic splenic cyst, and to define a surgical strategy. Methods Spleen-preserving surgery (9 laparotomies and 6 laparoscopies) was performed for a primary cyst in six patients and a secondary cyst in nine patients. The median follow-up time was 37.5 months. Partial splenic resection was performed for eight patients and cyst decapsulation for seven patients. Results Cyst recurrence was observed in four patients after decapsulation of a primary splenic cyst, as compared with none after resection. Postoperative complications were encountered only after laparotomy (5/9). The median hospital stay was 3.5 days (range, 2–5 days) after laparoscopy, as compared with 9 days (range, 5–14 days) after laparotomy. Conclusions Symptomatic splenic cysts should be treated laparoscopically. For patients with recurrent or suspected primary splenic cysts, laparoscopic partial splenectomy is preferable. For other cases, a laparoscopic decapsulation is advocated.     

腹腔镜肝脾肾囊肿部分切除术的体会

目的：探讨腹腔镜肝脾肾囊肿部分切除术的临床适用性。方法：应用腹腔镜、超声刀为48例肝脾肾囊肿患者行囊肿部分切除术,电凝烧灼及无水酒精纱布湿敷残留囊壁粘膜。结果：48例手术全部成功,手术时间20～90min,无并发症发生,均于术后3d出院。1例术后2年复发,1例术后抗结核6个月。结论：腹腔镜肝脾肾囊肿部分切除术是适用、有效的微创外科手术。     

Open and laparoscopic treatment of nonparasitic splenic cysts

BACKGROUND: Nonparasitic splenic cysts are rare. Therefore, there is no 'evidence-based' information regarding their optimal surgical management. In the last years the laparoscopic approach has gained increasing acceptance in splenic surgery. The aim of this study is to present our experience with the laparoscopic management of splenic cysts. METHODS:The medical records of 7 patients with splenic cysts were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: One patient had an open partial splenic resection. Five patients, 3 of them with a posttraumatic and 2 with an epidermoid splenic cyst, underwent laparoscopic unroofing of the cyst. In 4 of these cases the postoperative course was uneventful, whereas in 1 case the patient developed a cyst relapse soon postoperatively. Later on this patient successfully underwent an open partial splenic resection. The 7th patient had an explorative laparoscopy. The cyst was located intrasplenically, entirely covered with unaffected splenic parenchyma, and reached the splenic hilus. Therefore, a conversion to open partial splenectomy was performed. CONCLUSION: Open partial splenectomy and laparoscopic cyst wall unroofing are both effective tools in the management of splenic nonparasitic cysts. Surgeons must master both techniques as nowadays spleen-preserving techniques should be attempted in every case of splenic nonparasitic cyst.     

腹腔镜下脾囊肿的保脾术探讨

目的探讨腹腔镜下脾囊肿保脾手术的可行性。方法应用腹腔镜微创器械和镜下单人双手操作缝合技术为8例脾囊肿施行保脾手术,根据囊肿所处的部位、大小、性质,采用囊肿完整剥除4例,脾部分切除2例,囊肿去顶开窗引流2例。结果8例脾囊肿都成功地完成了腹腔镜下去除囊肿和脾脏的保留,手术时间60～120min,平均100min;术中出血量60～120ml,平均80ml。术后无出血、感染等并发症,4～6d出院。8例术后随访1～72个月,平均38个月,恢复良好,无复发。结论腹腔镜下去除囊肿而保存脾脏的术式可行。     

Laparoscopic treatment of simple hepatic cysts and polycystic liver disease

Background: The authors present their experience in the laparoscopic management of hepatic cysts and polycystic liver disease (PLD). Methods: Between January 1996 and January 2002, 16 patients underwent laparoscopic liver surgery. Indications were solitary giant cysts (n = 10) and PLD (n = 6). Data were collected retrospectively. Results: Laparoscopic fenestration was completed in 15 patients. Median operative time was 80 min. There was no deaths. Complications occurred in four patients: one patient with a solitary liver cyst experienced diarrhea, while a pleural effusion, a bleeding from the trocar-insertion site, and ascites occurred in three patients with PLD. Median follow-up was 34 months. There was one asymptomatic recurrence (11%) in one patient with a solitary cyst. Two patients with PLD had a symptomatic recurrence of a liver cyst. Conclusion: Laparoscopic fenestration could be the preferred treatment of solitary liver cysts and PLD. Adequate selection of patients and type of cystic liver together with a meticulous surgical technique are recommended.     

Laparoscopic partial splenectomies for true splenic cysts. A report of two cases

The goals of treatment for nonparasitic splenic cyst include elimination of the cyst and prevention of recurrence. We treated two cases of true splenic cysts by successfully performing partial splenectomies via a laparoscopic approach. Herein we describe the surgical technique used and tactical aspects. Laparoscopic partial splenectomies can be a definitive treatment for true splenic cysts in that they preserve splenic function and prevent recurrence.