Effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields on orthodontic tooth movement

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the application of a simple surgically noninvasive, pulsed electromagnetic field could increase both the rate and amount of orthodontic tooth movement observed in guinea pigs. In addition, the objective was to evaluate the electromagnetic field's effects on bony physiology and metabolism and to search for possible systemic side effects. Laterally directed orthodontic force was applied to the maxillary central incisors of a sample of 40 young male, Hartley guinea pigs (20 experimental, 20 control) by means of a standardized intraoral coil spring inserted under constricting pressure into holes drilled in the guinea pigs' two maxillary central incisors. During the experimental period, the guinea pigs were placed in specially constructed, plastic animal holders with their heads positioned in an area of uniform electromagnetic field. Control animals were placed in similar plastic holders that did not carry the electrical apparatus. The application of a pulsed electromagnetic field to the experimental animals significantly increased both the rate and final amount of orthodontic tooth movement observed over the 10-day experimental period. The experimental animals also demonstrated histologic evidence of significantly greater amounts of bone and matrix deposited in the area of tension between the orthodontically moved maxillary incisors. This increase in cellular activity was also reflected by the presence of significantly greater numbers of osteoclasts in the alveolar bone surrounding the maxillary incisors of the experimental animals. After a 10-day exposure to pulsed electromagnetic field, minor changes in serologic parameters relating to protein metabolism and muscle activity were noted. The results of this study suggest that it is possible to increase the rate of orthodontic tooth movement and bone deposition through the application of a noninvasive, pulsed electromagnetic field.     

Effects of pulsed electromagnetic field vibration on tooth movement induced by magnetic and mechanical forces: a preliminary study

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to determine whether or not high-frequency and low-magnitude vibration affects orthodontic tooth movement caused by magnetic or/and mechanical forces. METHODS: Forty-four 7-week-old Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups, with each group further divided into experimental and control subgroups. Neodymium-Iron-Boron (Nd-Fe-B) magnets and Sentalloy closed coil springs were placed between maxillary or mandibular first molars and incisors to activate tooth movement. The animals of experimental subgroups were exposed to the vibration induced by pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) whilst the control subgroups were under normal atmosphere. The experiment lasted for 14 days and all of the animals were sacrificed for examination. The changes in the space between the molar and incisor were measured to indicate the amount of tooth movement. RESULTS: The coil springs, either with sham or active magnets, move molar much more than magnets alone, regardless of absence or presence of PEMF (p < 0.001). Under PEMF, the coil spring moved significantly more amount of tooth movement than that of coil-magnet combination (p < 0.01), as did the magnets compared to sham magnets (p < 0.019). Under a non-PEMF scenario, there was no significant difference in tooth movement between coil spring and coil-magnets combination, nor was there difference between magnets and sham magnets. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that the PEMF-induced vibration may enhance the effect of mechanical and magnetic forces on tooth movement.     

Effect of pulsed electromagnetic field on orthodontic tooth movement through transmission electromicroscopy

This experiment is to observe the effect of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) on orthodontic tooth movement of guinea pigs through transmission electron microscope (TEM). 14-days observations indicate that PEMF could accelerate the rate of orthodontic tooth movement as a result of the increase in quantity of active cell without changing the ultrastructures of cells and have no unfavorable effects on periodontal tissues.     

The effect of pregnancy on orthodontic tooth movement in rats

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pregnancy on orthodontic tooth movement in Wistar rats. Material and Methods: Forty eight female three-month old Wistar rats with an average weight of 250±25 gr were selected and randomly divided into two experimental (pregnant) and control groups (non-pregnant). Maxillary central incisors were tipped distally by insertion of springs exerting 30g force. Two, seven and fourteen days after spring insertion animals were sacrificed. Then the mesioincisal distance between maxillary incisors were measured. Subsequently, histological sections were prepared to count osteoclasts under a light microscope. The data on the extent of orthodontic tooth movement, and the number of osteoclasts were analyzed by independent sample t-test. Results: The results indicated that 2,7 and 14 days after force application there was no significant difference in orthodontic tooth movement between experimental and control groups (p>0.05). The number of osteoclasts were significantly lower in the experimental group 7 and 14 days after spring insertion (p<0.05). Conclusion: Pregnancy may decrease the amount of tooth movement in the linear phase but it is not statistically significant. The number of osteoclasts is significantly decreased during pregnancy. Key words:Pregnancy, rat, orthodontic tooth movement, osteoclast.     

灌服川续断水煎液对大鼠正畸牙移动的影响

目的 研究灌服川续断水煎液对大鼠正畸牙移动的影响。方法 选择48只SPF级Wistar大鼠,随机分2组,每组24只,于上颌一侧第一磨牙与上切牙之间结扎正畸螺旋弹簧,建立大鼠正畸牙齿移动实验模型。实验组每日灌服6g/kg川续断水煎液;对照组每日灌服3ml生理盐水。两组动物于正畸加力7、14、21、28d后分批处死,取上颌磨牙及牙周组织,测量上颌第一磨牙近中移动距离并行统计学分析。结果 正畸加力7d,实验组大鼠第一磨牙近中移动距离与对照组无统计学差异(P>0.05)。正畸加力14、21、28d,实验组大鼠第一磨牙近中移动距离明显大于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 川续断能够加速正畸牙齿的移动速度。     

The effect of oral contraceptives on orthodontic tooth movement in rat

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ethinyl estradiol/norgestrel � used in some oral contraceptives- on orthodontic tooth movement in Wistar rats. Material and Methods: Forty eight female three-month old Wistar rats with an average weight of 250�25gr were divided into two experimental and control groups. One week prior to appliance insertion and during the appliance therapy period, 100 mcg/kg/day of ethinyl estradiol and 1mg/kg/days of norgestrel were administered to the experimental group by gavage; meanwhile the control group received an equivalent volume of Sodium Chloride 0.9 % (Saline). Maxillary central incisors were tipped distally by insertion of springs exerting 30g force. Two, seven and fourteen days after spring insertion animals were sacrificed. The mesioincisal distance between maxillary incisors were measured. Subsequently, histological sections were prepared for histomorphometric studies. Results: 14 days after force application the orthodontic tooth movement was significantly lower in the experimental group (p<0.05). The number of osteoclasts were significantly lower in the experimental group 2, 7 and 14 days after spring insertion (p<0.05). Conclusion: Ethinyl estradiol/norgestrel (oral contraceptives) can significantly decrease the amount of tooth movement in the linear phase. Key words:Oral contraceptives, orthodontic tooth movement, ethinyl estradiol, norgestrel.     

Intermittent 8-hour activation in orthodontic molar movement.

The duration of force application is an important factor, together with the magnitude of force, in stimulating osteoclast recruitment in the periodontal ligament. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of duration of intermittent versus continuous force application on the amount of molar movement in rats. Seventy-six molars of 38 rats were randomly assigned to continuous, intermittent, and sham-operation groups. A calibrated nickel-titanium coil spring exerting 40 g of initial force was suspended between the maxillary first molars and the incisors for 13 days. In the intermittent group, the coil spring was suspended for 8 hours per day. Tooth movement was measured on radiographs. There was no significant difference in the initial tooth displacement between the continuous-force and intermittent-force groups. Tooth movement at day 7 was significantly (P <.05) less in the intermittent group than in the continuous group. Actual mesial tooth movement and total tooth movement in the intermittent group were 65.9% and 73.7%, respectively, of those in the continuous group. Our results suggest that the amount of tooth movement in response to intermittent force is less than that in response to continuous force, but that the amount of tooth movement achieved by intermittent force exceeds the expected value predicted by the duration (33.3%) of force application.     

The effect of gingival fiberotomy on the rate of tooth movement

This study was designed to assess the gingival tissue resistance to remodeling in determining the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. Closed coil spring orthodontic appliances were stretched bilaterally between the first molars and incisors in the maxillary arches of 18 adult rats. The resistance of gingival tissues was eliminated around the randomly chosen first molars by a circumferential fiberotomy procedure. Movements of teeth were measured on submental vertex radiographs against the metallic implants that were placed in zygomatic processes. The data were analyzed by randomized block design analysis of variance. During the 30-day experimental period, the teeth that underwent the fiberotomy procedure moved faster (0.63 mm versus 0.51 mm, P less than 0.05), indicating that the resistance of gingival tissues may be a rate-limiting factor in orthodontic tooth movement.     

Effects of gradually increasing force generated by permanent rare earth magnets for orthodontic tooth movement

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of gradually increasing force generated by permanent rare earth magnets for orthodontic tooth movement by using a novel experimental rat model and computer simulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-five male rats (age 18 weeks) were used as animal experiments. Magnetic (experimental groups) or titanium (control group) cuboids (1.5 x 1.5 x 0.7 mm) were bonded to the lingual surface of the maxillary first molars. The initial distance between materials was 1.0 mm, generating 4.96 gf (experimental group I), or 1.5 mm, generating 2.26 gf (experimental group II). Tooth movement was measured and periodontal structures were observed with microfocus x-ray computed tomography radiographs. RESULTS: The distance between the magnets decreased with time in experimental groups I and II (P < .001), whereas there was no tooth displacement in the control group. Experimental group I showed rapid tooth movement in the initial phase followed by slower tooth movement. Experimental group II showed gradual tooth movement. Horizontal sections on microfocus computed tomgraphy radiographs revealed no pathological changes, such as root resorption, on the compressed side in the experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS: The initial light force and gradual increasing force in magnetic attractive force induced effective tooth movement in rats without inducing any pathological changes.     

Distalization of maxillary first and second molars simultaneously with repelling magnets.

The aim of this study was to analyse the clinical and the dentofacial effects of using repelling SmCo5 magnets for distalization of maxillary first and second molars simultaneously. Ten consecutive patients, aged 12.0-15.6 years, with Class II malocclusion and moderate space deficiency in the upper jaw were orthodontically treated using prefabricated repelling SmCo5 magnets. The magnets were attached buccally in the premolar and first molar area to a fixed orthodontic applicance. When the magnets were activated, the molars could move freely distally. The tooth movements were analysed by measurements on dental casts, lateral photographs of dental casts, and lateral skull radiographs before and after treatment. The mean treatment time was 16.6 weeks and all maxillary molars could be distalized to a Class I relationship. The mean molar crown movement was 4.2 mm, and the maxillary first molars tipped distally and rotated disto-buccally by 8.0 and 8.5 degrees, respectively. The reciprocal forces resulted in a slightly increased inclination of the upper incisors. It was found that simultaneous distalization of first and second maxillary molars with repelling magnets could be an alternative to ordinary orthodontic treatment methods. As the molar distalization was achieved during a relatively short period, occlusal adjustment, including uprighting and derotation of the maxillary molars as well as post-treatment retention, seems recommendable.     

机械敏感离子通道Piezo1在糖尿病大鼠牙移动过程中的表达和功能研究

目的 研究糖尿病大鼠正畸牙齿移动中张力侧牙周组织内Piezo1的表达变化,探索其在张力侧牙周组织改建中的作用。方法 选取60只健康雄性Wistar大鼠为研究对象,分成对照组以及糖尿病组,以双侧切牙为支抗施加40 g拉伸力近中移动左侧第一磨牙,分别在0、7、14 d处死大鼠后获得左上后牙区牙槽骨块。HE染色检测组织形态变化,免疫组化及荧光染色检测张力侧Piezo1、Osterix以及Runx2的表达水平,Micro-CT检测张力侧骨组织相关参数指标。结果 正畸牙移动激活了张力侧牙周膜中Piezo1的表达,糖尿病大鼠Piezo1以及成骨分化关键转录因子Osterix和Runx2的表达显著低于健康大鼠。结论 糖尿病显著抑制了正畸牙移动过程中张力侧牙周膜中Piezo1的表达,降低了张力侧成骨活性,抑制正畸牙移动张力侧牙周组织的改建。     

Changes in CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibres during experimental tooth movement in rats

Immunohistochemical localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was used to investigate changes in nerves expressing CGRP in periodontium and pulp during experimental mesial movement of the first maxillary molar in rats. The orthodontic appliance consisted of a coil spring connecting the first maxillary molar on one side to the central incisors. After 5 days with a continuous force of 30-50 g the animals were perfused after an overdose of anaesthetic. Serial sections from the experimental and control jaws were exposed to the avidin-biotin-peroxidase technique for demonstration of CGRP-immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibres. The induced tooth movement caused reproducible changes in the relative number of CGRP-IR nerves as well as morphological alterations within parts of the nerve supply of the experimental teeth and related tissue structures. The majority of the experimental teeth showed increased number of CGRP-IR nerves in the coronal pulp and periapical tissues. The results indicate that peptidergic nerve fibres immunoreactive for CGRP takes an active part in tissue responses in pulp and supporting tissues during experimental tooth movement.     

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目的建立实验性正畸牙移动保持期的动物模型,以利于研究保持期骨改建规律。方法于2008年4月在吉林大学口腔医院动物实验室,选用36只8周龄雄性Wister大鼠,以上颌前牙为支抗牵引第一磨牙向近中移动,加力21d后去除加力装置。以每只大鼠的左侧牙弓为实验侧,右侧牙弓为对照侧。在实验侧安装保持装置,分别保持1、3、7、14、21、28d;对照侧不做任何处理。在加力结束后和保持结束后即刻制取上颌石膏模型,测量所有模型的第一磨牙面近中沟与第二磨牙面远中沟的距离,计算加力结束后与保持结束后的距离,比较实验侧与对照侧的牙齿移动距离,评价保持装置的有效性。结果实验侧在保持结束后第一磨牙复发距离明显小于对照侧,二者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论以Wister大鼠为实验对象,采用正畸结扎丝结扎法建立的正畸牙移动保持期动物模型是有效的。     

Local and chronic application of PTH accelerates tooth movement in rats

We previously reported that whereas systemic continuous infusion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) accelerated orthodontic tooth movement, systemic but intermittent injection of PTH did not increase the rate of tooth movement. Analysis of these data suggested that continuous administration of PTH could be applicable for orthodontic therapy. In the present study, we investigated whether local and chronic application of PTH(1-34) would accelerate orthodontic tooth movement. To increase the residence time of PTH in the injected area, we used methylcellulose (MC) gel (2% W/V) for a slow-release formulation of PTH. MC gel containing PTH (PTH-MC) continuously released biologically active PTH into the acceptor medium for more than 72 hrs in vitro. When male rats received a local injection of PTH-MC into the subperiosteum in the mesio-palatal region of the maxillary first molar (M1) every other day, M1 movement, which was mesially drawn by an orthodontic coil spring attached to the maxillary incisors, was accelerated in a dose-dependent manner. PTH-MC injection at 1 microg/400 g body weight caused a 1.6-fold increase in the rate of tooth movement. The acceleration of tooth movement by PTH-MC injection was marked on days 6, 9, and 12. Local injection of PTH dissolved in saline without MC did not significantly accelerate tooth movement on day 6 or later. Histological examination revealed active osteoclastic bone resorption and a widened periodontal space on the compression side of the periodontal tissue in the PTH-MC-injected rats. These results suggest that local injection of PTH in a slow-release formulation is applicable to orthodontic therapy.     

物理方法加速正畸牙移动的研究进展

近年来,国内外学者在加速正畸牙齿移动方面做了许多研究,以期减少疗程长的不良反应,同时提高效率。目前,加速牙齿移动的方法较多,而其中对于物理治疗的研究尚未完善。文章从电磁场、弱激光、低强度脉冲超声、周期性力装置、电流等5个方面对目前已证实能加快正畸牙移动的物理方法进行综述。     

Initial pulp changes during orthodontic movement: histomorphological evaluation

This study evaluated pulp changes in molars of rats submitted to tooth movement by application of a 0.4 N force. Twenty-five adult male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus, albinus) were randomly assigned to 5 groups (n=5), being one control group not submitted to force application, and four study groups of 6, 12, 24 and 72 h of force application. The study groups received a 5-mm long nickel-titanium closed coil spring, placed from the right maxillary first molar to the maxillary incisors of each animal. The coil spring was used for mesial inclination of the first molar. After the specific period of tooth movement of each study group, the animals were sacrificed and specimens containing the teeth submitted to movement were processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological analysis under light microscopy. The results demonstrated alteration of the odontoblastic layer, with hypertrophy of odontoblasts especially at the mesial area of the coronal pulp, edema of the pulp connective tissue in the central area of the pulp, and vascular alteration with accumulation of erythrocytes and leukocytes inside the vessels, especially at the mesial root of the moved teeth. These changes were less remarkable for the 72-h period. Thus, it may be concluded that tooth movement yielded pulpal tissue alterations compatible with an inflammatory process, which are reversible if the aggression is not more intense than the physiological limit of tissue tolerance.     

张力作用下牙周组织破骨细胞分化因子、破骨细胞发生抑制因子表达变化的研究

目的:运用原位杂交的方法,观察破骨细胞分化因子(ODF)、破骨细胞发生抑制因子(OCIF)在正畸大鼠牙周组织改建过程中张力侧的表达变化,探讨ODF、OCIF与正畸牙周组织改建的关系。方法:8周龄成年健康雄性SD大鼠30只,随机分为对照组、牙齿移动1d组、3d组、5d组、7d组,共5组,每组6只。在大鼠上颌右侧第一磨牙与上颌切牙之间安置正畸矫治器装置,施力50g。在相应时间段处死实验动物,取材固定,进行原位杂交染色、图像分析。结果:在牙齿移动3d后,OCIF原位杂交染色在张力侧逐渐深染,OCIF mR-NA阳性细胞数量逐渐增多,OCIF阳性表达在5d时达到最高,并可见到有新骨形成;7d时OCIF阳性表达及分布情况与3d时相类似。张力侧牙周膜细胞、成骨细胞的ODF原位杂交染色阳性反应随天数的增加有逐渐增强趋势,并可观察到有ODFmRNA阳性破骨细胞出现,但表达变化并不明显。结论:ODF及OCIF参与了正畸牙周组织改建过程,OCIFmRNA在张力区随正畸牙齿移动表达升高具有时间依赖性。     

HSP70在大鼠牙移动过程中的表达及其生物学意义

目的:研究大鼠磨牙移动过程中诱导型热休克蛋白70(HSP70)在牙周组织中的动态表达特点,推测其在牙周组织改建中的生物学意义。方法:建立大鼠牙移动的动物模型,采用免疫组织化学方法观察大鼠磨牙移动1、3、5、7、14d内诱导型HSP70在牙周组织中的动态表达及定位情况。结果:HSP70的表达在牙周膜受力早期呈强阳性,随后表达逐渐减弱,至14d为弱阳性;同一时期牙周膜的张力侧和压力侧诱导型HSP70的表达存在差异。结论:HSP70在大鼠磨牙受外力移动过程中呈现由强到弱的动态变化及区域性变化,这可能与牙周组织损伤的应激保护和改建过程中蛋白合成的需要有关。     

低强度脉冲超声促进大鼠正畸性牙根吸收的修复

目的 研究低强度脉冲超声(low-intensity pulsed ultrasound,LIPUS)对大鼠正畸性牙根吸收的作用.方法 158只Wistar大鼠建立正畸牙移动根吸收的动物模型,100 g初始力值加载于大鼠右侧上颌两中切牙与第一磨牙之间14 d,随机分为空白对照组、加力组、100 MW/cm2超声治疗组和...     

正畸牙齿移动过程中iNOS的表达及意义

目的:观察诱导型一氧化氮合酶(induc ib le n itric oxide synthase,iNOS)在大鼠正畸牙齿移动引发牙周组织改建过程中的表达,探讨NO/iNOS在正畸牙齿移动中的作用机制。方法:56只雄性SD大鼠随机分为8组。分别在正畸加力1,3,5,7,14,21,28 d后进行免疫组化染色和图像分析。结果:正畸加力3 d后,牙周组织细胞iNOS表达增强,7 d iNOS表达达到高峰(P<0.01),以后iNOS表达下降。结论:NO/iNOS参与了正畸牙周组织改建过程。