N-乙酰基-丝氨酰-天门冬酰-赖氨酰-脯氨酸对血小板洐生生长因子介导的NIH3T3细胞增殖的抑制调节作用

目的：探讨N-乙酰基-丝氨酰-天门冬酰-赖氨酰-脯氨酸（AcSDKP）对血小板洐生生长因子（PDGF）介导的NIH3T3细胞增殖的抑制调节作用。方法：采用MTT法和免疫组化法检测NIH3T3细胞增殖和增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）的表达。结果：在10^-10～10^-8mol／L浓度范围内。AcSDKP对PDGF介导的NIH3T3细胞增殖均有抑制作用。并在10^-9mol／L浓度时其抑制作用最佳。PDGF对NIH3T3细胞PCNA的表达具有增强作用．而AcSDKP对PDGF介导的NIH3T3细胞PCNA的表达有显著抑制作用。结论：AcSDKP对PDGF介导的NIH3T3细胞增殖有明显抑制作用。     

AcSDKP对大鼠心成纤维细胞MMP-2、MMP-9活性和MMP-1表达的影响

目的探讨N-乙酰基-丝氨酰-天门冬酰-赖氨酰-脯氨酸(AcSDKP)对10%血清和血小板源性生长因子(PDGF)诱导的大鼠心成纤维细胞MMP-2、MMP-9活性和MMP-1表达的调节作用。方法明胶酶谱法检测心成纤维细胞MMP-2、MMP-9的活性。Western blot法检测心成纤维细胞MMP-1的表达。结果10%血清和PDGF使心成纤维细胞MMP-2、MMP-9活性增强,也促进MMP-1的表达;AcSDKP能够进一步增加由10%血清和PDGF诱导的心成纤维细胞MMP-2、MMP-9的活性,并促进MMP-1的表达。结论AcSDKP上调了由PDGF介导的心成纤维细胞MMPs活性或表达,这可能与AcSDKP抗心肌纤维化的作用相关。     

N-乙酰基-丝氨酰-天门冬酰-赖氨酰-脯氨酸对P38分裂原活化蛋白酶通路调节在肺成纤维细胞胶原合成中的作用

目的:探讨N-乙酰基-丝氨酰-天门冬酰-赖氨酰-脯氨酸(AcSDKP)是否通过阻断转化生长因子-β1（TGF-β1）介导的P38分裂原活化蛋白酶(MAPK)途径,进而抑制大鼠肺成纤维细胞增殖与Ⅰ型、Ⅲ型胶原蛋白的表达.方法:培养新生大鼠肺成纤维细胞,分为对照组、TGF-β1刺激组、TGF-β受体阻滞剂组、P38MAPK特异性抑制剂组、AcSDKP干预组.采用MTT法检测细胞增殖,免疫细胞化学法检测磷酸化P38蛋白的定位及表达,免疫印迹法检测TGF-β受体、磷酸化P38MAPK、P38MAPK、c-myc及Ⅰ型、Ⅲ型胶原蛋白的表达.结果:与对照组比较,TGF-β1能够促进细胞增殖,而分别给予LY364947、SB203580和AcSDKP干预后,细胞增殖均受到抑制.与对照组比较,TGF-β1刺激组的TGF-β1受体、磷酸化P38MAPK、c-myc以及Ⅰ型、Ⅲ型胶原蛋白表达上调,当分别给予LY364947、SB203580和AcSDKP干预后,肺成纤维细胞TGF-β1受体、磷酸化P38 MAPK、c-myc以及Ⅰ型、Ⅲ型胶原蛋白表达均降低.而各组间比较P38MAPK蛋白表达无明显改变.结论:AcSDKP能够通过阻断TGF-β1介导的P38MAPK信号转导途径,进而抑制肺成纤维细胞增殖和Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原蛋白的表达.     

N-乙酰基-丝氨酰-天门冬酰-赖氨酰-脯氨酸对转化生长因子β1介导的心成纤维细胞MMP-1/TIMP-1表达的调节作用

目的:探讨N-乙酰基-丝氨酰-天门冬酰赖氨酰-脯氨酸(AcSDKP)对转化生长因子β_1(TGF-β_1)介导的大鼠心成纤维细胞MMP-1/TIMP-1的调节作用。方法:差速贴壁法分离与获取新生大鼠心成纤维细胞。分别采用免疫细胞化学法和Western印迹法检测心成纤维细胞MMP-1、TIMP-1蛋白表达。结果:TGF-β_1可使心成纤维细胞MMP-1蛋白表达水平下降,而促进TIMP-1蛋白表达,MMP-1/TIMP-1比值下降。AcSDKP可以抑制TGF-β_1对心成纤维细胞MMP-1表达的下调作用,使MMP-1蛋白表达增加,而对TGF-β_1介导的TIMP-1蛋白表达无明显影响,MMP-1/ TIMP-1比值增加。结论:AcSDKP可以通过上调TGF-β_1介导的心成纤维细胞MMP-1蛋白表达并增加MMP-1/ TIMP-1比值,以加速细胞外基质降解,这可能与AcSDKP抗心纤维化的作用有关。     

AcSDKP对TGF-β 1诱导的大鼠心脏成纤维细胞胶原蛋白合成及表达的调节作用

目的 探讨N-乙酰基-丝氨酰-天门冬酰-赖氨酰-脯氨酸(AcSDKP)对转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)诱导的大鼠心脏成纤维细胞胶原合成的调节作用.方法 差速贴壁法获取大鼠心脏成纤维细胞;采用3H-脯氨酸掺入法检测心脏成纤维细胞胶原蛋白的合成.采用免疫细胞化学染色和Western blotting法检测心脏成纤维细胞Ⅰ型与Ⅲ型胶原蛋白的表达.结果 随着TGF-β1浓度的增加(1μg/L, 2.5μg/L,5μg/L,7.5μg/L),细胞脯氨酸含量(CPM值)逐渐增加(分别为147.6±10.2,229.2±16.4,427.0±40.6,454.8±26.1),分别是对照组(CPM值为91.6±9.8)的1.61倍、2.50倍、4.66倍、4.97倍,差异均有显著性(P<0.05).当加入不同浓度的AcSDKP(10-10mol/L,5×10-10mol/L, 10-9mol/L, 10-8mol/L)时,细胞脯氨酸含量逐渐下降(CPM值为378.8±6.4,292.8±14.4,130.6±17.6,230.6±19.4),分别是TGF-β1组(5μg/L)的88.7%,68.6%,30.6%,54.0%.差异均具有显著性(P<0.05).免疫细胞化学结果显示,TGF-β1组(5μg/L)细胞内Ⅰ型与Ⅲ型胶原蛋白平均吸度值分别是对照组的1.36倍和2.12倍,差异具有显著性(P<0.05); Western blotting法结果显示,TGF-β1组的Ⅰ型与Ⅲ型胶原蛋白表达条带吸光度值分别是对照组的1.09倍和1.29倍,差异具有显著性(P<0.05).当给予AcSDKP(10-9mol/L)进行干预时,免疫细胞化学结果显示,细胞内Ⅰ型与Ⅲ型胶原蛋白表达强度较TGF-β1组减弱,其平均吸光度值分别是TGF-β1组的61.3%和68.5%,差异具有显著性(P<0.05).Western blotting法结果显示,Ⅰ型与Ⅲ型胶原蛋白表达条带吸光度值分别是TGF-β1组的83%和54%,差异具有显著性(P<0.05).结论 AcSDKP对TGF-β1介导的心脏成纤维细胞胶原合成与Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原蛋白的表达有明显抑制作用,这可能与其抗心脏纤维化的作用相关.     

N-乙酰基-丝氨酰-天门冬酰-赖氨酰-脯氨酸对大鼠肺成纤维细胞c-Jun氨基末端激酶通路活化的调节作用

目的:探讨N-乙酰基-丝氨酰-天门冬酰-赖氨酰-脯氨酸(AcSDKP)对转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)诱导c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)信号转导通路活化的调节作用.方法:培养新生大鼠肺成纤维细胞.激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察phospho-JNK在细胞内定位与分布.免疫印迹法检测JNK/phospho-JNK蛋白的表达.结果:激光扫描共聚焦显微镜显示,与对照组比较,TGF-β1刺激后,胞质中phospho-JNK荧光强度变弱,而核浆比值明显增加.经AcSDKP干预作用后,胞质中phospho-JNK的荧光强度较TGF-β1刺激组增强,核浆比值明显减小.免疫印迹法显示,与对照组比较,TGF-β1刺激组phospho-JNK表达明显增加;而AcSDKP干预作用后,phospho-JNK蛋白表达较TGF-β1刺激组明显减少.结论: AcSDKP能阻断TGF-β1介导的肺成纤维细胞JNK通路的活化作用.     

N-乙酰基-丝氨酰-天门冬酰-赖氨酰-脯氨酸对大鼠矽肺的结缔组织生长因子和ERK1/2表达的调节作用

目的:探讨N-乙酰基-丝氨酰-天门冬酰-赖氨酰-脯氨酸(AcSDKP)对大鼠矽肺纤维化模型肺组织中胶原含量、结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)和细胞外信号调节激酶 1/2(ERK1/2)表达的影响.方法:选用非暴露式气管灌注法复制大鼠矽肺模型,并给予AcSDKP,采用羟脯氨酸测量法定量分析肺组织中总胶原蛋白的含量,免疫组织化学法、免疫印迹法检测肺组织内CTGF、phospho-ERK1/2及ERK1/2蛋白的表达.结果:AcSDKP治疗组胶原含量低于相对应的矽肺模型组.与相应的对照组相比,矽肺模型组大鼠肺组织内CTGF、phospho-ERK1/2蛋白表达均增加;与相应矽肺模型组相比,给予AcSDKP后,大鼠肺组织内CTGF、phospho-ERK1/2蛋白表达均明显降低.而各组间比较ERK1/2蛋白表达无明显改变.结论:AcSDKP可能通过阻断ERK1/2途径抑制了CTGF的表达,从而发挥抗矽肺纤维化的作用.     

N-乙酰基-丝氨酰-天门冬氨酰-赖氨酰-脯氨酸对人肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞向肌成纤维细胞转化的调节作用

目的:探讨N-乙酰基-丝氨酰-天门冬氨酰-赖氨酰-脯氨酸(Ac-SDKP)是否通过对转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)介导的ROCK/SRF/α-SMA信号转导通路活化的调节,阻抑肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞向间质细胞转化,即上皮-间质转化(EMT),进而发挥其抗(矽)肺纤维化的作用.方法:培养人A549肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞株,免疫细胞化学显色检测角蛋白、波形蛋白及α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)的表达;免疫印迹检测E-钙黏蛋白(E-cad)、波形蛋白及Rho相关卷曲蛋白激酶(ROCK)、血清反应因子(SRF)、α-SMA及Ⅰ型、Ⅲ型胶原蛋白表达;Real-Time PCR检测ROCK、SRF、α-SMA的表达情况.结果:在TGF-β1的诱导下,上皮细胞向肌成纤维细胞的形态改变,伴随着上皮标志物角蛋白、E-cad降低,而间质细胞标志物波形蛋白增高,α-SMA表达并增多.与对照组相比,TGF-β1诱导刺激组ROCK、SRF、α-SMA蛋白和基因表达水平上调,Ⅰ型、Ⅲ型胶原蛋白表达上调.给予ROCK阻滞剂Y-27632、Ac-SDKP干预后,ROCK、SRF、α-SMA及Ⅰ型、Ⅲ型胶原表达显著降低.结论:Ac-SDKP通过阻断TGF-β1介导的ROCK/SRF/α-SMA信号转导通路,阻抑肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞向肌成纤维细胞的转化及胶原的合成,进而发挥其抗(矽)肺纤维化的作用.     

N-乙酰基-丝氨酰-天门冬酰-赖氨酰-脯氨酸对转化生长因子β1和Smad7表达调节在大鼠硅肺纤维化形成过程中的作用

目的:探讨N-乙酰基-丝氨酰-天门冬酰-赖氨酰-脯氨酸(AcSDKP)对大鼠硅肺纤维化模型肺组织中胶原含量、转化生长因子β1(TGF-131)和Smad 7表达的影响.方法:选用非暴露式气管灌注法制作大鼠硅肺模型,并给予AcSDKP.采用H-E染色进行形态学观察,胶原Van Gison染色观察硅肺结节与间质纤维化的形成及改变,羟脯氨酸法检测肺内总胶原含量,免疫组织化学法、免疫印迹法检测肺组织内TGF-β1、Smad7蛋门的表达.结果:染尘大鼠肺内硅结节形成明显,硅肺模型制作成功.AcSDKP治疗组肺组织胶原含量低于硅肺模型组.与对照组相比,模型组大鼠肺组织内TGF-β1蛋白表达增加,Smad7蛋白表达降低;与模型组相比.给予AcSDKP后,人鼠肺组织内TGF-β1蛋白表达明显降低,Smad7蛋白表达增高.结论:AcSDKP可能通过增加大鼠肺组织中Smad7蛋白的表达米抑制TGF-β1信号转导,从而发挥抗硅肺纤维化的作用.     

AcSDKP与细胞增殖及器官纤维化

N-乙酰基丝氨酰天门冬酰赖氨酰脯氨酸(AcSDKP)是一种生理性造血系统的生长抑制因子。AcSDKP对多器官内的多种类型细胞的增殖、细胞外基质代谢和血管形成等方面有重要的调节作用。它能抑制心脏和肾脏间质成纤维细胞及肾小球系膜细胞的增殖,减少胶原的沉积,对高血压及心肌梗死后心脏和肾脏纤维化有一定的抑制作用。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.