胸腺肽α1佐治老年肝硬化并发自发性腹膜炎的临床疗效及对免疫功能的影响

目的观察胸腺肽α1辅助治疗老年肝硬化并发自发性腹膜炎的疗效及对免疫功能的影响。方法62例老年肝硬化并发自发性腹膜炎患者随机按1：1比例分为两组：治疗组和对照组。对照组给予常规综合治疗;治疗组在此基础上加用胸腺肽α1 1．6mg皮下注射,每天2次,连用3天后再改为每天1次,疗程共2周。观察两组临床疗效及免疫功能变化。结果治疗组总有效率明显优于对照组,分别为74．19％和51．61％。且治疗组CD3^＋、CD4^＋、NK细胞和CD4^＋／CD8^＋治疗后明显高于治疗前,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,对照组治疗前后各项免疫指标无明显变化。结论胸腺肽α1可显著提高老年肝硬化并发自发性腹膜炎患者的疗效,并改善患者的免疫功能。     

胸腺肽α1治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺病急性发作期的疗效观察

目的探讨胸腺肽α1治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)急性发作期的疗效。方法将54例老年COPD急性期住院患者随机分为常规治疗组和胸腺肽治疗组2组,胸腺肽治疗组在常规治疗组基础上加用胸腺肽α11.6mg皮下注射,1次/d,疗程2周。观察2组患者血清C反应蛋白(CRP)和降钙素原(PCT)水平、细胞免疫功能水平和临床疗效。结果治疗后胸腺肽组CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+水平较常规组明显改善(P<0.05),CRP和PCT水平较常规组明显下降(P<0.05),临床有效率较常规组明显提高(P<0.05)。结论胸腺肽α1能改善老年COPD患者的免疫功能,联合胸腺肽α1治疗老年COPD急性发作期效果明显。     

胸腺肽α1对脓毒症患者T细胞亚群的影响

目的研究胸腺肽α1对脓毒症患者T细胞亚群等免疫功能的影响。方法随机将脓毒症患者40例分为治疗组（n=20）和对照组（n=20）,对照组给予SSC（surviving sepisis campaign,SSC）经典治疗,治疗组则加用胸腺肽俚。治疗,疗程为7d。分别观察两组患者治疗前后APACHE Ⅱ评分、CRP、T细胞亚群CD3^＋、CO4^＋、CD8^＋、CO4^＋／CD8^＋比值、NK细胞百分率、淋巴细胞计数的变化。结果脓毒症治疗组治疗后APACHE Ⅱ评分及CRP下降,CD3^＋、CD4^＋上升,CD8^＋下降,CD4^＋／CD8^＋上升,NK细胞百分率和淋巴细胞计数上升,与治疗前以及对照组治疗后相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论胸腺肽α1可以改善脓毒症患者的免疫功能,调节炎症反应状态,有利于脓毒症的控制。     

胸腺肽α1联合抗生素治疗恶性肿瘤患者并发肺部感染33例

目的观察胸腺肽α1联合抗生素治疗恶性肿瘤患者并发肺部感染的疗效及外周血T细胞亚群水平变化情况。方法63例恶性肿瘤并发肺部感染患者按数字表法随机分为治疗组（33例）和对照组（30例）,对照组采用敏感抗生素治疗,治疗组在对照组的基础上加用胸腺肽理,,采用免疫荧光技术检测外周血T淋巴细胞亚群（CD3、CD4^＋、CD8^＋）的百分率,并观察临床疗效。结果治疗后,治疗组CD4^＋百分率和CD4^＋／CD8^＋明显高于对照组（t=3．34,P〈0．01和t=3．12,P〈0．05）;治疗组总有效率90．9％明显高于对照组的70．0％（χ^2=2．98,P〈0．05）。结论对恶性肿瘤并发肺部感染患者采用胸腺肽仅。治疗可明显增强患者机体细胞免疫功能,提高治疗效果。     

胸腺肽α1用于非霍奇金淋巴瘤化疗的作用评价

目的 评价胸腺肽α1（Tα1）在非霍奇金淋巴瘤（NHL）化疗中的作用.方法 将40例NHL患者随机分为两组.观察组：用Tα1 1.6 mg皮下注射,2次/周,合并使用常规化疗方案（CHOP）;对照组：仅使用常规化疗方案.结果 观察组有效率70%,对照组有效率60%,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;观察组治疗后CD3,CD4,CD4/CD8,NK细胞活性均明显高于治疗前,差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）.结论 Tα1可调节T淋巴细胞功能,提高NHL免疫功能,无明显不良反应,具有免疫保护作用.     

胸腺肽α1对肿瘤患者淋巴细胞亚群影响

目的：探讨肿瘤患者在免疫治疗前后的外周血淋巴细胞亚群变化。方法：采用流式细胞术检测40例肿瘤患者外周血CD3^＋、CD3^＋CD4^＋、CD3^＋CD8^＋等5项免疫指标变化，其中22例患者应用参麦、黄芪等治疗，同时给予免疫治疗，其余18例仅给予参麦、黄芪等治疗，并对免疫指标变化的结果进行比较。结果：接受胸腺肽α1（日迭仙）治疗的病人治疗前后2次免疫指标检测差别有统计学意义（P〈0.01）；未接受免疫治疗者前后2次免疫指标检测差别无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：用流式细胞仪检测淋巴细胞亚群为临床观察肿瘤患者的免疫状态提供有效的依据。胸腺肽α1治疗可显著改善免疫功能。     

胸腺法新联合抗生素用于恶性肿瘤并发肺部感染疗效观察

目的 观察胸腺法新联合抗生素用于ICU恶性肿瘤并发肺部感染患者的临床疗效.方法 将68例恶性肿瘤并发肺部感染患者按数字表法随机分为观察组（A组）34例和对照组（B组）34例,A组在使用抗生素治疗肺部感染的基础上皮下注射胸腺法新.记录并比较两组患者治疗前、治疗14 d后T细胞亚群、WBC、IL-6、TNF-α、CRP的变化及总有效率.结果 治疗14 d后,A组CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD4^＋/CD8^＋较B组明显上升[CD3^＋：（63.54±8.61）比（56.97±8.10）;CD4＋：（48.73±5.36）比（35.32±5.62）; CD4^＋/CD8^＋：（1.47±0.43）比（0.96±0.90）,t=3.24、4.64、3.12,均P＜0.05],WBC：（×10^9/L）、IL-6（μg/L）、TNF-α（μg/L）、CRP（μg/mL）下降均较B组更显著（[WBC：（8.4±2.8）比（12.5±5.0）;IL-6：（0.15±0.06）比（0.38±0.14）;TNF-α：（3.54±0.90）比（7.80±1.76）; CRP：（81.72±29.93）比（107.08±28.96）,t=4.11、8.50、12.52、3.55,均P＜0.01],且治疗总有效率明显增高（91.2%比61.8%,χ^2=8.173,P=0.004）.结论 胸腺法新联合抗生素用于ICU恶性肿瘤并发肺部感染患者,能更有效改善恶性肿瘤患者免疫功能,有助于严重肺部感染的控制.     

胸腺肽α1联合化疗对肺癌患者疗效及免疫功能的影响

目的：观察胸腺肽α1联合化疗对肺癌患者疗效及免疫功能的影响。方法49例晚期非小细胞肺癌患者,随机分为对照组和观察组,对照组25例,予GP方案化疗;观察组24例,予GP方案＋胸腺肽α1治疗。结果治疗后两组有效率比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;两组CD4、CD8、CD4/CD8治疗前组间比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,两组治疗后在CD4、CD8、CD4/CD8组间比较,观察组明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论胸腺肽α1联合化疗治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌,可以提高患者免疫功能,增强体质。     

胸腺肽α1辅助治疗对COPD患者疗效及免疫功能的影响

目的观察胸腺肽辅助治疗对COPD患者疗效及免疫功能的影响。方法选择92例在本院确诊的COPD患者,随机分为对照组和观察组,两组均46例。对对照组患者予以综合治疗;观察组患者在对照组患者治疗的基础上给予加用胸腺肽α1治疗。两组患者均治疗3个月,观察两组免疫功能及总体有效率的变化。结果治疗后两组的CD4、CD8、CD4/CD8指标与治疗前组内比较,对照组差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,观察组差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,治疗后两组在CD4、CD8、CD4/CD8指标组间比较,观察组明显优于对照组（P〈0.05）,差异具有统计学意义。两组总体有效率比较,观察组明显优于对照组。结论胸腺肽辅助治疗对COPD患者可增强患者免疫功能,疗效显著。     

胸腺肽α1治疗慢性重型肝炎并自发性腹膜炎疗效观察

目的探讨胸腺肽α1治疗慢性重型肝炎并自发性腹膜炎的作用机制及疗效。方法60例慢性重型肝炎并发腹膜炎患者,按入院单双号随机分成治疗组和对照组各30例,对照组行常规综合治疗;治疗组在对照组的基础上加用胸腺肽α1皮下注射,1．6mg／次,2次／d,连用3d后改为1次／d,疗程2周,观察两组治疗效果及T淋巴细胞亚群变化情况。结果治疗组临床症状缓解时间、肝功能恢复时间均明显短于对照组（均P〈0．05）;治疗组显效10例,有效17例,无效3例,总有效率90．0％,与对照组的5例、14例、11例、63．3％比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;治疗组CD3^＋、CD4^＋、NK细胞和CD4^＋／CD8^＋治疗后明显高于治疗前（均P〈0．05）,对照组治疗前后各项免疫指标无明显变化。结论胸腺肽α1可显著改善慢性重型肝炎并发自发性腹膜炎患者的免疫功能,从而提高治疗效果。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.