冠状动脉旁路移植术后心房颤动临床研究

目的　调查冠状动脉旁路移植术后心房颤动 (房颤 )发生率和临床表现 ,并探讨其易患危险因素。　方法　连续收集 116例接受冠状动脉旁路移植手术的冠心病患者 ,男性 93例 ,女性 2 3例 ,术后监测心律状况、观察临床特点。详尽考查患者术前、术中、术后诸因素 (变量 )。采用单因素分析和逻辑多元回归分析 ,筛选术后房颤相关因素。　结果　 33例于冠状动脉旁路移植术后出现房颤 ,发生率2 8.4%。发生房颤者大多有明显症状 ,经静脉药物转复率较低 ,多元回归分析表明高龄、左心房扩大为冠状动脉旁路移植术后发生房颤的独立危险因素。　结论　房颤为冠状动脉旁路移植术后常见心律失常 ;增龄和左心房扩大为重要的独立危险因素     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后心房颤动及治疗

为探讨冠状动脉旁路移植 (CABG)术后早期心房颤动 (AF)的易患危险因素 ,回顾分析 81例单纯CABG病人的年龄、合并症、左房和左室大小、术前心功能、手术方式、血管桥数目及术后并发症等因素与术后AF发生的关系 ,并总结药物及电复律转复AF的效果。结果 :术后早期AF发生率为 2 3.5 % ,AF病人术后ICU监护时间延长 ;单因素分析表明高龄 (≥ 6 5岁 )、移植血管桥数目及术后并发症与AF发生密切相关 (P =0 .0 1,0 .0 0 2 ,0 .0 0 1)。Logistic回归表明术后并发症是AF发生的独立危险因素。 (P =0 .0 0 9,B =1.73,OR值为 5 .6 5 )AF总转复率为 81.3% ,电转复 2例 ,药物转复 11例 (78.6 % )。结论 :增龄、移植血管桥数目增多及出现术后并发症是CABG术后早期AF的易患危险因素 ,药物及电复律能有效转复术后AF。     

不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术对糖尿病患者术后早期结果的影响

目的探讨糖尿病对冠状动脉旁路移植术的手术病死率和并发症发生率的影响作用.方法回顾分析1995年10月-2004年1月958例择期行冠状动脉旁路移植术的患者,其中191例并发糖尿病.糖尿病和无糖尿病患者按是否应用体外循环进一步分为四组,对四组患者术前、术后资料进行对比分析.结果糖尿病组应用体外循环患者手术病死率为5.6%,糖尿病组不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术患者为2.1%.结论糖尿病是影响冠状动脉旁路移植术预后的危险因素,不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术能显著减少糖尿病患者的手术病死率和并发症发生率.     

高龄患者非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植围术期多因素分析

目的:分析制约高龄患者非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术后恢复的围术期危险因素。方法:回顾分析2013年8月至2014年4月,高龄非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植患者53例,年龄75~86岁,均以左侧乳内动脉吻合左前降支;大隐静脉吻合其它分枝。所有患者均未使用序贯吻合。并行非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植手术,手术在全麻下施行,所有患者均采用胸骨正中切口径路入胸,直视下获取左侧乳内动脉、大隐静脉。分析影响上述患者术后住院时间的危险因素。结果:心房颤动、胃肠功能紊乱、心血管意外、肾功能不全、再次机械辅助通气及脑血管意外为高龄患者术后主要并发症,以前二者最为常见。多因素Logistic回归分析显示女性、心功能Ⅲ-Ⅳ级、明显颈内动脉狭窄、慢性肾功不全、糖尿病及术中缩血管活性药物用量等,术前及术中因素为影响术后住院时间的独立危险因素;在术后并发症中,除肾功能不全,其余并发症为影响术后住院时间的独立危险因素。结论:术前多种合并症影响患者术后住院时间;术中过量血管活性药物应用提示心脏耐受力不佳,并影响术后住院时间。术后并发症,以心房颤动、胃肠功能紊乱最为常见且明显延长术后住院时间;再次机械辅助通气、脑血管意外、心血管意外发生率不高,但明显影响术后住院时间。     

胺碘酮预防冠状动脉旁路移植术后心房颤动

心房颤动（房颤）是冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）后常见的并发症，房颤尤其快速房颤，常引起血液动力学紊乱，减少心肌供血，增加心肌耗氧量，诱发心肌梗死，甚至心原性休克，另外，术后出现房颤的患者发生脑卒中等其他手术并发症的危险增高，这会延长患者的住院时间。有多种临床危险因素引发CABG术后房颤，包括体外循环、高龄、右冠状动脉狭窄、左室功能低下或左室肥厚等.     

非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术后房颤相关因素分析

对312例非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCAB)患者术后心房颤动(AF)的发生情况进行监测,将患者分为AF组和非AF组,对术前、术中和术后的相关因素进行分析,筛选出易致AF的有关因素.结果 OP-CAB术后AF的发生率为15.7%,高龄、高血压、急诊手术、血管桥数、术后早期没及时用β受体阻滞剂、血钾浓度是术后AF的危险因素.认为OPCAB术后AF的发生较普遍,围术期需进行风险评估,对高危患者进行干预,以减少术后AF的发生.     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后心房颤动及治疗

心房颤动(AF)是冠状动脉旁路移植(CABG)术后早期的常见并发症.术后早期AF可影响血液动力学,增加左房血栓形成机会,延长ICU留住时间,增加医疗费用,因而受到广泛关注.高龄、术后终止使用β-阻断剂及低镁血症是较为公认的易患危险因素.但以往研究主要集中在术前因素及围术期用药对术后AF的影响,而对手术因素的影响研究较少.     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后心房颤动与卒中的关系:何时需要抗凝?

虽然许多研究证实药物可减少冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后心房颤动的发生,但是并无资料显示降低心房颤动发生率可以减少术后卒中。美国学者Kollar等对2964例患者CABG术后的心房颤动和卒中发生率进行研究后认为,CABG术后不应用常规积极抗凝来降低本来发生率就低的术后卒中,全量肝素只用于有深静脉血栓或肺栓塞的患者,华法林用于术前已经有心房颤动或者新发心房颤动持续大于24h的患者。(摘译自Ann Thorac Surg,2006,82:515-523.)冠状动脉旁路移植术后心房颤动与卒中的关系:何时需要抗凝?@伍伟锋…     

外周血Th17/Treg平衡与冠状动脉旁路移植术后心房颤动发生的关系

目的研究外周血辅助性T细胞17(Th17)/调节性T细胞(Treg)平衡与冠状动脉旁路移植术后心房颤动发生的关系。方法选取2015年1月至2017年12月于郑州市第七人民医院接受冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗的患者200例为研究对象,根据术后是否发生心房颤动分为心房颤动组46例与非心房颤动组154例。比较两组患者一般资料,外周血Th17、Treg细胞比例、Th17/Treg水平,外周血Th17、Treg相关细胞因子变化情况。并应用多因素Logistic回归分析分析冠状动脉旁路移植术后心房颤动发生的危险因素。结果心房颤动组性别、年龄、体质指数(BMI)、脑卒中、心肌梗死、高脂血症、糖尿病、高血压及肾功能不全情况与非心房颤动组对比差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。心房颤动组外周血Th17细胞比例以及Th17/Treg水平均高于非心房颤动组(P0.05),两组Treg细胞比例比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。心房颤动组外周血白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-17(IL-17)水平均高于非心房颤动组(P0.05),两组白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)水平比较无统计学意义(P0.05)。经多因素Logistic回归分析:Th17/Treg、IL-6、IL-17均是影响冠状动脉旁路移植术后心房颤动发生的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论冠状动脉旁路移植术后心房颤动患者存在明显的Th17/Treg细胞平衡紊乱,临床工作中可能通过调节Th17/Treg细胞平衡,从而达到降低冠状动脉旁路移植术后心房颤动发生的风险。     

343例体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术早期疗效分析

目的:探讨体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(CCABG)的早期疗效。方法:采集CCABG 343例临床资料,对全组患者术后死亡率、并发症发生率进行统计学分析,死亡危险因素采用logistic多元回归分析。结果:全组实际手术死亡23例(6.7%),2次开胸止血21例(6.1%);新发心房颤动21例(6.1%);新发室性心律失常32例(9.3%);低心排综合征13例(3.1%);围手术期心肌梗死8例(2.3%);呼吸衰竭6例(1.7%);脑血管意外3例(0.9%);肾功能不全9例(2.6%);男性、年龄及术前心源性休克史可能为围手术期死亡的独立危险因素。结论:CCABG安全、可靠,早期疗效令人满意。     

Cost-effectiveness of targeting patients undergoing cardiac surgery for therapy with intravenous amiodarone to prevent atrial fibrillation

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of administering prophylactic intravenous (IV) amiodarone therapy to patients undergoing cardiac surgery according to their predicted risk of postoperative atrial fibrillation. BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common complication of cardiovascular surgery that is associated with a significant increase in hospitalization costs. Intravenous amiodarone has been shown to decrease the incidence of postoperative AF. METHODS: All 8,709 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), 1,217 patients who underwent valve replacement and 624 patients who underwent CABG and valve replacement procedures (CABG + valve) from January 1, 1994, to June 30, 1999, at Emory University Hospitals were studied. Models predicting the risk of AF were developed using logistic regression; linear regression was used to estimate the influence of AF on hospitalization costs. Cost-effectiveness was evaluated for patient subsets identified according to their predicted risk of AF. RESULTS: Postoperative AF rates were 17.7% for CABG, 24.6% for valve and 33.8% for CABG + valve. Using 5,000 dollars as an acceptable cost per episode of atrial fibrillation averted, prophylactic IV amiodarone in CABG patients was not found to be cost-effective. Therapy would be recommended for roughly 5% of valve patients with a predicted risk of atrial fibrillation >45%, and roughly two thirds of CABG + valve patients who have a predicted risk of >30%. CONCLUSIONS: Cost-effectiveness of prophylactic IV amiodarone varies according to type of surgery and the predicted risk of atrial fibrillation. Older patients undergoing valve replacement, particularly those with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and those undergoing concomitant CABG are likely to be the most appropriate candidates for IV amiodarone therapy in the perioperative period.     

Giving IV and oral amiodarone perioperatively for the prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: the GAP study

PURPOSES: We studied the use of perioperative IV and oral administration of amiodarone for the prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). BACKGROUND: In the United States, > 500,000 patients undergo CABG each year. Numerous studies to date have suggested that postoperative atrial fibrillation occurs in 30 to 50% of patients, leading to significant morbidity, including hypotension, heart failure, thromboembolic complications, prolonged hospital stay, and increased hospital costs. The objective of this study was to assess the use of IV amiodarone in combination with oral amiodarone to reduce the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation. METHOD: From January 1999 to October 1999, 51 patients scheduled for CABG were randomly selected for participation in the amiodarone administration trial. IV amiodarone, 0.73 mg/min, was administered on call to the operating room for 48 h, followed by oral amiodarone, 400 mg q12h, for the next 3 days. The amiodarone group was case-control matched to the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation in 92 patients undergoing CABG using conventional medical therapy during the same period. The primary end point of this study was the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation, length of hospital stay, and hospital costs, compared to the control group undergoing CABG during the same time. RESULTS: Atrial fibrillation occurred in 3 of 51 patients (5.88%) in the amiodarone group, compared to 24 of 92 patients (26.08%) in the control group. Length of hospital stay in the amiodarone group was less than in the control group (5.3 days vs 6.7 days), with a trend toward decrease in hospital costs. CONCLUSION: The administration of IV amiodarone in conjunction with oral amiodarone for a total dose of 4,500 mg over 5 days appears to be a hemodynamically well-tolerated, safe, and effective treatment in decreasing the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation, shortening length of stay, and a trend toward lowering hospital costs, even in patients with significantly reduced left ventricular function (< 30%). A large multicenter study using IV and oral amiodarone should be pursued prior to deciding whether its use should become standard therapy in all patients undergoing CABG in order to decrease the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation.     

Postoperative treatment with carvedilol, a beta-adrenergic blocker, prevents paroxysmal atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting.

BACKGROUND: Arrhythmias following cardiovascular surgery lead to unstable hemodynamics, along with myocardial ischemia and decreased cardiac output. The purpose of the present case cohort study compared the control group with no carvedilol administered and the other group of patients given carvedilol and determined whether postoperative treatment with carvedilol, a beta-adrenergic blocker, prevents paroxysmal atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). METHODS AND RESULTS: Of 160 patients who underwent scheduled isolated CABG, 80 received postoperative carvedilol and 80 did not. Postoperative paroxysmal atrial fibrillation was defined as episodes of atrial fibrillation persisting for over 10 min and confirmed by 12-lead electrocardiography. The incidence of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation was significantly lower in patients given carvedilol (12/80:15%) than in those who were not (27/80:34%) (p=0.0094). Logistic regression analysis showed that only postoperative carvedilol was significantly associated with the development of postoperative atrial fibrillation (95% confidence interval, 0.169-0.832; p=0.0159). CONCLUSION: Postoperative treatment with carvedilol prevented paroxysmal atrial fibrillation after CABG.     

Histologic assessment of right atrial appendage myocardium in patients with atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common complication after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Despite the prevalence of AF occurring after cardiac surgery, its pathophysiology is incompletely understood. Our previous study demonstrated that age and left atrial enlargement were independent predictors of postoperative AF. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to determine whether cellular changes such as fibrosis and/or hypertrophy occurred in the atrium in patients who subsequently developed postoperative AF. Right atrial appendage tissue was obtained during atriotomy in patients undergoing elective CABG surgery. Quantitative assessment of atrial fibrosis was performed with Sirius red stain, and atrial cell diameter was measured with the HE stain. Linear regression, t test, chi2 test or Fisher exact test were used for statistical analysis. Sixty-one patients (mean age 71 +/- 8 years) were studied. Increasing age was significantly associated with fibrosis (beta 0.3, 95% CI: 0.06-0.55, p = 0.017). The amount of right atrial fibrosis tended to correlate with the incidence of postoperative AF (p = 0.08). Cell diameter was not significantly different between patients with versus without postoperative AF (p = 0.85). These results suggest that the age-related atrial fibrosis rather than cellular hypertrophy may be important in the pathogenesis of AF after CABG surgery and should be further investigated.     

No decrease in incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

BACKGROUND: With the introduction of beating heart surgery, there has been a renewed interest in the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). A small number of studies have reported markedly decreased incidences of postoperative AF in patients undergoing off-pump CABG. AIMS: The aim of the present study was to review the incidence of AF in patients undergoing off-pump CABG at Royal Melbourne Hospital. METHODS: A retrospective review was undertaken of 80 patients who had elective first-time CABG off-pump over a 16-month period. These patients were matched with 80 patients who underwent CABG with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Data on preoperative and operative variables were collected. Incidences of postoperative AF in both groups were recorded. RESULTS: The incidence of AF in the off-pump group was 27 of 80 patients (34%) and in the CPB group it was 25 of 80 patients (31%; NS). Increasing age was a significant risk factor for developing postoperative AF, and beta-blockade was identified as a protective factor. CONCLUSIONS: Off-pump CABG does not decrease the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation. A randomised prospective trial has been commenced at Royal Melbourne Hospital to further investigate postoperative outcomes of off-pump CABG.     

Naproxen as prophylaxis against atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: the NAFARM randomized trial

Purpose

We sought to assess the effect of naproxen versus placebo on prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.

Methods

In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-center trial of 161 consecutive patients undergoing CABG surgery, patients received naproxen 275 mg every 12 hours or placebo at the same dosage and interval over 120 hours immediately after CABG surgery. The primary outcome was the occurrence of atrial fibrillation in the first 5 postoperative days.

Results

The incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation was 15.2% (12/79) in the placebo versus 7.3% (6/82) in the naproxen group (P = .11). The duration of atrial fibrillation episodes was significantly lower in the naproxen (0.35 hours) versus placebo group (3.74 hours; P = .04). There was no difference in the overall days of hospitalization between placebo (17.23 ± 7.39) and naproxen (18.33 ± 9.59) groups (P = .44). Intensive care unit length of stay was 4.0 ± 4.57 days in the placebo and 3.23 ± 1.25 days in the naproxen group (P = .16). The trial was stopped by the data monitoring committee before reaching the initial target number of 200 patients because of an increase in renal failure in the naproxen group (7.3% vs 1.3%; P = .06).

Conclusions

Postoperative use of naproxen did not reduce the incidence of atrial fibrillation but decreased its duration, in a limited sample of patients after CABG surgery. There was a significant increase in acute renal failure in patients receiving naproxen 275 mg twice daily. Our study does not support the routine use of naproxen after CABG surgery for the prevention of atrial fibrillation.     

Beta blockers for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: carvedilol versus metoprolol

Although all beta blockers appear to be effective in the prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation (AF) following coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG), carvedilol was found to be much more effective than metoprolol in this respect as the current study clearly delineated. We believe that the ongoing COMPACT trial will answer the question of whether or not carvedilol is more superior than metoprolol to prevent postoperative AF in patients undergoing CABG.     

Thoracic epidural anesthesia does not influence the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation after beating heart surgery

BACKGROUND: At least 20 - 30 % of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) or beating-heart surgery develop postoperative atrial fibrillation (AF). We evaluated the effect of thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) on the occurrence of postoperative AF in patients submitted to CABG without cardiopulmonary bypass (OPCABG). METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of 125 patients undergoing myocardial revascularization. Early postoperative incidence of AF was compared between three groups of patients - 50 after conventional CABG, 45 after OPCABG, and 30 after OPCABG combined with TEA intraoperatively and postoperatively. Clinical profile of the patients, including factors with a potential influence on postoperative AF was matched for groups. RESULTS: Postoperative AF occurred in 13.3 % of the TEA-treated patients, in 17.7 % of the patients in the OPCABG group, and in 26 % of the patients in the CABG group. This difference did not carry any statistical significance. Risk factors and incidence of postoperative complications were comparable in all groups. CONCLUSION: TEA has no effect on the incidence of postoperative AF in patients undergoing beating-heart surgery.     

Atrial fibrillation after minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass surgery

OBJECTIVES: The study compared the adjusted risk for developing atrial fibrillation (AF) after minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass surgery (MIDCAB) and coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation results in increased morbidity and delays hospital discharge after CABG. Recently, MIDCAB has been explored as an alternative to CABG. Because of differences in surgical approach between the two procedures, the incidence of AF may differ. METHODS: Randomly selected patients undergoing CABG and MIDCAB were examined. Baseline variables and postoperative course were recorded through review of medical record data. RESULTS: The MIDCAB patients were younger than CABG patients (64+/-12 vs. 67+/-10, p<0.04) and had less extensive coronary artery disease (53% of MIDCAB vs. 3% of CABG had single-vessel disease, while 15% of MIDCAB vs. 69% of CABG had triple-vessel disease, p<0.001 for overall group comparisons). No other differences in clinical or treatment data were noted. Postoperative AF occurred less often after MIDCAB (23% vs. 39%, p = 0.02). Other significant factors associated with postoperative AF included age (p = 0.0024), prior AF (p = 0.0007), left main disease (p = 0.01), number of vessels bypassed (p = 0.009), absence of postoperative beta-blocker therapy (p = 0.0001), and a serious postoperative complication (p = 0.0018). Because of differences between CABG and MIDCAB patients, multivariate logistic analysis was performed to determine independent predictors of postoperative AF. The type of surgery (CABG vs. MIDCAB) was no longer a significant predictor of postoperative AF (estimated relative risk for AF in CABG vs. MIDCAB patients: 1.57, 95% confidence interval (0.82-2.52). CONCLUSIONS: Although AF appears to be less common after MIDCAB than after CABG, the lower incidence is due to different clinical characteristics of patients undergoing these procedures.     

Effective prevention of atrial fibrillation by continuous atrial overdrive pacing after coronary artery bypass surgery

OBJECTIVES: The present study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a specific algorithm with continuous atrial dynamic overdrive pacing to prevent atrial fibrillation (AF) after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation occurs in 30% to 40% of patients after cardiac surgery with a peak incidence on the second day. It still represents a challenge for postoperative prevention and treatment and may have medical and cost implications. METHODS: Ninety-six consecutive patients undergoing CABG for severe coronary artery disease and in sinus rhythm without antiarrhythmic therapy on the second postoperative day were randomized to have or not 24 h of atrial pacing through temporary epicardial wires using a permanent dynamic overdrive algorithm. Holter ECGs recorded the same day in both groups were analyzed to detect AF occurrence. RESULTS: No difference was observed in baseline data between the two study groups, particularly for age, male gender, history of AF, ventricular function, severity of coronary artery disease, preoperative beta-adrenergic blocking agent therapy or P-wave duration. The incidence of AF was significantly lower (p = 0.036) in the paced group (10%) compared with control subjects (27%). Multivariate analysis showed AF incidence to increase with age (p = 0.051) but not in patients with pacing (p = 0.078). It decreased with a better left ventricular ejection fraction only in conjunction with atrial pacing (p = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that continuous atrial pacing with an algorithm for dynamic overdrive reduces significantly incidence of AF the second day after CABG surgery, particularly in patients with preserved left ventricular function.